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microbiology > Mycobacteria- Exam III > Flashcards

Mycobacteria- Exam III Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mycobacteria is a ____ bacterial genus:

A

acid fast

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2
Q

Mycobacteria have ___ in the cell wall

A

mycolic acid

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3
Q

Mycolic acid in the ___ of mycobacteria make ____ less effective

A

cell wall; gram-stain

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4
Q

Describe the gram stain of mycobacteria:

A

weakly gram positive staining

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5
Q

What is used instead of gram stain in mycobacteria?

A

acid-fast stain or specific fluorescent detection

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6
Q

Discuss the oxygen requirements of mycobacteria:

A

obligate aerobe

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7
Q

What two properties of mycobacterium allow them to grow in lung macrophages:

A
  1. facultative intracellular growth
  2. obligate aerobes
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8
Q

What are the reservoirs for mycobacteria?

A

humans

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9
Q

The basis for diseases caused by mycobacteria is ____ transmission

A

airborne

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10
Q

As few as ____ cells can result in a mycobacterial infection

A

10 cells

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11
Q

Mycobacteria was the first organism used in:

A

koch’s postulates

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12
Q

Describe acid-fast staining:

A

involves driving a stain into the mycolic acid using a hot carbol fuschin

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13
Q

Basically along the entire surface of the bacterial cell wall structure in mycobacteria:

A

glycolipids

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14
Q

Glycolipids on the surface of the bacterial cell wall structure in mycobacteria, associate with ____ and cause ____.

A

mycolic acid; cord formation (adjacent cells stick together)

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15
Q

What is the glycolipids covering the surface of the mycobacterial cell wall referred to as?

A

cord-factor

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16
Q

What is responsible for the virulence of mycobacteria?

A

slow cord-like growth

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17
Q

Slow, cord-like growth in mycobacteria results from:

A

adherence of cell surface lipid mycolic acids with glyco-lipids

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18
Q

While many virulence factors contribute to the virulence of mycobacteria, it is mainly resulting from:

A

the challenge they provide to the immune repsonse

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19
Q

What do we mean when we say infection with mycobacteria “challenges the immune response”

A

It obstructs the CD4+ T-cell response in macrophages (delayed type hypersensitivity response)

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20
Q

A disease like leprosy or TB is typically caused by ____ and not ____.

A

the character of the immune response, not the mycobacteria/toxins themselves

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21
Q

How do the mycobacteria facultatively grow intracellularly in alveolar and other macrophages?

A

inhibition of phagolysosome fusion

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22
Q

Involves a cell mediated response that will result in a granuloma surrounded by lung tissue and inflammatory leukocytes and contains a central area of necrosis where the nuclei have been destroyed:

A

CMI to mycobacterium tuberculosis

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23
Q

____ is surrounded by punctate nuclei of lung tissue and inflammatory leukocytes

A

TB granuloma

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24
Q

What is at the center of a TB granuloma?

A

central area of necrosis where nuclei have been destroyed

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25
Q

Mycobacteria tuberculosis is a “____” pathogen. Explain

A

life-long; once infected you may be asymptomatic but never cured

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26
Q

What is the transmission of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

aerosol

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27
Q

Effective ____ is capable of localizing and stopping infection by M. Tuberculosis

A

Cell-mediated immune response

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28
Q

What is an exception to the idea that an effective cell mediated response is capable of localizing and stopping infection of M. tuberculosis?

A

young children under 5 years have a high risk for developing progressive TB due to insufficient immune system development/activation

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29
Q

The outcomes of untreated primary TB (for non-immune compromised patients):

____ show no disease (body keeps under control)
____ show clinical TB
____ show progressive systemic disease and death

A

91%, 6%, 3%

30
Q

secondary tuberculosis is also known as:

A

actue/open TB; galloping consumption

31
Q

Secondary tuberculosis is caused by:

A

endogenous reactivation of prior infection

32
Q

While ____, secondary tuberculosis is ____, and ____ is mandatory

A

rare; VERY contagious; isolation

33
Q

Endogenous reactivation of prior TB infection is stimulated by:

A
  1. stress
  2. malnutrition
  3. HIV
34
Q

Describe what m. tuberculosis disease arises from:

A

Tissue destruction by our immune defenses and NOT by damage caused by the bacterial infection

35
Q

In M. Tuberculosis, the repeated attempts to remove foci of infection by lung macrophages causes ____ that impairs lung function

A

granulomatous lung tissue

36
Q

Breathing impairment in TB is not due to tuberculosis bacilli but by the:

A

macrophage-induced tissue destruction

37
Q

A positive tuberculin test to subdermal PPD (processed protein derivative of the cell wall of the opportunistic intracellular pathogen mycobacterial tuberculosis)

A

Mantoux reaction

38
Q

The Mantoux reaction results from a a positive ____ test to ____.

A

tuberculin; subdermal PPD

39
Q

What determines where you have a positive or negative TB test?

A

depends on strength of reaction

40
Q

Postive TB test =

Strongly positive TB test=

A

> 10mm redness; >20mm redness

41
Q

Discuss the possibility of a vaccination against M. tuberculosis

A

possibility of vaccination with a related mycobacterial species M. Bovis

42
Q

What species does the M. tuberculosis vaccine come from?

A

M. bovis

43
Q

Discuss the type of vaccine created for TB

A

attenuated vaccine- meaning it is a live bacterium that is
“attenuated” meaning its NOT capable of infection

44
Q

Name of the TB vaccine:

A

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)

45
Q

The BCG vaccine is a vaccine that protects against:

A

M. Tuberculosis

46
Q

The BCG vaccination against M. Tuberculosis has ___ in humans but is ____ in ____ persons

A

little virulence; infectious; immune-compromised

47
Q

In what situations might the BCG vaccine for M. Tuberculosis offer some protective immunity?

A

when given to young children

48
Q

Why the BCG vaccination discouraged in the US?

A

gives positive tuberculin test; thus removing an important diagnostic screening tool

49
Q

M. Leprosy is really dependent in terms of course of disease on:

A

the genetic makeup of the individual

50
Q

Describe what occurs when a healthy individual with a healthy immune system encounters M. Leprosy:

A

CMI conquers disease

51
Q

Describe what occurs with individuals with a strong Th1-response upon encountering M. Leprosy:

A

macrophages kill nerves; macula’s and plaques without sensation (this is good prognosis for recovery, and NOT infectious)

52
Q

In cases where you have a loss of CMI and Th2 response, when encounter with M. Leprosy occurs, what will happen?

A

CTL lysis an gloss of tissue and nerves

53
Q

Main symptom of this disease is tissue destruction:

A

Leprosy

54
Q

What is the more severe in terms of tissue loss between tuberculoid leprosy & lepramatous leprosy?

A

Lepromatous leprosy

55
Q

Between tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy which is more widespread with higher bacterial growth?

A

lepromatous leprosy

56
Q

Discuss a treatment option for Leprosy:

A

multidrug therapy: Dapsone + Rifampin + Clofazimine

57
Q

What is becoming a problem with leprosy treatment?

A

Drug resistance

58
Q

Discuss the virulence factors of M. Tuberculosis:

A

ability to survive and live in lung macrophages

59
Q

Discuss the clinical features of M. tuberculosis:

A

pulmonary (& extra pulmonary) tuberculosis

60
Q

Discuss the treatment for M. Tuberculosis:

A

Multi-drug therapy (6-12 months)

61
Q

Discuss the epidemiology for M. Tuberculosis:

A

Aerosol (person-to-person), all ages but high risk if immune compromised

62
Q

Discuss the virulence factors of M. Leprae:

A

ability to survive and live within macrophages

63
Q

Discuss the clinical features of M. Leprae:

A

Tuberculoid-to-lepramatous leprosy

64
Q

Discuss the treatment for M. Leprae:

A

Multi-drug therapy; 2+ years

65
Q

Discuss the epidemiology of M. Leprae:

A

Close physical contact

66
Q

ALL pathogenic mycobacterial species have:

A

VERY slow growth rates

67
Q

What is the gram stain for Nocardia?

A

Gram positive but poor staining

68
Q

Nocardia belong to the classification of:

A

Partially acid-fast

69
Q

What makes nocardia partially acid-fast?

A

Presence of mycolic acid in the cell wall

70
Q

The acid-fast test is used to distinguish nocardia from:

A

fungal look-alikes

71
Q

Discuss the virulence factors of nocardia:

A

opportunistic pathogen- in immunocompromised patients

microbiology (24 decks)

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