Principles 1.2- Exam 1

Question 1

Elements required for cell components in larger amounts:

Answer 1

macroelements

Question 2

List macroelements that are components of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids:

Answer 2

1. carbon
2. oxygen
3. nitrogen
4. nitrogen
5. sulfur
6. phosphorus

Question 3

List the macroelements that exist as cations and play many roles including cofactors of enzymes:

Answer 3

1. potassium
2. calcium
3. magnesium
4. iron

Question 4

Enzymes are mainly ____ although ____ can also act as enzymes

Answer 4

proteins; RNA molecules

Question 5

Elements required for cellular components in smaller amounts:

Answer 5

trace elements

Question 6

List some trace elements required for cellular components:

Answer 6

1. manganese
2. zince
3. cobalt
4. molybdenum
5. nickel
6. copper

Question 7

Trace elements are mainly needed as:

Answer 7

cofactors of enzymes

Question 8

Organisms that use light as their source of energy:

Answer 8

phototrophs

Question 9

Organisms that use oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds as their source of energy:

Answer 9

chemotrophs

Question 10

What are the 3 components necessarily for organism survival?

Answer 10

1. source of energy
2. source of reducing equivalents
3. source of carbon

Question 11

What is a reducing equivalent?

Answer 11

an electron donor

Question 12

Why do organisms require electron donors (reducing equivalents)?

Answer 12

1. electron transport chain
2. oxidation-reduction reactions
3. biosynthesis in autotrophs

Question 13

Electron donors used for the electron transport chain is ultimately used for:

Answer 13

energy production

Question 14

Electron donors used for oxidation-reduction reactions are ultimately used for:

Answer 14

energy production

Question 15

What do lithotrophs utilize as a source of reducing agent (electrons)?

Answer 15

inorganic molecules

Question 16

What do organotrophs utilize as a source of reducing equivalents (electrons)?

Answer 16

organic molecules

Question 17

____ utilize inorganic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents.

____ utilize organic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents.

Answer 17

lithotrophs; organotrophs

Question 18

Use CO2 as the main/only source of carbon:

Answer 18

autotrophs

Question 19

Used reduced/ preformed organic molecules (such as glucose) as a source of carbon:

Answer 19

heterotrophs

Question 20

Most pathogenic bacteria are ___ due to the source of carbon they use

Answer 20

heterotrophs

Question 21

• light energy
• inorganic electron donor
• CO2 carbon source

Answer 21

photolithotrophic autotrophy

Question 22

• light energy
• organic electron donor
• organic carbon source

Answer 22

photoorganotrophic heterotrophy

Question 23

• chemical energy source
• inorganic electron donor
• CO2 carbon source

Answer 23

chemolithotrophic autotrophy

Question 24

• chemical energy source
• organic electron donor
• organic carbon source

Answer 24

chemoorganotorphic heterotrophy

Question 25

List the major nutritional type all pathogens are:

Answer 25

chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy

Question 26

All pathogens, and humans included are referred to as chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs because:

Answer 26

1. use a chemical energy source 2. use organic electron donor 3. use organic carbon source

Question 27

Humans and most bacteria get their source of nitrogen from:

Answer 27

amino acids or ammonia nitrate (which is then converted to ammonia

Question 28

Few bacteria will be able to get their nitrogen from:

Answer 28

atmospheric or gaseous nitrogen

Question 29

Phosphorus is required by all organisms from:

Answer 29

inorganic phosphate (PO4^3-)

Question 30

Organisms obtain source of sulfur from:

Answer 30

sulfate (SO4^2-) OR reduced sulfur (cysteine)

Question 31

If an amino acid cannot be made in the body it will need to be obtained from:

Answer 31

the diet

Question 32

Growth factors for many organisms that are the building blocks for nucleic acids:

Answer 32

purines an pyrimidines

Question 33

Small organic that will often serve as a cofactors for enzymatic reactions

Answer 33

vitamins

Question 34

- perform aerobic respiration ONLY - final electron acceptor is oxygen (reduced to H2O)

Answer 34

strict aerobes

Question 35

- perform anaerobic respiration ONLY - final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule (examples: nitrate, Fe3+)

Answer 35

strict anaerobes

Question 36

- perform fermentation - final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (examples: pyruvate reduced to lactate; acetyl-coA reduced to ethanol)

Answer 36

strict anaerobe

Question 37

- can perform respiration and fermentation - most medically relevant bacteria

Answer 37

facultative anaerobes

Question 38

What is the final electron acceptor for strict aerobes?

Answer 38

oxygen (reduced to H2O)

Question 39

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform anaerobic respiration?

Answer 39

inorganic molecules

Question 40

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes the perform fermentation?

Answer 40

organic molecules

Question 41

What are the most medically relative bacteria?

Answer 41

facultative anaerobes

Question 42

What type of bacteria can live in environments with oxygen as well as without oxygen?

Answer 42

facultative anaerobes

Question 43

Respiratory chain of E. coli: Works under conditions of low aeration, which is often associated with the stationary phase of bacterial growth (when bacteria are not actively dividing)

Answer 43

Cytochrome D branch

Question 44

The cytochrome D branch of the respiratory chain of E. coli is most commonly associated with which phase of bacterial growth?

Answer 44

stationary phase

Question 45

stage of growth in which bacteria are not actively dividing:

Answer 45

stationary phase

Question 46

Respiratory chain of E. coli: Works under conditions of high aeration and rapid growth or log phase growth:

Answer 46

Cytochrome O branch

Question 47

Respiratory chain of E. coli: In both cases, Cytochrome D and O branch, ___ is receiving electrons from ____.

Answer 47

ubiquinone; NADH

Question 48

Respiratory chain of E. coli: What allows the ubiquinone to receive electrons from NADH?

Answer 48

iron sulfur protein

Question 49

Respiratory chain of E. coli: After the ubiquinone receives electrons from NADH via an iron sulfur protein, the ubiquinone will then move the electrons to the ___ or ___ depending on which branch is operating to move protons out into the periplasm

Answer 49

cytochrome B 582 or cytochrome B 558

Question 50

What are the four species of gram positive bacteria in the mouth?

Answer 50

1. streptococcus 2. peptostreptococcus 3. actinomyces 4. lactobacillus

Question 51

Describe streptococcus found in the mouth:

Answer 51

- gram positive - cocci - facultative anaerobe

Question 52

Describe peptostreptococcus found in the mouth:

Answer 52

- gram positive - cocci - strict anaerobes

Question 53

Describe actinomycete found in the mouth:

Answer 53

- gram positive - rods - strict/faculative anaerobes

Question 54

Describe lactobacillus found in the mouth:

Answer 54

- gram positive - rods - facultative anaerobes

Question 55

List the gram negative bacteria found in the mouth: (7)

Answer 55

1. veillonella 2. agggregatibacter 3. capnocytophaga 4. porphyromonas 5. prevotella 6. fusobacterium 7. spirochetes

Question 56

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are strict anaerobes:

Answer 56

1. Veillonella 2. Porphyromonas 3. Prevotella 4. Fusobacterium 5. Spirochetes

Question 57

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are capnophilic:

Answer 57

1. Aggregatibacter 2. Capnocytophaga

Question 58

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are cocci:

Answer 58

Veillonella

Question 59

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are rods:

Answer 59

1. Aggregatibacter 2. Capnocytophaga 3. Porphyromonas 4. Prevotella 5. Fusobacterium

Question 60

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are spiral shaped:

Answer 60

Spirochetes

Question 61

bacteria unique to the oral cavity in that they require a certain amount of CO2 in addition to O2:

Answer 61

capnophillic

Question 62

- moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration - no energy requirement - uses carrier proteins embedded in PM

Answer 62

Facilitated diffusion

Question 63

Carrier proteins embedded in the PM; allow molecules to move down concentration gradient

Answer 63

Permeases

Question 64

___ are what increase efficiency in facilitated diffusion ( a type of passive diffusion)

Answer 64

permeases

Question 65

In facilitated diffusion, uptake of molecule is driven by:

Answer 65

intracellular use of the compound

Question 66

group translocation is a form of:

Answer 66

active transport

Question 67

What happens to the transported substance during the process of group translocation?

Answer 67

the transported substances are chemically altered

Question 68

Group translocation utilizes _____ for energy.

Answer 68

phosphate bond in phosphoenolpyrivate

Question 69

Group translocation is also known as:

Answer 69

Phosphotransferase system (PTS or PEP-PTS)

Question 70

Give an example of am molecule that may be transported via group translocation:

Answer 70

some sugars