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(Zoonoses) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define:
Zoonotic diseases

A

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans through direct contact with the animal, through a vector such as fleas or ticks, or through food contamination

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2
Q

Zoonotic diseases are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans through what? (3)

A

Direct contact with the animal
Through a vector such as fleas or ticks
Through food contamination

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3
Q

True or False:
Zoonotic diseases are same in all geographic regions

A

False, type of zoonotic disease varies by geographic region

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4
Q

In ______________ countries, the contact between ____ _______ and ______ is very low (~_%), but the number of households with ____ has increased greatly

A

Industrialized
Food animals
Humans
2
Pets

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5
Q

The higher the number of infected animals, the…

A

Higher the risk of disease spread

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6
Q

Who are at a higher risk of contracting zoonotic diseases?
Why? (4)

A

Children
They have close physical contact with pets, and poorer hygiene than adults (they are also more likely to place contaminated things in their mouth and not wash their hands)

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7
Q

Define:
VLM (2)

A

Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)
A disease where children are posed at a higher risk for contraction

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8
Q

What causes/is the root of the disease VLM? (2)

A

The larvae found in dogs and cats
A roundworm infecting raccoons is the root of the disease

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9
Q

True or False:
Dogs infected with VLM pass the eggs in their faeces

A

True

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10
Q

How long does it take for larvae eggs to develop into larvae and become infectious?

A

Depending on the moisture and external temperature, the eggs take approximately 2 weeks to develop into larvae and become infectious

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11
Q

The ingestion of the ____ causes the ______ to migrate through the ______ and _____

A

Eggs
Larvae
Liver
Lungs

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12
Q

Where do the larvae develop in adults?

A

In the intestines

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13
Q

Adult roundworms can be passed through the _____ of the ____

A

Faeces
Dogs

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14
Q

_____ can disappear overtime with exposure to the ___ and ___, but the ____ remain in the ______ and develop to become __________. This _____________ can be transmitted to ________ who play in the exposed ____

A

Faeces
Sun
Run
Eggs
Ground
Infectious
Contamination
Children
Dirt

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15
Q

True or False:
Upon ingestion, roundworms develop in human bodies

A

False; Humans are not true hosts and adults do not develop in the body

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16
Q

How can roundworm larvae create damage?

A

The larvae can create damage through migration through the eyes, liver and lungs

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17
Q

How does the damage created by roundworms manifest clinically? (4)

A

Fever
Coughing
Wheezing
Abdominal pain

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18
Q

True or False:
Disease caused by roundworms cannot resolve by itself without treatment

A

False, the disease usually resolves itself without treatment

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19
Q

What is CLM?

A

Cutaneous larva migrans, caused by hookworms in dogs

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20
Q

Hookworms are similar to __________ and are also capable of infecting ____ by penetrating the ____

A

Roundworms
Dogs
Skin

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21
Q

The disease creeping eruption is characterized by the ______ ___ _____ _______ of the ____ when the ______ penetrate _____ ____

A

Raised red itchy patches
Skin
Larvae
Human skin

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22
Q

How can CLM and VLM be prevented in the home? (2)

A

Good sanitation
Quickly removing feces from the environment

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23
Q

How can CLM and VLM be prevented in public areas? (2)

A

Owners and parents should be aware of the risks
Children should keep things out of their mouths

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24
Q

Parks are examples of ______ areas

A

Public

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25
Q

Define:
Toxoplasmosis

A

A protozoan parasite infecting cats

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26
Q

Define:
Definitive Host

A

A host needed to complete the parasite life cycle

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27
Q

In toxoplasmosis, infected ____ past the ____ through _____, but the hosts are not ________ with the ________

A

Cats
Eggs
Feces
Infected
Sickness

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28
Q

Humans who consume the __________ _____ don’t show signs except slight ___-____ ______________

A

Toxoplasma cysts
Flu-like symptomatology

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29
Q

What is the risk/concern for Toxoplasmosis? (2)

A

Concerning for the immunosuppressed such as HIV patients or those recently treated for cancer
Miscarriage, stillbirth, or other birth defects may result if exposure occurs during a woman’s pregnancy

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30
Q

What could Toxoplasmosis cause in immunosuppressed such as HIV or those recently treated for cancer?

A

It can cause serious brain or lung damage in these individuals

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31
Q

List how Toxoplasmosis infections are prevented (3)

A

Daily litter box cleaning where feces are removed before toxoplasma eggs have a chance to become infectious
Cats should not chase after rodents as they may be infected and pass it to the cat
When working in soil or gardening, gloves should always be used

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32
Q

True or False:
Bite wounds are a common occurrence

A

True, but are particularly concerning when the animal who has done the bite escapes

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33
Q

Define:
Rabies

A

A fatal condition caused by a virus affecting the central nervous system

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34
Q

When a _____ ______ bites another, the ______ _____ is introduced into the ____ and migrates towards the _______ _______ ______

A

Rabid animal
Rabies virus
Body
Central nervous system

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35
Q

True or False:
The incubation period for rabies is between 2 weeks

A

False; The incubation period for rabies is variant, between weeks and many months

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36
Q

In Rabies:
The virus moves down the _____ ______ to the ________ ______, where the virus can be shed in the ______

A

Nerve fibers
Salivary glands
Saliva

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37
Q

What clinical signs do the animal often experience in rabies? (4)

A

The clinical signs vary
The animal experiences a change in behaviour
Often become agitated and aggressive
Whereas other animals become unresponsive

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38
Q

In rabies, what neurologic signs are common? Describe (2)

A

Paralysis (may involve the muscles responsible for swallowing)
Seizures

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39
Q

True or False:
The common characteristic of a rabid animal frothing at the mouth stems from an inability to breath

A

False, the common characteristic of a rabid animal frothing at the mouth stems from an inability to swallow

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40
Q

Rabies ____ be diagnosed in a living animal. How is it diagnosed?

A

Can’t
The brain must be tested to confirm the diagnosis

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41
Q

Are there treatments for rabies? Are there ways to prevent rabies? State where

A

No treatment exists for an animal or human, so preventative efforts are key
Vaccinations are available to prevent rabies
Many are legalized in states and localities for pets to be vaccinated

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42
Q

Describe the rabies vaccinations that the pet receives (3)

A

The pet often receives the vaccination at 12 weeks
Subsequently receives a booster after a year
Usually, the booster is given in 3-year intervals after that one

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43
Q

Dogs are also commonly vaccinated for _____________. List the symptom type and commonly presented symptoms (5)

A

Leptospirosis
Nonspecific: fever, vomiting, decreased appetite, dehydration

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44
Q

It is a ____________ diagnosis in dogs developing _____ ______ _______, and especially prevalent when a sudden onset of _______ and _____ _______ are observed

A

Differential
Acute kidney failure
Kidney
Liver disease

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45
Q

What can be shed in urine? What does this make important?

A

Causative agent can be shed in urine
This makes preventative sanitation practices very important

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46
Q

True or False:
Hospitalized cases are a threat to veterinarians and employees at the hospital

A

True

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47
Q

What do humans develop once infected? What do they show evidence of? (For leptospirosis)

A

Humans develop a fever once infected
They show evidence of kidney/liver disease

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48
Q

____________ are used to prevent leptospirosis in ____

A

Vaccinations
Dogs

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49
Q

What does the exposure to cats puts human at risk for?

A

Cat scratch fever or disease

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50
Q

Define:
Cat scratch fever/disease

A

A disease that develops after a bite or scratch from a cat, and contact with a cat increases the potential for contraction

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51
Q

Cat scratch fever/disease begins with a ____ developing at the site of the _______

A

Sore
Scratch

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52
Q

What is often observed in cat scratch fever/disease? (2)

A

Fever
Lymph node enlargement in the ones responsible for drainage

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53
Q

What else do patients often experience in cat scratch fever/disease? (3)

A

Weakness and tiredness
Swollen eye
Sore throat

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54
Q

In cat scratch fever/disease, how long does it take for patients to recover?

A

Patients often recover within 2-4 months

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55
Q

What is cat scratch fever/disease though to be caused by?

A

Gram negative bacillus (Bartonella henselae)

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56
Q

True or False:
Kittens are less likely to carry the disease Cat Scratch Fever

A

False, kittens are MORE likely to carry the disease

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57
Q

Does antibiotic therapy help speed recovery from Cat Scratch Fever?

A

No, it does not

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58
Q

True or False:
The bacteria can cause the disease Cat Scratch Fever in an infected cat

A

False, the bacteria DOES NOT cause disease in the infected cat

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59
Q

Define:
Ringworm

A

A fungal infection in the skin of animals

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60
Q

What can be impacted by ringworm? (2)

A

Can impact any domestic species
A potential source of infection for humans

61
Q

Describe ringworm in animals

A

Causes circular shaped hair loss that spread outwards, and scaling

62
Q

Describe ringworm in humans

A

Also causes hair loss on the scalp and the first sign is a raised red lump

63
Q

True or False:
The disease ringworm is not highly contagious

A

True, but close contact with animals increases the risk of contracting it

64
Q

Who is at a higher risk of developing the clinical signs of ringworm?

A

Prepubescent children

65
Q

______ are susceptible to a group of ___ _______ that cause _____ ____________

A

Horses
RNA viruses
Brain inflammation

66
Q

What do the RNA viruses disease in horses often begin with? (3)

A

High fever
Stiffness
Anorexia

67
Q

In the RNA viruses disease, what neurological signs do horses begin to show? (5)

A

Severe depression
Sleepiness
Constant walking, head pressing and circling

68
Q

What are RNA viruses often carried by? (2)

A

Birds
Mosquitos

69
Q

True or False:
Humans see different signs when infected with RNA viruses

A

False, humans see SIMILAR signs when infected with RNA viruses

70
Q

In the RNA viruses disease, what signs do humans see? (4)

A

Fever
Headache
Coma
Death is possible

71
Q

What do humans develop RNA virus disease from?

A

Mosquitoes

72
Q

What is the cure to RNA Viruses? How is RNA Viruses treated?

A

There is no specific cure
Treatment is supportive in nature for the infected individual

73
Q

True or False:
Vaccines are available to prevent RNA virus disease in horses

A

True

74
Q

How is RNA virus disease prevented? (2)

A

Prevented by eliminating potential breeding area for mosquitoes like stagnant wet areas
Insecticide treatment to remove the incidence of mosquitoes as a vector

75
Q

Monitoring the _______ in _______ can alert ______ to watch for _____

A

Disease
Animals
Humans
Signs

76
Q

____ _______ present a source of __________ _______ for ______ through _____ and ____ products

A

Food animals
Infectious disease
Humans
Dairy
Meat

77
Q

Define:
Listeriosis

A

A potential threat to humans found in cattle, where the gram positive bacteria Listeria Monocytogenes are found in harvested feed

78
Q

What bacteria is present in cattle with Listeriosis? Is it gram positive or not?

A

Listeria Monocytogenes
Gram positive

79
Q

What is Listeriosis also known as?

A

Circling disease

80
Q

In Listeriosis, the organism penetrates the ____ of the _____ and enters the _____ ______. The ________ then migrates to the _____, causing _____ ______

A

Roof
Mouth
Nerve fibres
Bacteria
Brain
Nerve damage

81
Q

What are some trademark signs and symptoms of Listeriosis? (4)

A

Animals often present paralysis on one side of the face
Have a drooping ear/eyelid
Lost the ability to blink
Hold their head and walk in one direction

82
Q

True or False:
In Listeriosis, the infected animals shed the organism in their milk

A

True

83
Q

How do humans risk getting infected with Listeriosis?

A

Humans consuming unpasteurized dairy (soft cheese etc.) risk getting infected

84
Q

Describe Listeriosis in humans (4)

A

In humans, the brain also becomes infected and causes:
Headaches
Fevers
Nausea

85
Q

How is Listeriosis prevented? (2)

A

Consuming only pasteurized dairy
Proper sanitation when handling animals

86
Q

Define:
Q Fever

A

A disease caused by Coxiella burnetii and results in abortions in sheep and goats

87
Q

True or False:
Animals infected by Coxiella burnetii do not show clinical signs

A

True

88
Q

How is the Q Fever in humans? What can it cause in humans? (3)

A

This disease is much more risky to humans
Causes a sudden onset of flu like symptoms in humans
Can cause chronic signs due to heart damage

89
Q

For Q Fever, the ___________ _____ is _______, so workers in _________ __________ are at ____ ____

A

Infectious agent
Inhaled
Slaughter facilities
High risk

90
Q

What is effective in destroying food-borne pathogens?

A

Pasteurization

91
Q

Name major human pathogens (3)

A

Salmonella
Escherichia coli
Campylobacter

92
Q

True or False:
Bacteria can cause clinical disease in farm animals

A

True, and some are part of natural flora (e.coli)

93
Q

What signs can organisms such as bacteria cause in infected animals? (3)

A

Intestinal signs (diarrhoea, anorexia etc.)

94
Q

Where can a large number of organisms such as bacteria be passed by?

A

In feces

95
Q

Many cases of ____ _________ from _____ have resulted from __________ ______ ____

A

Food poisoning
E.coli
Improperly cooked food

96
Q

True or False:
Low numbers of people at restaurants exposed and become ill from improperly cooked food

A

False; Improperly cooked food results in LARGE numbers of people becoming ill and exposed at restaurants

97
Q

Who faces the highest risk of death in food poisoning? What can it cause? (3)

A

The immunosuppressed
Can cause severe damage to the kidneys or even death

98
Q

True or False:
Pathogenic bacteria cannot survive outside the animal

A

False; Pathogenic bacteria CAN SURVIVE ON THE FOOD SOURCE outside the animal

99
Q

From ____ to _____, many sources of ______________ are possible

A

Farm
Table
Contamination

100
Q

State the path food supply takes from farm to table (5)

A

Begins with produces on the farm
Continues to the slaughterhouse
Food is shipped to a retailer
Purchased by a consumer
Food is stored, eventually prepared and served

101
Q

Why does the farm represent a major source of contamination?

A

Due to the large number of organisms that may be shed in feces

102
Q

Animals shipped to _________ have some degree of _____ contamination on _____ and _____

A

Slaughter
Fetal
Hides
Coats

103
Q

Maintaining good __________ is crucial and minimizes ______ of _______ animals being infected

A

Sanitation
Stress
Shipped

104
Q

What must happen to the animal at the slaughter facility? (2)

A

The animals must be skinned and processed

105
Q

True or False:
Contamination on the hide can potentially spread to the carcass

A

True

106
Q

Removing what organs provides a source of contamination? (2)

A

Abdominal and thoracic organs

107
Q

________ and _______ provides a chance for the ____ being handled to become potentially ____________

A

Grinding
Cutting
Meat
Contaminated

108
Q

True or False:
Struct guidelines about facility cleanliness and equipment, personnel are in place

A

True

109
Q

Why are inspectors present?

A

Inspectors are present to ensure procedures are followed

110
Q

____ and _____ is then shipped to _________, where proper _______ is stressed

A

Meat
Dairy
Retailers
Storage

111
Q

What prevents organisms present on meat/dairy from further dividing?

A

Maintaining the food at properly refrigerated temperatures

112
Q

Once purchased, the ________ must thaw ____ in the ____________ to keep ________ from dividing

A

Consumer
Meat
Refrigerator
Bacteria

113
Q

What may happen to meats thawed at room temperature?

A

May allow bacteria to flourish at the center of the meat

114
Q

True or False:
Proper sanitation in the home is crucial

A

True

115
Q

What is proper sanitation in the home crucial for? (2)

A

Crucial to maintaining health and keeping the product healthy

116
Q

In the final step, ____ ______ depends on adequate ____ ___________

A

Food safety
Food preparation

117
Q

What does adequate food preparation mean for meats? Why?

A

Meats must be cooked to an adequate temperature to ensure existing bacteria have been killed

118
Q

At what temperature does red meat need to be cooked at?

A

At least 160F (71C)

119
Q

At what temperature does poultry need to be cooked at?

A

At least 180F (82C)

120
Q

What is a meat thermometer used for?

A

Used and useful in confirming the internal temperature

121
Q

What is television awareness of diseases good for?

A

Good in spreading awareness

122
Q

State diseases that awareness can be spread with television awareness (3)

A

Mad cow disease
Scrapie
West Nile fever

123
Q

What is anthrax? (2)

A

An infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus Anthracis
Can cause sudden death in cows, sheep, horses, and goats

124
Q

In anthrax:
The ______ can be introduced in ______ via _________, __________, or through a ______ in the ____

A

Spores
Humans
Ingestion
Inhalation
Wound
Skin

125
Q

How can anthrax spores be brought to animals?

A

Heavy downpours may bring spores to the surface where animals ingest it intestinally through contaminated grasses

126
Q

Explain how Bacillus Anthracis replicates in animals

A

Once ingested, the bacteria penetrates the intestinal tract lining and replicate

127
Q

True or False:
There is only 1 form of anthrax in humans

A

False, there are 3 forms of anthrax in humans

128
Q

What are the three forms of anthrax in humans?

A

Cutaneous
Inhalation
Intestinal

129
Q

Describe the cutaneous form of anthrax in humans

A

Causes severe sores that are impacted by swelling

130
Q

Describe the inhalation form of anthrax in humans

A

Causes severe pneumonia that can be fatal

131
Q

Describe the intestinal form of anthrax in humans (2)

A

Least common
Causes fever, cramping, diarrhea

132
Q

True or False:
Anthrax can successfully be treated if detected within time

A

True, it can be successfully treated with antibiotics (if detected within time)

133
Q

In _______, the ________ does not survive for a long time within ____ _______

A

Animals
Organism (anthrax bacteria)
Dead animals

134
Q

____ _______ often have _____ _________ that contaminates the environment and the ____ ____ is the biggest risk for ______

A

Dead animals
Blood discharge
Hair coat
Humans

135
Q

True or False:
Those handling animals are not at risk for anthrax

A

False, those handling animals are at the HIGHEST RISK

136
Q

State for West Nile Virus:
When and where it was first detected (2)
Where it is commonly found (2)

A

First detected in 1999 in the US
Middle East, Africa, and Europe

137
Q

What may West Nile Virus infect? (5)

A

Animals such as humans, horses, dogs, cats, and several species of birds

138
Q

True or False:
In many animals, the disease caused by the West Nile Virus is severe

A

False; In many animals, the disease is MILD and is UNDETECTED

139
Q

What can the West Nile Virus cause? Is it fatal? List the signs (5)

A

Inflammation of the central nervous system
Can be fatal
Signs: weakness, paralysis, and ataxia

140
Q

What usually indicates that West Nile Virus is present in an area?

A

Dying birds

141
Q

What is the West Nile Virus spread by? (2)

A

Mosquitoes
Animals bitten by mosquitoes can then transfer the virus to humans

142
Q

State important prevention methods for West Nile Virus

A

Mosquito controls

143
Q

Define:
Mad Cow disease and Scrapie

A

Household names of diseases that are characterized by damage to the brain tissues

144
Q

Define:
Encephalopathy

A

A disease of the brain

145
Q

Define:
Spongiform

A

Describes the holes that form in the brain tissue in a sponge-like manner

146
Q

True or False:
Mad Cow disease, Scrapie, and Spongiform diseases are transmissible

A

True, they can spread from one infected animal to another

147
Q

Define and Describe:
Prion (2)

A

An infectious agent that causes the group of diseases (Mad Cow disease, Scrapie, spongiform diseases)
It is an abnormally shaped protein molecule with no nucleic acid identified within it

148
Q

______ have a long __________ period and produce a gradual onset of ____________ signs

A

Prion
Incubation
Neurological

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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