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microbiology > Antiviral Treatment Strategies- Exam IV > Flashcards

Antiviral Treatment Strategies- Exam IV Flashcards

1
Q

Antiviral treatment strategies/targets include:

A
  1. inhibitors of viral replication
  2. virus entry
  3. viral genome replication
  4. viral release
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2
Q

Every step in ___ is a potential target for antiviral treatment

A

viral replication

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3
Q

Targeting ___ is generally not a feasible antiviral treatment strategy:

A

host cell functions

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4
Q

Why is targeting host cell function generally not feasible?

A

due to toxicity

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5
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act on the penetration step?

A

Enfuvirtide and fusion inhibitors

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6
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after penetration and before uncoating?

A

Rimantadine & Amantadine

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7
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act on the genome replication step?

A
  • Acyclovir
  • Ganciclovir
  • Foscarnet
  • HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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8
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after genome replication but before RNA synthesis?

A
  • Ribavirin and Interferon
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9
Q

What type of antiviral drugs after RNA synthesis and before protein synthesis?

A

Interferon

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10
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after assembly but before release?

A

neuraminidase inhibitors

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11
Q

HIV fusion inhibitor that binds to gp41 region that folds back onto itself and prevent fusion of membranes (very specific to HIV)

A

Enfuvirtide

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12
Q

Enfuvirtide is a ___ fusion inhibitor:

A

HIV fusion inhibitor

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13
Q

Enfuvirtide binds to ___ region that folds back onto itself and prevents ____

A

gp41; fusion of membranes

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14
Q

CCR5 binding inhibitor =

A

maraviroc

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15
Q

What step do both enfuvirtide and maraviroc work at?

A

virus entry

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16
Q

This step in viral infection is used to prevent influenza infections and blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza A virus:

A

virus entry

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17
Q

The drug used to prevent influenza entry and blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza A virus (basically blocks virus entry):

A

amantadine

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18
Q

Analog of Amantadine:

A

Rimantadine

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19
Q

Amantadine and Rimantadine affect:

A

M2’s function as an ion channel

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20
Q

How does manta dine and rimantadine affect M2’s function as an ion channel?

A

following endocytosis, acidification of endosomes occur, and then M2 can function as ion channel and the acidification within virion drives the viral disassembly

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21
Q

Following endocytosis acidification of ____ occurs, then ___ can function as an ion channel

A

endosomes; M2

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22
Q

Acidification within virions drives:

A

viral disassembly

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23
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb’s) against SARS Coverage-2 are:

A

viral entry inhibitors

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24
Q

What is one treatment option for Covid-19?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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25
The monoclonal antibodies used to treat covid, bind ___ & ____
SARS-Cov-2 virions & neutralize them
26
Monoclonal antibodies bind SARS-Cov-2 virions and neutralize them meaning:
they block the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors and entering cells
27
The first monoclonal Ab for treating Covid-19 was derived from:
a patient that had recovered from the disease
28
When deriving the first monoclonal antibodies, the patient that had recovered from the disease had serum that contained:
A neutralizing IgG1 antibody directed against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
29
Result of rational drug design (nucleoside analog) that targets herpresviruses by inhibiting DNA synthesis:
Acylcovir
30
Acyclovir inhibits:
DNA synthesis
31
Why is acyclovir specific to infected cells?
Viral thymidine kinase (TK) is much more efficient than cellular TK
32
Describe acyclovirs effects on latency:
No effect on latency
33
What are two drugs structurally similar to acyclovir?
1. Deoxyguanosine 2. Ganciclovir
34
How does Acyclovir progress to acyclovir monophosphate?
acted on by viral TK and ATP
35
How does acyclovir monophosphate progress to acyclovir triphosphate?
acted on by cellular kinases and ATP
36
Acyclovir is not effective against what herpesvirus?
CMV
37
Drug that is effective against CMV compared to acyclovir, although it is more toxic:
Ganciclovir
38
Why is Ganciclovir more toxic compared to acyclovir?
Cellular TK uses drug better too
39
What is the nucleoside analog to Ganciclovir?
Gancicivir
40
Drug that DIRECTLY inhibits herpesvirus and cytomegalovirus DAN polymerase:
Foscarnet
41
What issues are seen with Foscarnet use?
Nephrotoxicity issues
42
Foscarnet is considered a ___ inhibitor
non-nucleoside
43
____ is a nucleoside analog that interferes with the action of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Remdesivir
44
How does Remdesivir work?
Interferes with the action of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and causes RNA synthesis termination after a few nucleotides
45
What virus does Remdesivir treat?
Covid-19
46
In Hepatitis C, what is responsible for cleaving the viral proteins to their final mature sizes?
Viral Protease
47
In Hep C virus, what is responsible for viral genome replication and transcription?
Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
48
Discuss the treatment for Hep C virus:
Newer 2-drug combination therapies target specific HCV enzymes
49
For Hep C, the new 2-drug combination therapies target specific:
HCV enzymes
50
A HepC treatment that functions as an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase:
Sofosbuvir & Ledipasvir
51
In addition to targeting specific HCV enzymes & inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, other HCV treatments target:
viral protease
52
A SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor that inhibits the production of mature (cleaved) viral proteins
Paxlovid
53
Paxlovid inhibits:
production of mature (cleaved) viral proteins
54
Paxlovid is considered a protease inhibitor, but more specifically a:
peptidomimetic inhibitor
55
If we talking about a peptidomimetic inhibitor we are discussing:
paxlovid
56
___ is a very broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus drug:
Cidofovir
57
Cidofovir inhibits:
viral DNA polymerase
58
59
This drug is a nucleoside analog, use is mainly limited to cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients (toxicity limits dosage levels)
Cidofovir
60
List the categories of anti-HIV drugs:
1. nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) 2. nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI) 3. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
61
Anti-HIV drug that needs to be phosphorylated by cellular enzymes before being used by HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) (like acyclovir):
NRTI
62
HIV RT uses these analogs and since they lack a 3' -OH , DNA synthesis (reverse transcription) stops:
nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
63
Act like NRTIs but do not need to be phosphorylated (because they already contain a phosphate)
nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI)
64
Binds site on HIV RT enzyme that cause it to stop functioning, blocking reverse transcription:
NNRTI- non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
65
HIV protease cleaves the initial HIV proteins to their final mature sizes, so these drugs attempt to mimic an HIV protease cut site, competitively inhibiting HIV protease:
protease inhibitor (anti-HIV drug)
66
Protease inhibitors used to treat HIV may also be referred to as:
peptidomimetic inhibitors
67
HAART:
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
68
at least 3 drugs in combination including 2 nucleoside inhibitors plus a NNRTI or protease inhibitor:
HAART
69
Anti-HIV drug that blocks integration of HIV dsDNA into host cell chromosomal DNA
Integrase inhibitor
70
What step do integrate inhibitors interfere with?
with the strand transfer step
71
Steps in HIV replication/infection that are targeted by antiviral therapies:
1. entry 2. reverse transcription 3. integration 4. maturation
72
Neuraminidase inhibitors are used against what virus and target what step?
influenza virus, release of virus from envelope
73
How do neuraminidase inhibitors function?
Cleaves sialic acid
74
What allows neuraminidase inhibitors to cleave sialic acid?
neuraminidase has enzymatic activity
75
Neuraminidase inhibitors preven efficient:
spread of virus from cell to cell
76
Give an example of an neuraminidase inhibitor used against influenza virus:
tamiflu
77
A broader spectrum antiviral:
interferons
78
Natural products discovered in 1957; assist the immune response:
interferons
79
List the three ways in which interferons function as broader spectrum antivirals:
1. inhibit viral replication within host cells 2. activate natural killer cells and macrophages 3. increase antigen presentation to lymphocytes
80
Effects of interferon therapy include:
fatigue, fever, myalgias
81
Interferon therapy was formerly the main treatment for ____ and used for ____.
HCV; HBV
82
A purine nucleoside analog that inhibits many RNA viruses and some DNA viruses:
Ribavirin
83
Ribavirin (a purine nucleoside analog) may be used to treat:
1. influenza A and B 2. measles 3. respiratory syncytial virus

microbiology (24 decks)

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