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microbiology > Principles 1.2- Exam 1 > Flashcards

Principles 1.2- Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Elements required for cell components in larger amounts:

A

macroelements

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2
Q

List macroelements that are components of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids:

A
  1. carbon
  2. oxygen
  3. nitrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. sulfur
  6. phosphorus
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3
Q

List the macroelements that exist as cations and play many roles including cofactors of enzymes:

A
  1. potassium
  2. calcium
  3. magnesium
  4. iron
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4
Q

Enzymes are mainly ____ although ____ can also act as enzymes

A

proteins; RNA molecules

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5
Q

Elements required for cellular components in smaller amounts:

A

trace elements

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6
Q

List some trace elements required for cellular components:

A
  1. manganese
  2. zince
  3. cobalt
  4. molybdenum
  5. nickel
  6. copper
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7
Q

Trace elements are mainly needed as:

A

cofactors of enzymes

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8
Q

Organisms that use light as their source of energy:

A

phototrophs

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9
Q

Organisms that use oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds as their source of energy:

A

chemotrophs

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10
Q

What are the 3 components necessarily for organism survival?

A
  1. source of energy
  2. source of reducing equivalents
  3. source of carbon
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11
Q

What is a reducing equivalent?

A

an electron donor

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12
Q

Why do organisms require electron donors (reducing equivalents)?

A
  1. electron transport chain
  2. oxidation-reduction reactions
  3. biosynthesis in autotrophs
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13
Q

Electron donors used for the electron transport chain is ultimately used for:

A

energy production

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14
Q

Electron donors used for oxidation-reduction reactions are ultimately used for:

A

energy production

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15
Q

What do lithotrophs utilize as a source of reducing agent (electrons)?

A

inorganic molecules

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16
Q

What do organotrophs utilize as a source of reducing equivalents (electrons)?

A

organic molecules

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17
Q

____ utilize inorganic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents.

____ utilize organic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents.

A

lithotrophs; organotrophs

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18
Q

Use CO2 as the main/only source of carbon:

A

autotrophs

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19
Q

Used reduced/ preformed organic molecules (such as glucose) as a source of carbon:

A

heterotrophs

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20
Q

Most pathogenic bacteria are ___ due to the source of carbon they use

A

heterotrophs

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21
Q
  • light energy
  • inorganic electron donor
  • CO2 carbon source
A

photolithotrophic autotrophy

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22
Q
  • light energy
  • organic electron donor
  • organic carbon source
A

photoorganotrophic heterotrophy

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23
Q
  • chemical energy source
  • inorganic electron donor
  • CO2 carbon source
A

chemolithotrophic autotrophy

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24
Q
  • chemical energy source
  • organic electron donor
  • organic carbon source
A

chemoorganotorphic heterotrophy

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25
Q

List the major nutritional type all pathogens are:

A

chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy

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26
Q

All pathogens, and humans included are referred to as chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs because:

A
  1. use a chemical energy source
  2. use organic electron donor
  3. use organic carbon source
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27
Q

Humans and most bacteria get their source of nitrogen from:

A

amino acids or ammonia nitrate (which is then converted to ammonia

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28
Q

Few bacteria will be able to get their nitrogen from:

A

atmospheric or gaseous nitrogen

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29
Q

Phosphorus is required by all organisms from:

A

inorganic phosphate (PO4^3-)

30
Q

Organisms obtain source of sulfur from:

A

sulfate (SO4^2-) OR reduced sulfur (cysteine)

31
Q

If an amino acid cannot be made in the body it will need to be obtained from:

A

the diet

32
Q

Growth factors for many organisms that are the building blocks for nucleic acids:

A

purines an pyrimidines

33
Q

Small organic that will often serve as a cofactors for enzymatic reactions

A

vitamins

34
Q
  • perform aerobic respiration ONLY
  • final electron acceptor is oxygen (reduced to H2O)
A

strict aerobes

35
Q
  • perform anaerobic respiration ONLY
  • final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule (examples: nitrate, Fe3+)
A

strict anaerobes

36
Q
  • perform fermentation
  • final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (examples: pyruvate reduced to lactate; acetyl-coA reduced to ethanol)
A

strict anaerobe

37
Q
  • can perform respiration and fermentation
  • most medically relevant bacteria
A

facultative anaerobes

38
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict aerobes?

A

oxygen (reduced to H2O)

39
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform anaerobic respiration?

A

inorganic molecules

40
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes the perform fermentation?

A

organic molecules

41
Q

What are the most medically relative bacteria?

A

facultative anaerobes

42
Q

What type of bacteria can live in environments with oxygen as well as without oxygen?

A

facultative anaerobes

43
Q

Respiratory chain of E. coli:

Works under conditions of low aeration, which is often associated with the stationary phase of bacterial growth (when bacteria are not actively dividing)

A

Cytochrome D branch

44
Q

The cytochrome D branch of the respiratory chain of E. coli is most commonly associated with which phase of bacterial growth?

A

stationary phase

45
Q

stage of growth in which bacteria are not actively dividing:

A

stationary phase

46
Q

Respiratory chain of E. coli:

Works under conditions of high aeration and rapid growth or log phase growth:

A

Cytochrome O branch

47
Q

Respiratory chain of E. coli:

In both cases, Cytochrome D and O branch, ___ is receiving electrons from ____.

A

ubiquinone; NADH

48
Q

Respiratory chain of E. coli:

What allows the ubiquinone to receive electrons from NADH?

A

iron sulfur protein

49
Q

Respiratory chain of E. coli:

After the ubiquinone receives electrons from NADH via an iron sulfur protein, the ubiquinone will then move the electrons to the ___ or ___ depending on which branch is operating to move protons out into the periplasm

A

cytochrome B 582 or cytochrome B 558

50
Q

What are the four species of gram positive bacteria in the mouth?

A
  1. streptococcus
  2. peptostreptococcus
  3. actinomyces
  4. lactobacillus
51
Q

Describe streptococcus found in the mouth:

A
  • gram positive
  • cocci
  • facultative anaerobe
52
Q

Describe peptostreptococcus found in the mouth:

A
  • gram positive
  • cocci
  • strict anaerobes
53
Q

Describe actinomycete found in the mouth:

A
  • gram positive
  • rods
  • strict/faculative anaerobes
54
Q

Describe lactobacillus found in the mouth:

A
  • gram positive
  • rods
  • facultative anaerobes
55
Q

List the gram negative bacteria found in the mouth: (7)

A
  1. veillonella
  2. agggregatibacter
  3. capnocytophaga
  4. porphyromonas
  5. prevotella
  6. fusobacterium
  7. spirochetes
56
Q

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are strict anaerobes:

A
  1. Veillonella
  2. Porphyromonas
  3. Prevotella
  4. Fusobacterium
  5. Spirochetes
57
Q

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are capnophilic:

A
  1. Aggregatibacter
  2. Capnocytophaga
58
Q

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are cocci:

A

Veillonella

59
Q

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are rods:

A
  1. Aggregatibacter
  2. Capnocytophaga
  3. Porphyromonas
  4. Prevotella
  5. Fusobacterium
60
Q

List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are spiral shaped:

A

Spirochetes

61
Q

bacteria unique to the oral cavity in that they require a certain amount of CO2 in addition to O2:

A

capnophillic

62
Q
  • moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
  • no energy requirement
  • uses carrier proteins embedded in PM
A

Facilitated diffusion

63
Q

Carrier proteins embedded in the PM; allow molecules to move down concentration gradient

A

Permeases

64
Q

___ are what increase efficiency in facilitated diffusion ( a type of passive diffusion)

A

permeases

65
Q

In facilitated diffusion, uptake of molecule is driven by:

A

intracellular use of the compound

66
Q

group translocation is a form of:

A

active transport

67
Q

What happens to the transported substance during the process of group translocation?

A

the transported substances are chemically altered

68
Q

Group translocation utilizes _____ for energy.

A

phosphate bond in phosphoenolpyrivate

69
Q

Group translocation is also known as:

A

Phosphotransferase system (PTS or PEP-PTS)

70
Q

Give an example of am molecule that may be transported via group translocation:

A

some sugars

microbiology (24 decks)

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