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microbiology > Immunizations- Exam IV > Flashcards

Immunizations- Exam IV Flashcards

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1
Q

The two key public health measures that have a major effect on lowering the incidence of infectious disease:

A
  1. public sanitation
  2. vaccines
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2
Q

Potable water supplies, sewer disposal, improvements of housing:

A

public sanitation

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3
Q

Prevention of infectious diseases by inducing immune responses:

A

vaccines

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4
Q

An immunizing agents derived from microorganisms:

A

vaccine

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5
Q

Vaccines may consist of the following:

A
  1. live, attenuated microorganisms
  2. killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
  3. products or derivatives of microorganisms
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6
Q

Types of immunization includes:

A
  1. active immunization
  2. passive immunization
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7
Q

administration of a vaccine:

A

active immunization

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8
Q

administration of exogenous produced or preformed antibodies:

A

passive immunization

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9
Q

Passive immunization may also be considered:

A

postexposure treatment

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10
Q

Passive immunization involves the injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide:

A

rapid, temporary protection or treatment

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11
Q

___ receive natural passive immunization:

A

newborns

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12
Q

How do newborns receive natural passive immunization?

A

maternal immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta and is present un breast milk

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13
Q

What are the uses of passive immunization (4):

A
  1. to prevent disease after known exposure
  2. to ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
  3. to protect immunodeficient individuals
  4. to block the action of bacterial toxins and prevention the diseases they cause
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14
Q

Human immune globulins are used against:

A

Hep A
Hep B
Rabies
Respiratory syncytial virus
Varicella zoster
Tetanus

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15
Q

Animal antitoxins are used against:

A

botulism and diptheria

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16
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that sometimes ____ are not high enough

A

antiviral titers

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17
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that ____ can occur with other infectious agents

A

contamination

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18
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that its needs to be used ____

A

early after exposure

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19
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that it is often:

A

not possible

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20
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that some viruses have a limited:

A

extracellular phase

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21
Q

What viruses have limited extracellular phase limiting the efficacy of passive immunity?

A

herpesviruses & enteroviruses

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22
Q

What can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccines?

A

antibody-containing products

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23
Q

Because antibody-containing products can inhibit the immune response elicited by the vaccines, administration of vaccines should be:

A

delayed until passive antibody has degraded

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24
Q

For diseases with long incubation periods, both ___ & ___ are used for postexposure control

A

active and passive immunization

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25
Q

What are some diseases with long incubation periods that require both active and passive immunization for postexposure control?

A

rabies, Hep B and tetanus

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26
Q

Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses:

A

active immunizations

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27
Q

Active immunizations may be:

A

inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines or live (attenuated) vaccines

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28
Q

Type of vaccine in which there is no risk of infection:

A

inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines

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29
Q

What type of active immunization uses large amounts of antigen?

A

inactivated subunit and killed vaccines

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30
Q

How are inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines created for bacteria, viruses

A

inactivated or killed by chemical treatment or heat

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31
Q

What are required to boos the immunogenicity of inactive, subunit and killed vaccines?

A

adjuvants

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32
Q

Alum (aluminum salt) and secretory IgA are types of:

A

adjuvant

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33
Q

Modern adjuvants are designed to be or mimic:

A

PAMPA

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34
Q

List some modern adjuvants:

A
  1. bacterial cell wall components
  2. synthetic polymers
  3. bacterial toxins (attenuated)
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35
Q

Adjuvants influence the type of:

A

immune response

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36
Q

Adjuvants influence the type of immune response such as:

A

Th1 or Th2

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37
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit and killed vaccines include:

Immunity is not usually:

A

long-lived

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38
Q

Why is immunity generally not long lived with inactive, subunit, and killed vaccines?

A

because they generate a Th2 response that does not elicit effective immunity memory

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39
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines include:

Immunity may be ___ and not ___

A

humoral and not cell mediated

40
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines include:

The vaccine does not usually elicit a:

A

local IgA response

41
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines include:

___ are required

A

booster shots

42
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines include:

Larger ___ must be used

A

doses

43
Q

Bacterial vaccines that are toxoids include:

A

corynebacterium diptheriae and clostridium tetani

44
Q

Inactivated killed bacterial vaccines include:

A

vibrio cholera

45
Q

Capsule or protein subunits of bacteria made into capsular polysaccharide vaccines include:

A

haemophilus influenzae B

46
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae and clostridium tetani are both:

A

bacterial toxoid vaccines

47
Q

what type of vaccine is the vibrio cholera vaccine?

A

inactivated killed bacterial vaccine

48
Q

The haemophuilus influenzae B vaccine is what type of vaccine?

A

capsular polysaccharide vaccine

49
Q

His polysaccharide + diptheria toxoid are conjugated in a vaccine because polysaccharides are poor:

A

immunogens

50
Q

Viral vaccines are made of:

A

inactivated viruses and protein subunits of viruses

51
Q

Polio, Hep A, Influenza, and rabies vaccines are all ___ vaccine made of ___

A

viral vaccines made of inactivated viruses

52
Q

Hep B vaccine is a ___ vaccine made of ___

A

viral vaccine; protein subunits of the virus

53
Q

Vaccines that use avirulent or attenuated microorganisms:

A

live vaccines

54
Q

The immunization with a live vaccine resembles the:

A

natural infection

55
Q

Following immunization with a live vaccine, the host reaction progresses through:

A

Th1 and Th2 immune responses

56
Q

What immune responses are developed following immunization with a live vaccine?

A

humoral, cellular, and memory immune responses

57
Q

With immunization of a live vaccine, how many doses are required?

A

single dose

58
Q

With immunization of a live vaccine, describe the resulting immunity?

A

long-lived

59
Q

Are adjuvents required with live vaccines?

A

no

60
Q

Disadvantages of live vaccines include:

Vaccine microorganism may still be dangerous for:

A

immunosuppressed people, pregnant women

61
Q

Why might vaccines microorganisms in live be dangerous for immunosuppressed people or pregnant women?

A

they do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a weakened infecton

62
Q

Disadvantages of live vaccines include:

the vaccine microorganism may revert to:

A

a virulent form

63
Q

Disadvantages of live vaccines include:

The viability of the vaccine must be:

A

maintianed

64
Q

Calmette-Guerin Bacillus is a ___ vaccine

A

Live bacterial vaccine

65
Q

Calmette-Guerin Bacillus vaccine is composed of:

A

attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis

66
Q

Why is the calmette-guerin bacillus vaccine not routinely used in the US?

A

because vaccinated individuals show a false-positive reaction to the tuberculosis test used in this country

67
Q

What test is used to test for tuberculosis?

A

PPD test (purified protein derivative test)

68
Q

The MMR vaccine is a ___ vaccine

A

live viral vaccine

69
Q

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

A

Measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus

70
Q

What family does measles and mumps belong to?

A

paramyxovirus family

71
Q

What genus of measles is included in the MMR vaccine?

A

morbillivirus

72
Q

What genus of mumps is included in the MMR vaccine?

A

Paramyxovirus

73
Q

What genus of rubella is included in the MMR vaccine?

A

Rubivirus

74
Q

What family of viruses does rubella virus belong to?

A

togavirus family

75
Q

What other virus may be included in the MMR vaccine?

A

Varicella-zoster vaccine (making it MMRV)

76
Q

The host immune responses associated with disease protection:

A

correlates of protection

77
Q

Vaccines that protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies include:

A

Hep A and tetanus

78
Q

____ play a role in protect against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces

A

secretory antibodies

79
Q

Example of secretory antibodies that play a role in protection against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces includes:

A

rotavirus

80
Q

Vaccines for which T-cell responses are essential include:

A

measles and varicella

81
Q

SARs-CoV-2 vaccines generate:

A

active immunity

82
Q

The Pfizer-bioNtech & moderna covid vaccine is a ____ vaccine encoding the ___

A

mRNA; spike protein

83
Q

The Johnson and Johnson vaccine is a ___ vaccine encoding the ___

A

viral vector vaccine; spike protein

84
Q

Describe how the mRNA vaccine encoding the spike protein works (moderna & Prizer):

A

mRNA enters cells and is translated into parts of spike

85
Q

Describe how the viral vector vaccine encoding the spike protein works (Johnson & Johnson):

A

Engineered harmless adenovirus (DNA virus) that infects cells and then produces parts of spike

86
Q

What is the viral vector used in the Johnson and Johnsons vaccine?

A

adenovirus

87
Q

The novavax vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 is a ___ vaccine that contains parts of the ___ and ___

A

protein subunit vaccine; spike protein; adjuvants

88
Q

What are the adjuvants included in the SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccine?

A

saponins

89
Q

Treatment for COVID-19 based on passive immunity to SARS-CoV include:

A

monoclonal antibodies (mAb’s) against SARS CoV-2 are viral entry inhibitors

90
Q

What do the monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 find?

A

SARS-CoV2 virions

91
Q

What happens when the monoclonal antibodies bind SARS-CoV2 virions?

A

neutralization

92
Q

What does it mean to “neutralize” the SARS-CoV-2 virions?

A

to block the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors and entering cells

93
Q

What is blocked from the virus following neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 virions?

A

ACE 2 Receptors

94
Q

The first monoclonal antibody for treating Covid 19 was derived from:

A

a patient that had recovered from the disease

95
Q

The first monoclonal antibodies for treating covid 19 was derived from a patient that had recovered from the disease and their serum contained:

A

neutralizing IgG1 antibody directed against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein

microbiology (24 decks)

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