Spirochetes-Mycoplasma- Exam III Flashcards by Abagayle Moody

Describe the gram stain and shape of treponema pallidum

gram negative (but no LPS); spirochete

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Discuss the flagella of treponema pallidum:

3 per pole in axial filament organization (between inner and outer membrane)

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treponema pallidum are ___ meaning they only survive transmission without exposure

fragile

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Discuss the transmission of treponema pallidum:

sexual and congenital (placental) transmission in body fluids and mucous membranes

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What causes the disease (virulence) in treponema pallidum?

host response causes disease symptoms

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treponema pallidum is responsible for what disease?

syphilis

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Syphilis can be described as a ____ –> ____ disease thanks to colu,bus

new world; old world

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Discuss the transmission of syphilis:

Sexual (human reservoir) & congenital (spirochete crosses placenta)

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Congenital transmission of syphilis results in:

late lethality

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How does syphilis manifest in stage 1 of the disease?

Local: chancre/ulcer at site of infection (infectious)

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Is syphilis infectious in stage 1 of the disease?

Yes

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How does syphilis manifest in stage 2 of the disease?

Disseminated: rash, aches, mucous membrane lesions (infectious)

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Is syphilis infectious in stage 2 of the disease?

Yes

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Why is a stage 2 syphilis infection considered the “great imitator”?

Non-specific symptoms (like many other diseases)

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How does syphilis manifest in stage 3 of the disease?

Gummas, damage to blood vessels, eyes, and CNS, and insanity (not infectious)

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Is syphilis infectious at stage 3 of the disease?

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2-6 weeks; chancre, which heals spontaneously giving false sense of relief:

Primary syphilis

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period of syphilis infection during 2-24 weeks:

asymptomatic period

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2-6; 50% of primary infectious progress to this, symptoms typically resolve spontaneously but recurrence in 25% within 1 year):

secondary syphillis

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What is the recurrence percentage for a secondary syphilis infection?

25% within 1 year

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The microbes persist for ____ of secondary infections, with ___ exhibiting tertiary syphilis

2/3; 1/2

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syphilis infection that is described as diffuse, chronic inflammation:

tertiary syphilis

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The symptoms of tertiary syphilis are indicators of:

chronic inflammation

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granuloma lesion that is an inflammatory mass which can perforate found on the roof of the mouth and other tissues, that forms in tertiary syphilis:

gummas

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Congenital syphilis is completely preventable by:

penicillin treatment EARLY in pregnancy

Syphilis causes a ___ in-utero OR when initially born without symptoms

high lethality

What are characteristic signs of congenital syphilis in children:

facial and dental abnormalities like Hitchinson's incisors and Mulberry molars

What is the treatment for syphilis:

PCN for primary and secondary infections (which contain actively growing spirochetes)

Is there a vaccine for syphilis?

What is the gram stain and shape of Borrelia?

Gram negative; spirochete

What disease is caused by borrelia burgdorferi?

Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdoferi that carried on:

Ixodes scapulars tick

What sustains the bacteria Borrelia burgdoferi?

This tick transmission cycle

Lyme disease risk is greatest:

In spring & summer but can occur during all four seasons

Feed in the late spring and early summer and are responsible for transmission of the majority of infections to humans (Lyme disease):

nymphs

Discuss the transmission factors of Borrelia burgdoferi:

ticks transmit the disease but the reservoirs are rodents and deer

Discuss the acute phase of Lyme disease:

local erythema migrans rash & fever

What is the local erythema migrans caused by?

due to migration of spirochetes through tissue at site of tick bite

Discuss the disseminated phase of Lyme disease:

Nerve paralysis & heart arrhythmia (2-8 weeks)

Discuss the chronic phase of Lyme disease:

arthritis, CNS paralysis (due to persistent immune response of greater than or equal 6 months)

Is their an effective vaccine for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdoferi)

Relapsing fever is caused by what bacterial species?

Borrelia Recurrentis & Borrelia Miyamotoi

Relapsing fever caused by Borrelia species is caused by:

effective immune response to antigenic variation (virulence factor)

The vector for relapsing fever caused by borrelia recurrentis:

body louse

The vector for relapsing fever caused by borrelia miyamotoi:

soft-shelled tick

The reservoir for relapsing fever caused by borrelia recurrentis:

Humans

The reservoir for relapsing fever caused by borrelia miyamotoi:

rodents & soft-shelled ticks

B. Recurrentis is responsible for what infection?

Relapsing fever epidemic (louse-borne)

B. Miyamoto is responsible for what infection?

Relapsing fever endemic (tick-borne)

Rickettsia is considered a ____ bacteria

Atypical

Discuss the gram stain of rickettsia:

gram negative

Rickettsia is an obligate _____ parasite

intracellular

Rickettsia is an obligate intracellular parasite with entry into ____ cells and then ___.

endothelial cells; escape into cytoplasm

Rickettsia causes ____ in humans

vascular hemorrhages

Discuss the transmission of rickettsia: (include vector and reservoir)

zoonotic pathogen; wood tick is the vector; wild rodents is the reservoir

What bacteria is responsible Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

Rickettsia

Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by rickettsia is a ____ disease

cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune disease (CTL)

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is characterized by:

1. rash of extremities, then trunk 2. hemorrhagic lesions 3. dissemination to heart kidneys 4. shock & death

The hemorrhagic lesions in Rocky Mountain spotted fever occur with:

disseminated vascular CTL lysis of endothelial cells

In Rocky Mountain spotted fever, dissemination to the heart, kidneys, etc. lead to:

shock and death

What is the mortality rate of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever if left untreated:

20-40%

What aspect of relapsing fever makes it so virulent?

antigenic variation

The agent of chlamydia is:

chalmydia trachomatis

The most frequently sexually transmitted infection

chlamydia

Chlamydia is an obligate:

intracellular parasite

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular parasite and is considered an:

"ATP-parasite"

Although the bacterial cell wall of chlamydia trachomatis appears like a normal gram negative, what makes it unique?

No peptidoglycan synthesis

Describe the cause of the disease manifestations in chlamydia infections:

Inflammatory cytokines released from infected cells

In chlamydia trachomatis infections, inflammatory cytokines released from infected cells cause disease manifestations that result in:

damaging cell mediated immune response in various tissues

Many people who have chlamydia trachomatis can be:

asymptomatic carriers

Describe the growth of chlamydia trachomatis:

1. EBs attach to the susceptible cell 2. EBs ingested by cell 3. EB reorganizes into RBs once inside cell 4. RBs under growth and BF (24hrs) 5. RBs reorganize into EBs 6. Extrusion of mass of EBs by reverse endocytosis

The stable infectious form of chlamydia trachomatis:

Elementary bodies

The replicating, fragile, non-infectious form of chlamydia trachomatis:

Reticulate bodies

How do EBs escape host cell in order to spread to other cells?

Reverse endocytosis (exocytosis)

Chlamydial disease manifestations are caused by:

CMI responses that damage tissue

8 serotypes of chlamydial disease cause:

gonorrheal-like sexual diseases

3 serotypes of chlamydial diseases cause:

lymphogranuloma venereum

4 serotypes of chlamydial diseases cause:

trachoma

describe the chlamydia disease lymphogranuloma venereum:

rare in US; infected groin lymph node; distended scrotum

mucopurulent urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis (fallopian tube infection) are symptoms associated with:

gonorrheal-like sexual diseases caused by chlamydia

How do the chlamydia that cause gonorrheal-like sexual diseases obtain mobility?

by adhesion to sperm

In men, gonorrheal-like sexual diseases caused by chlamydia are responsible for:

epidymitis prostatitis

In women, gonorrheal-like sexual diseases caused by chlamydia are responsible for:

PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), scarring, ectopic pregnancy, and decreased fertility

Describe trachoma, caused by chlamydia:

endemic chronic eye infection that leads to blindness

discuss the causes and symptoms of ophthalmia neonatorum:

chlamydia is obtained by baby through the birth canal, leads to conjunctivitis and pneumonia in newborns

Describe immune protection and reinfection of chlamydia trachomatis:

no immune protection and strong CMI with reinfection

Chlamydia strain that causes a mild walking pneumonia:

Chlamydia pneumonia

describe the gram stain of mycoplasma pneumoniae:

non-gram staining

Why mycoplasma pneumoniae "non-gram staining"

no rigid cell wall; lacks peptidoglycan

Describe the effectiveness of penicillin and lysozyme against mycoplasma pneumoniae:

Both drugs act on peptidoglycan therefore they are not effective

Describe the membrane of mycoplasma pneumoniae:

strong membrane due to sterols

what mode of sterilization is not effect against mycoplasma pneumoniae? why?

filtration because extremely small (0.45 micrometers)

The smallest prokaryotic species are ____, specifically ___.

mycoplasma species; M. genitalium

Describe the genome of mycoplasma genitalium:

580,070 bp (475 genes)

Discuss the oxygen requirements of mycoplasma pneumoniae:

strict aerobe

Because mycoplasma pneumoniae are strict aerobes, they have a preference for:

bronchial mucosa

Discuss vaccination/ immunity against mycoplasma pneumoniae:

NO vaccination & fading immunity after recovery

Discuss the vaccinations available for: 1. pneumococcal pneumonia 2. klebsiella pneumonia 3. mycoplasmal pneumiae

1. capsular vaccine available 2. no vaccine available 3. no vaccine available

Also known as as walking pneumonia because it is typically mild and does not usually require the need for hospitalization:

mycoplasma pneumonia