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microbiology > Antiviral Treatment Strategies- Exam IV > Flashcards

Antiviral Treatment Strategies- Exam IV Flashcards

1
Q

Antiviral treatment strategies/targets include:

A
  1. inhibitors of viral replication
  2. virus entry
  3. viral genome replication
  4. viral release
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2
Q

Every step in ___ is a potential target for antiviral treatment

A

viral replication

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3
Q

Targeting ___ is generally not a feasible antiviral treatment strategy:

A

host cell functions

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4
Q

Why is targeting host cell function generally not feasible?

A

due to toxicity

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5
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act on the penetration step?

A

Enfuvirtide and fusion inhibitors

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6
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after penetration and before uncoating?

A

Rimantadine & Amantadine

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7
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act on the genome replication step?

A
  • Acyclovir
  • Ganciclovir
  • Foscarnet
  • HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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8
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after genome replication but before RNA synthesis?

A
  • Ribavirin and Interferon
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9
Q

What type of antiviral drugs after RNA synthesis and before protein synthesis?

A

Interferon

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10
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after assembly but before release?

A

neuraminidase inhibitors

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11
Q

HIV fusion inhibitor that binds to gp41 region that folds back onto itself and prevent fusion of membranes (very specific to HIV)

A

Enfuvirtide

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12
Q

Enfuvirtide is a ___ fusion inhibitor:

A

HIV fusion inhibitor

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13
Q

Enfuvirtide binds to ___ region that folds back onto itself and prevents ____

A

gp41; fusion of membranes

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14
Q

CCR5 binding inhibitor =

A

maraviroc

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15
Q

What step do both enfuvirtide and maraviroc work at?

A

virus entry

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16
Q

This step in viral infection is used to prevent influenza infections and blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza A virus:

A

virus entry

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17
Q

The drug used to prevent influenza entry and blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza A virus (basically blocks virus entry):

A

amantadine

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18
Q

Analog of Amantadine:

A

Rimantadine

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19
Q

Amantadine and Rimantadine affect:

A

M2’s function as an ion channel

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20
Q

How does manta dine and rimantadine affect M2’s function as an ion channel?

A

following endocytosis, acidification of endosomes occur, and then M2 can function as ion channel and the acidification within virion drives the viral disassembly

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21
Q

Following endocytosis acidification of ____ occurs, then ___ can function as an ion channel

A

endosomes; M2

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22
Q

Acidification within virions drives:

A

viral disassembly

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23
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb’s) against SARS Coverage-2 are:

A

viral entry inhibitors

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24
Q

What is one treatment option for Covid-19?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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25
Q

The monoclonal antibodies used to treat covid, bind ___ & ____

A

SARS-Cov-2 virions & neutralize them

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26
Q

Monoclonal antibodies bind SARS-Cov-2 virions and neutralize them meaning:

A

they block the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors and entering cells

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27
Q

The first monoclonal Ab for treating Covid-19 was derived from:

A

a patient that had recovered from the disease

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28
Q

When deriving the first monoclonal antibodies, the patient that had recovered from the disease had serum that contained:

A

A neutralizing IgG1 antibody directed against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

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29
Q

Result of rational drug design (nucleoside analog) that targets herpresviruses by inhibiting DNA synthesis:

A

Acylcovir

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30
Q

Acyclovir inhibits:

A

DNA synthesis

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31
Q

Why is acyclovir specific to infected cells?

A

Viral thymidine kinase (TK) is much more efficient than cellular TK

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32
Q

Describe acyclovirs effects on latency:

A

No effect on latency

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33
Q

What are two drugs structurally similar to acyclovir?

A
  1. Deoxyguanosine
  2. Ganciclovir
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34
Q

How does Acyclovir progress to acyclovir monophosphate?

A

acted on by viral TK and ATP

35
Q

How does acyclovir monophosphate progress to acyclovir triphosphate?

A

acted on by cellular kinases and ATP

36
Q

Acyclovir is not effective against what herpesvirus?

37
Q

Drug that is effective against CMV compared to acyclovir, although it is more toxic:

A

Ganciclovir

38
Q

Why is Ganciclovir more toxic compared to acyclovir?

A

Cellular TK uses drug better too

39
Q

What is the nucleoside analog to Ganciclovir?

A

Gancicivir

40
Q

Drug that DIRECTLY inhibits herpesvirus and cytomegalovirus DAN polymerase:

41
Q

What issues are seen with Foscarnet use?

A

Nephrotoxicity issues

42
Q

Foscarnet is considered a ___ inhibitor

A

non-nucleoside

43
Q

____ is a nucleoside analog that interferes with the action of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

A

Remdesivir

44
Q

How does Remdesivir work?

A

Interferes with the action of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and causes RNA synthesis termination after a few nucleotides

45
Q

What virus does Remdesivir treat?

46
Q

In Hepatitis C, what is responsible for cleaving the viral proteins to their final mature sizes?

A

Viral Protease

47
Q

In Hep C virus, what is responsible for viral genome replication and transcription?

A

Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

48
Q

Discuss the treatment for Hep C virus:

A

Newer 2-drug combination therapies target specific HCV enzymes

49
Q

For Hep C, the new 2-drug combination therapies target specific:

A

HCV enzymes

50
Q

A HepC treatment that functions as an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase:

A

Sofosbuvir & Ledipasvir

51
Q

In addition to targeting specific HCV enzymes & inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, other HCV treatments target:

A

viral protease

52
Q

A SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor that inhibits the production of mature (cleaved) viral proteins

53
Q

Paxlovid inhibits:

A

production of mature (cleaved) viral proteins

54
Q

Paxlovid is considered a protease inhibitor, but more specifically a:

A

peptidomimetic inhibitor

55
Q

If we talking about a peptidomimetic inhibitor we are discussing:

56
Q

___ is a very broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus drug:

57
Q

Cidofovir inhibits:

A

viral DNA polymerase

59
Q

This drug is a nucleoside analog, use is mainly limited to cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients (toxicity limits dosage levels)

60
Q

List the categories of anti-HIV drugs:

A
  1. nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
  2. nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI)
  3. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
61
Q

Anti-HIV drug that needs to be phosphorylated by cellular enzymes before being used by HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) (like acyclovir):

62
Q

HIV RT uses these analogs and since they lack a 3’ -OH , DNA synthesis (reverse transcription) stops:

A

nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)

63
Q

Act like NRTIs but do not need to be phosphorylated (because they already contain a phosphate)

A

nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI)

64
Q

Binds site on HIV RT enzyme that cause it to stop functioning, blocking reverse transcription:

A

NNRTI- non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

65
Q

HIV protease cleaves the initial HIV proteins to their final mature sizes, so these drugs attempt to mimic an HIV protease cut site, competitively inhibiting HIV protease:

A

protease inhibitor (anti-HIV drug)

66
Q

Protease inhibitors used to treat HIV may also be referred to as:

A

peptidomimetic inhibitors

67
Q

HAART:

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

68
Q

at least 3 drugs in combination including 2 nucleoside inhibitors plus a NNRTI or protease inhibitor:

69
Q

Anti-HIV drug that blocks integration of HIV dsDNA into host cell chromosomal DNA

A

Integrase inhibitor

70
Q

What step do integrate inhibitors interfere with?

A

with the strand transfer step

71
Q

Steps in HIV replication/infection that are targeted by antiviral therapies:

A
  1. entry
  2. reverse transcription
  3. integration
  4. maturation
72
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors are used against what virus and target what step?

A

influenza virus, release of virus from envelope

73
Q

How do neuraminidase inhibitors function?

A

Cleaves sialic acid

74
Q

What allows neuraminidase inhibitors to cleave sialic acid?

A

neuraminidase has enzymatic activity

75
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors preven efficient:

A

spread of virus from cell to cell

76
Q

Give an example of an neuraminidase inhibitor used against influenza virus:

77
Q

A broader spectrum antiviral:

A

interferons

78
Q

Natural products discovered in 1957; assist the immune response:

A

interferons

79
Q

List the three ways in which interferons function as broader spectrum antivirals:

A
  1. inhibit viral replication within host cells
  2. activate natural killer cells and macrophages
  3. increase antigen presentation to lymphocytes
80
Q

Effects of interferon therapy include:

A

fatigue, fever, myalgias

81
Q

Interferon therapy was formerly the main treatment for ____ and used for ____.

82
Q

A purine nucleoside analog that inhibits many RNA viruses and some DNA viruses:

83
Q

Ribavirin (a purine nucleoside analog) may be used to treat:

A
  1. influenza A and B
  2. measles
  3. respiratory syncytial virus

microbiology (24 decks)

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