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microbiology > Fungi: A- Exam IV > Flashcards

Fungi: A- Exam IV Flashcards

1
Q

What are three main characteristics of fungi?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Spore-forming
  • No chlorophyll
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2
Q

List the oxygen requirements of fungi:

A

most are aerobic, some facultative and strict anaerobes

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3
Q

The cell wall of fungi usually contains:

A

chitin

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4
Q

polysaccharide containing N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)

A

chitin

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5
Q

What are the two growth forms of fungi?

A
  1. filamentous (molds)
  2. unicellular (yeasts)
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6
Q

Filamentous fungi (molds), have threadlike filaments called:

A

hyphae

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7
Q

Mass of hyphae:

A

mycelium

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8
Q

What are the two categories of hyphae found in filamentous fungi?

A

septate vs. coenocytic

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9
Q

Septate vs. coenocytic hyphae describe:

A

the crosswalls

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10
Q

Filamentous fungi grow by:

A

extension of tip and branching

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11
Q

Describe the cells of unicellular fungi (yeasts):

A

single ovoid or spherical cells

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12
Q

How do unicellular fungi (yeasts) reproduce?

A

asexually by cell division (budding) or sexually by cell fusion and spore formation

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13
Q

Asexual reproduction of fungi can be by:

A

cell division (budding) (transverse division), or spore formation

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14
Q

Some yeast-forms of fungi perform asexual cell division by ____, others by ___.

A

budding; transverse division (fission)

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15
Q

sexual reproduction of fungi involves production of:

A

sexual spores

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16
Q

sexual reproduction of fungi involves production of sexual spores by:

A

meiosis of a diploid cell

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17
Q

Form producing asexual spores, often mold-like growth form:

A

anamorph

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18
Q

Form producing sexual spores, typically a fruiting body:

A

teleomorph

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19
Q

ability to grow as yeast form or mold form:

A

dimorphism

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20
Q

Many pathogenic fungi are:

A

dimorphic

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21
Q

Although many pathogenic fungi are dimorphic, ___ form more typical at human body temp

What is an exception to this? Why?

A

yeast

candida; both forms of candida exist inside and outside the body

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22
Q

Both forms of ____ exist inside and outside the body

A

candida

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23
Q

Candida forms ___ & ___

A

psuedohyphae & pseydomycelia

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24
Q

Hyphal growth is a modified budding where newly budded cells remain attached to mother cell

A

psuedohyphae

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25
Q

Some pathogenic fungi such as aspergillum and cryptococcus neoformans are not:

A

dimorphic

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26
Q

A pathogenic fungi that is not dimorphic as it exists in mold form only:

A

aspergillus

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27
Q

A pathogenic fungi that is not dimorphic as it exists in yeast form only:

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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28
Q

Diseases caused by fungus or mold:

A

mycoses

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29
Q

Fungal infections are classified by affected area of body such as:

A
  • superficial
  • cutaneous
  • subcutaneous
  • systemic
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30
Q

The primary mechanisms for the human body to fight fungi:

A
  1. neutrophil phagocytosis and killing
  2. T-cell mediated immunity
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31
Q

Fungal infections of keratinized outer layers of skin, hair, and nails:

A

superficial mycoses

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32
Q

Superficial mycoses are typically ___ with ___

A

mild infections with minimal inflammatory repsonse

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33
Q

Describe the treatment for superficial mycoses:

A

easy to treat or clears without treatment

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34
Q

Fungal infections of the hair shaft:

A

piedras

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35
Q

Give an example of a piedra:

A

trichosporon beigelii

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36
Q

Trichosporon beigelli may also be referred to as:

A

shite peidra

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37
Q

Fungal infections involving outer layer of skins, hair, and nails:

A

tineas

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38
Q

Give examples of a tinea infection:

A

Malassezia furfur

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39
Q

Malassezia furfur may also be referred to as:

A

pityriasis versicolor

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40
Q

Most tineas and piedras occur in the:

A

tropics

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41
Q

What are the most common superficial mycoses?

A
  • pityriasis versicolor
  • white piedra
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42
Q

What type of disease is pityriasis versicolor?

A

tinea

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43
Q

Where is pityriasis versicolor found?

A

worldwide

44
Q

describe pityriasis versicolor:

A

pigmented macules- not elevated but altered color

45
Q

Where is M. furfur (pityriasis versicolor) NOT found?

A

not in the environment

46
Q

What is the transmission of M. furfur (pityriasis versicolor):

A

human-to-human

47
Q

Fungal infections of the keratinized outer layers of skin, hair, and nails eliciting a more prominent host repose:

A

cutaneous mycoses

48
Q

For cutaneous mycoses skin infections, describe what layers are invaded:

A

No invasion beyond stratum corneum (outermost layer of epidermis)

49
Q

What are the similarities between superficial mycoses and cutaneous mycoses?

What are the differences?

A

similarities- they both effect the keratinized outer layers of skin, hair, and nails

Differences- more apparent host response elicited with cutaneous mycoses

50
Q

List some common dermpahytes that may cause cutaneous mycoses:

A
  1. microsporum
  2. trichophytdon
  3. epidermophyton
  4. keratiophilic & keratinolytic
51
Q

Dermaphytes may cause:

A

tineas (ringworm)

52
Q

Tinea pedis is responsible for:

A

athletes foot

53
Q

Tinea cruris is responsible for:

A

jock’s itch

54
Q

Ringworm is characterized by:

A

ring of inflammatory scaling

55
Q

What is the transmission of ringworm/tinea:

A

person-to-person

56
Q

Some dermaphytes are ____ while others are ___

A

soil organisms; zoonosis

57
Q

Dermaphytes are diagnosed by:

A

microscopy of samples

58
Q

Fungal infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue:

A

subcutaneous mycoses

59
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses do not respond well to:

A

anti fungal chemotherapy

60
Q

What is the proper treatment for subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Need to excise

61
Q

Sporotrichosis is caused by what organism?

A

sporothrix schenkii

62
Q

Sporothrix shcenkii (causative agent of sportrichosis) comes from:

A

thorns and splinters

63
Q

What is the treatment for sporotrichosis and what are the downfalls?

A

treatment - oral potassium iodide

downfalls- adverse side effects such s nausea and salivary gland enlargement

64
Q

fungal infections that invade internal organs:

A

systemic mycoses

65
Q

Systemic mycoses are caused by:

A

endemic dimorphic fungal pathogesn

66
Q

A fungal organism living on dead or decaying matter:

A

saprobe

67
Q

Histoplasma capsulate is responsible for:

A

histoplasmosis

68
Q

Blastomyces dermatitis is responsible for:

A

blasomycosis

69
Q

Coccidiodes immitis is responsible for:

A

coccidiomycosis

70
Q

The saprobic phase at 25 degrees Celsius involves what form of fungus?

A

mold or mycelial form

71
Q

The parasitic phase at 37 degrees Celsius (of saprobes) involves what form of fungus?

A

yeast form

72
Q

A spherule can be described as:

A

100s of endospores

73
Q

fungus from bird or bat droppings:

A

histoplasmosis capsulatum

74
Q

Histopasma capsulatum has a high ___ content

A

nitrogen

75
Q

How is histoplasma capsulate acquired?

A

inhalation of conidia

76
Q

With histoplasma capsulatum, the organism remains:

A

viable within macrophages

77
Q

How does histoplasma capsulatum remain viable within macrophages?

A

modulates the pH of the phagolysosome

78
Q

Describe the role of antibodies in histoplasma capsulatum:

A

antibodies play no role in resolution

79
Q

What is important for the immunity against histoplasma capsulatum?

A

cell-mediated immune system of CD4 T-lymphocytes and activated macrophages

80
Q

Describe primary infections with histoplasma capsulatum:

A

primary infection most often asymptomatic

81
Q

What may develop in cases of histoplasma capsulatum?

A

granulomas

82
Q

Describe the granulomas that may develop in a histplasma capsulatum infection:

A

develop in the lung with caseous necrosis (plus calcification)

83
Q

Can reactivation occur with histoplasma capsulatum infections?

A

Yes- years later

84
Q

What is the treatment for infection of histoplasma capsulatum?

A

3-12 months of antifungal agent

85
Q

Fungal species found in decaying matter (such as leave litter)

A

blastomyces dermatiditis

86
Q

How might once acquire blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

acquired by inhalation of conidia

87
Q

What are important for the immunity against blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

cell-mediated immune system of CD4 T-cells, lymphocytes and activated macropahges

88
Q

What percent of primary infections are accompanied by symptoms with fungal infection of blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

less than 50%

89
Q

What may develop with infection of blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

granulomas + calcification

90
Q

Can reactivation occur with blastomyces dermatiditis infection?

A

Yes- years later

91
Q

What are the hallmark for disease caused by blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

cutaneous lesions (heaped up borders and small, central micro abscesses)

92
Q

Describe the cutaneous lesions that are the hallmark forblastomyces dermatiditis:

A

heaped up borders and small, central microabscesses

93
Q

How is blastomyces dermatiditis diagnosed?

A

histopathological examination (they’re looking for thick-walled yeasts with single broad-based bud)

94
Q

What is the treatment for fungal infection with blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

6-12 months of anti fungal agent

95
Q

What region of the US can coccidioides immitis be found?

A

Southwestern USA (lower Sonoran life zone)

96
Q

coccidioides immitis is characterized by huge:

A

blooms

97
Q

What is the primary target for coccidioides immitis?

A

lungs

98
Q

The primary target for coccidioides immitis is the lungs but the fungus spreads:

A

through the circulatory system and infects many organs

99
Q

Discuss the symptoms for fungal infection of coccidioides immitis:

A

usually no symptoms

100
Q

Why are there typically no symptoms with coccidioides immitis?

A

cell-mediated immunity

101
Q

If symptoms are present with coccidioides immitis, what might present?

A
  1. acute pulmonary infection
  2. arthralgias and skin lesions
  3. desert rheumatism or valley fever
  4. disseminated coccidiomycosis
  5. chronic meningitis (ion to treated=fatal)
102
Q

acute pulmonary infection
arthralgias and skin lesions
desert rheumatism or valley fever
disseminated coccidiomycosis
chronic meningitis (ion to treated=fatal)

These conditions may all clinically present in cases with fungal infection with:

A

coccidioides immitis

103
Q

Desert rheumatism and valley fever are characteristic of:

A

coccidioides immitis

104
Q

What is the histopathology of coccidioides immitis?

A

presence of spherules

105
Q

What is the treatment for coccidioides immitis?

A

anti-fungal for 12-24 months

microbiology (24 decks)

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