Principles 1.2- Exam 1 Flashcards
Elements required for cell components in larger amounts:
macroelements
List macroelements that are components of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids:
- carbon
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- nitrogen
- sulfur
- phosphorus
List the macroelements that exist as cations and play many roles including cofactors of enzymes:
- potassium
- calcium
- magnesium
- iron
Enzymes are mainly ____ although ____ can also act as enzymes
proteins; RNA molecules
Elements required for cellular components in smaller amounts:
trace elements
List some trace elements required for cellular components:
- manganese
- zince
- cobalt
- molybdenum
- nickel
- copper
Trace elements are mainly needed as:
cofactors of enzymes
Organisms that use light as their source of energy:
phototrophs
Organisms that use oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds as their source of energy:
chemotrophs
What are the 3 components necessarily for organism survival?
- source of energy
- source of reducing equivalents
- source of carbon
What is a reducing equivalent?
an electron donor
Why do organisms require electron donors (reducing equivalents)?
- electron transport chain
- oxidation-reduction reactions
- biosynthesis in autotrophs
Electron donors used for the electron transport chain is ultimately used for:
energy production
Electron donors used for oxidation-reduction reactions are ultimately used for:
energy production
What do lithotrophs utilize as a source of reducing agent (electrons)?
inorganic molecules
What do organotrophs utilize as a source of reducing equivalents (electrons)?
organic molecules
____ utilize inorganic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents.
____ utilize organic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents.
lithotrophs; organotrophs
Use CO2 as the main/only source of carbon:
autotrophs
Used reduced/ preformed organic molecules (such as glucose) as a source of carbon:
heterotrophs
Most pathogenic bacteria are ___ due to the source of carbon they use
heterotrophs
- light energy
- inorganic electron donor
- CO2 carbon source
photolithotrophic autotrophy
- light energy
- organic electron donor
- organic carbon source
photoorganotrophic heterotrophy
- chemical energy source
- inorganic electron donor
- CO2 carbon source
chemolithotrophic autotrophy
- chemical energy source
- organic electron donor
- organic carbon source
chemoorganotorphic heterotrophy
List the major nutritional type all pathogens are:
chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy
All pathogens, and humans included are referred to as chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs because:
- use a chemical energy source
- use organic electron donor
- use organic carbon source
Humans and most bacteria get their source of nitrogen from:
amino acids or ammonia nitrate (which is then converted to ammonia
Few bacteria will be able to get their nitrogen from:
atmospheric or gaseous nitrogen
Phosphorus is required by all organisms from:
inorganic phosphate (PO4^3-)
Organisms obtain source of sulfur from:
sulfate (SO4^2-) OR reduced sulfur (cysteine)
If an amino acid cannot be made in the body it will need to be obtained from:
the diet
Growth factors for many organisms that are the building blocks for nucleic acids:
purines an pyrimidines
Small organic that will often serve as a cofactors for enzymatic reactions
vitamins
- perform aerobic respiration ONLY
- final electron acceptor is oxygen (reduced to H2O)
strict aerobes
- perform anaerobic respiration ONLY
- final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule (examples: nitrate, Fe3+)
strict anaerobes
- perform fermentation
- final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (examples: pyruvate reduced to lactate; acetyl-coA reduced to ethanol)
strict anaerobe
- can perform respiration and fermentation
- most medically relevant bacteria
facultative anaerobes
What is the final electron acceptor for strict aerobes?
oxygen (reduced to H2O)
What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform anaerobic respiration?
inorganic molecules
What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes the perform fermentation?
organic molecules
What are the most medically relative bacteria?
facultative anaerobes
What type of bacteria can live in environments with oxygen as well as without oxygen?
facultative anaerobes
Respiratory chain of E. coli:
Works under conditions of low aeration, which is often associated with the stationary phase of bacterial growth (when bacteria are not actively dividing)
Cytochrome D branch
The cytochrome D branch of the respiratory chain of E. coli is most commonly associated with which phase of bacterial growth?
stationary phase
stage of growth in which bacteria are not actively dividing:
stationary phase
Respiratory chain of E. coli:
Works under conditions of high aeration and rapid growth or log phase growth:
Cytochrome O branch
Respiratory chain of E. coli:
In both cases, Cytochrome D and O branch, ___ is receiving electrons from ____.
ubiquinone; NADH
Respiratory chain of E. coli:
What allows the ubiquinone to receive electrons from NADH?
iron sulfur protein
Respiratory chain of E. coli:
After the ubiquinone receives electrons from NADH via an iron sulfur protein, the ubiquinone will then move the electrons to the ___ or ___ depending on which branch is operating to move protons out into the periplasm
cytochrome B 582 or cytochrome B 558
What are the four species of gram positive bacteria in the mouth?
- streptococcus
- peptostreptococcus
- actinomyces
- lactobacillus
Describe streptococcus found in the mouth:
- gram positive
- cocci
- facultative anaerobe
Describe peptostreptococcus found in the mouth:
- gram positive
- cocci
- strict anaerobes
Describe actinomycete found in the mouth:
- gram positive
- rods
- strict/faculative anaerobes
Describe lactobacillus found in the mouth:
- gram positive
- rods
- facultative anaerobes
List the gram negative bacteria found in the mouth: (7)
- veillonella
- agggregatibacter
- capnocytophaga
- porphyromonas
- prevotella
- fusobacterium
- spirochetes
List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are strict anaerobes:
- Veillonella
- Porphyromonas
- Prevotella
- Fusobacterium
- Spirochetes
List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are capnophilic:
- Aggregatibacter
- Capnocytophaga
List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are cocci:
Veillonella
List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are rods:
- Aggregatibacter
- Capnocytophaga
- Porphyromonas
- Prevotella
- Fusobacterium
List the gram negative bacteria in the mouth that are spiral shaped:
Spirochetes
bacteria unique to the oral cavity in that they require a certain amount of CO2 in addition to O2:
capnophillic
- moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
- no energy requirement
- uses carrier proteins embedded in PM
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier proteins embedded in the PM; allow molecules to move down concentration gradient
Permeases
___ are what increase efficiency in facilitated diffusion ( a type of passive diffusion)
permeases
In facilitated diffusion, uptake of molecule is driven by:
intracellular use of the compound
group translocation is a form of:
active transport
What happens to the transported substance during the process of group translocation?
the transported substances are chemically altered
Group translocation utilizes _____ for energy.
phosphate bond in phosphoenolpyrivate
Group translocation is also known as:
Phosphotransferase system (PTS or PEP-PTS)
Give an example of am molecule that may be transported via group translocation:
some sugars
