(Zoonoses) Flashcards
1
Q
Define:
Zoonotic diseases
A
Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans through direct contact with the animal, through a vector such as fleas or ticks, or through food contamination
2
Q
Zoonotic diseases are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans through what? (3)
A
Direct contact with the animal
Through a vector such as fleas or ticks
Through food contamination
3
Q
True or False:
Zoonotic diseases are same in all geographic regions
A
False, type of zoonotic disease varies by geographic region
4
Q
In ______________ countries, the contact between ____ _______ and ______ is very low (~_%), but the number of households with ____ has increased greatly
A
Industrialized
Food animals
Humans
2
Pets
5
Q
The higher the number of infected animals, the…
A
Higher the risk of disease spread
6
Q
Who are at a higher risk of contracting zoonotic diseases?
Why? (4)
A
Children
They have close physical contact with pets, and poorer hygiene than adults (they are also more likely to place contaminated things in their mouth and not wash their hands)
7
Q
Define:
VLM (2)
A
Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)
A disease where children are posed at a higher risk for contraction
8
Q
What causes/is the root of the disease VLM? (2)
A
The larvae found in dogs and cats
A roundworm infecting raccoons is the root of the disease
9
Q
True or False:
Dogs infected with VLM pass the eggs in their faeces
A
True
10
Q
How long does it take for larvae eggs to develop into larvae and become infectious?
A
Depending on the moisture and external temperature, the eggs take approximately 2 weeks to develop into larvae and become infectious
11
Q
The ingestion of the ____ causes the ______ to migrate through the ______ and _____
A
Eggs
Larvae
Liver
Lungs
12
Q
Where do the larvae develop in adults?
A
In the intestines
13
Q
Adult roundworms can be passed through the _____ of the ____
A
Faeces
Dogs
14
Q
_____ can disappear overtime with exposure to the ___ and ___, but the ____ remain in the ______ and develop to become __________. This _____________ can be transmitted to ________ who play in the exposed ____
A
Faeces
Sun
Run
Eggs
Ground
Infectious
Contamination
Children
Dirt
15
Q
True or False:
Upon ingestion, roundworms develop in human bodies
A
False; Humans are not true hosts and adults do not develop in the body
16
Q
How can roundworm larvae create damage?
A
The larvae can create damage through migration through the eyes, liver and lungs
17
Q
How does the damage created by roundworms manifest clinically? (4)
A
Fever
Coughing
Wheezing
Abdominal pain
18
Q
True or False:
Disease caused by roundworms cannot resolve by itself without treatment
A
False, the disease usually resolves itself without treatment
19
Q
What is CLM?
A
Cutaneous larva migrans, caused by hookworms in dogs
20
Q
Hookworms are similar to __________ and are also capable of infecting ____ by penetrating the ____
A
Roundworms
Dogs
Skin
21
Q
The disease creeping eruption is characterized by the ______ ___ _____ _______ of the ____ when the ______ penetrate _____ ____
A
Raised red itchy patches
Skin
Larvae
Human skin
22
Q
How can CLM and VLM be prevented in the home? (2)
A
Good sanitation
Quickly removing feces from the environment
23
Q
How can CLM and VLM be prevented in public areas? (2)
A
Owners and parents should be aware of the risks
Children should keep things out of their mouths
24
Q
Parks are examples of ______ areas
A
Public
25
Define:
Toxoplasmosis
A protozoan parasite infecting cats
26
Define:
Definitive Host
A host needed to complete the parasite life cycle
27
In toxoplasmosis, infected ____ past the ____ through _____, but the hosts are not ________ with the ________
Cats
Eggs
Feces
Infected
Sickness
28
Humans who consume the __________ _____ don't show signs except slight ___-____ ______________
Toxoplasma cysts
Flu-like symptomatology
29
What is the risk/concern for Toxoplasmosis? (2)
Concerning for the immunosuppressed such as HIV patients or those recently treated for cancer
Miscarriage, stillbirth, or other birth defects may result if exposure occurs during a woman's pregnancy
30
What could Toxoplasmosis cause in immunosuppressed such as HIV or those recently treated for cancer?
It can cause serious brain or lung damage in these individuals
31
List how Toxoplasmosis infections are prevented (3)
Daily litter box cleaning where feces are removed before toxoplasma eggs have a chance to become infectious
Cats should not chase after rodents as they may be infected and pass it to the cat
When working in soil or gardening, gloves should always be used
32
True or False:
Bite wounds are a common occurrence
True, but are particularly concerning when the animal who has done the bite escapes
33
Define:
Rabies
A fatal condition caused by a virus affecting the central nervous system
34
When a _____ ______ bites another, the ______ _____ is introduced into the ____ and migrates towards the _______ _______ ______
Rabid animal
Rabies virus
Body
Central nervous system
35
True or False:
The incubation period for rabies is between 2 weeks
False; The incubation period for rabies is variant, between weeks and many months
36
In Rabies:
The virus moves down the _____ ______ to the ________ ______, where the virus can be shed in the ______
Nerve fibers
Salivary glands
Saliva
37
What clinical signs do the animal often experience in rabies? (4)
The clinical signs vary
The animal experiences a change in behaviour
Often become agitated and aggressive
Whereas other animals become unresponsive
38
In rabies, what neurologic signs are common? Describe (2)
Paralysis (may involve the muscles responsible for swallowing)
Seizures
39
True or False:
The common characteristic of a rabid animal frothing at the mouth stems from an inability to breath
False, the common characteristic of a rabid animal frothing at the mouth stems from an inability to swallow
40
Rabies ____ be diagnosed in a living animal. How is it diagnosed?
Can't
The brain must be tested to confirm the diagnosis
41
Are there treatments for rabies? Are there ways to prevent rabies? State where
No treatment exists for an animal or human, so preventative efforts are key
Vaccinations are available to prevent rabies
Many are legalized in states and localities for pets to be vaccinated
42
Describe the rabies vaccinations that the pet receives (3)
The pet often receives the vaccination at 12 weeks
Subsequently receives a booster after a year
Usually, the booster is given in 3-year intervals after that one
43
Dogs are also commonly vaccinated for _____________. List the symptom type and commonly presented symptoms (5)
Leptospirosis
Nonspecific: fever, vomiting, decreased appetite, dehydration
44
It is a ____________ diagnosis in dogs developing _____ ______ _______, and especially prevalent when a sudden onset of _______ and _____ _______ are observed
Differential
Acute kidney failure
Kidney
Liver disease
45
What can be shed in urine? What does this make important?
Causative agent can be shed in urine
This makes preventative sanitation practices very important
46
True or False:
Hospitalized cases are a threat to veterinarians and employees at the hospital
True
47
What do humans develop once infected? What do they show evidence of? (For leptospirosis)
Humans develop a fever once infected
They show evidence of kidney/liver disease
48
____________ are used to prevent leptospirosis in ____
Vaccinations
Dogs
49
What does the exposure to cats puts human at risk for?
Cat scratch fever or disease
50
Define:
Cat scratch fever/disease
A disease that develops after a bite or scratch from a cat, and contact with a cat increases the potential for contraction
51
Cat scratch fever/disease begins with a ____ developing at the site of the _______
Sore
Scratch
52
What is often observed in cat scratch fever/disease? (2)
Fever
Lymph node enlargement in the ones responsible for drainage
53
What else do patients often experience in cat scratch fever/disease? (3)
Weakness and tiredness
Swollen eye
Sore throat
54
In cat scratch fever/disease, how long does it take for patients to recover?
Patients often recover within 2-4 months
55
What is cat scratch fever/disease though to be caused by?
Gram negative bacillus (Bartonella henselae)
56
True or False:
Kittens are less likely to carry the disease Cat Scratch Fever
False, kittens are MORE likely to carry the disease
57
Does antibiotic therapy help speed recovery from Cat Scratch Fever?
No, it does not
58
True or False:
The bacteria can cause the disease Cat Scratch Fever in an infected cat
False, the bacteria DOES NOT cause disease in the infected cat
59
Define:
Ringworm
A fungal infection in the skin of animals
60
What can be impacted by ringworm? (2)
Can impact any domestic species
A potential source of infection for humans
61
Describe ringworm in animals
Causes circular shaped hair loss that spread outwards, and scaling
62
Describe ringworm in humans
Also causes hair loss on the scalp and the first sign is a raised red lump
63
True or False:
The disease ringworm is not highly contagious
True, but close contact with animals increases the risk of contracting it
64
Who is at a higher risk of developing the clinical signs of ringworm?
Prepubescent children
65
______ are susceptible to a group of ___ _______ that cause _____ ____________
Horses
RNA viruses
Brain inflammation
66
What do the RNA viruses disease in horses often begin with? (3)
High fever
Stiffness
Anorexia
67
In the RNA viruses disease, what neurological signs do horses begin to show? (5)
Severe depression
Sleepiness
Constant walking, head pressing and circling
68
What are RNA viruses often carried by? (2)
Birds
Mosquitos
69
True or False:
Humans see different signs when infected with RNA viruses
False, humans see SIMILAR signs when infected with RNA viruses
70
In the RNA viruses disease, what signs do humans see? (4)
Fever
Headache
Coma
Death is possible
71
What do humans develop RNA virus disease from?
Mosquitoes
72
What is the cure to RNA Viruses? How is RNA Viruses treated?
There is no specific cure
Treatment is supportive in nature for the infected individual
73
True or False:
Vaccines are available to prevent RNA virus disease in horses
True
74
How is RNA virus disease prevented? (2)
Prevented by eliminating potential breeding area for mosquitoes like stagnant wet areas
Insecticide treatment to remove the incidence of mosquitoes as a vector
75
Monitoring the _______ in _______ can alert ______ to watch for _____
Disease
Animals
Humans
Signs
76
____ _______ present a source of __________ _______ for ______ through _____ and ____ products
Food animals
Infectious disease
Humans
Dairy
Meat
77
Define:
Listeriosis
A potential threat to humans found in cattle, where the gram positive bacteria Listeria Monocytogenes are found in harvested feed
78
What bacteria is present in cattle with Listeriosis? Is it gram positive or not?
Listeria Monocytogenes
Gram positive
79
What is Listeriosis also known as?
Circling disease
80
In Listeriosis, the organism penetrates the ____ of the _____ and enters the _____ ______. The ________ then migrates to the _____, causing _____ ______
Roof
Mouth
Nerve fibres
Bacteria
Brain
Nerve damage
81
What are some trademark signs and symptoms of Listeriosis? (4)
Animals often present paralysis on one side of the face
Have a drooping ear/eyelid
Lost the ability to blink
Hold their head and walk in one direction
82
True or False:
In Listeriosis, the infected animals shed the organism in their milk
True
83
How do humans risk getting infected with Listeriosis?
Humans consuming unpasteurized dairy (soft cheese etc.) risk getting infected
84
Describe Listeriosis in humans (4)
In humans, the brain also becomes infected and causes:
Headaches
Fevers
Nausea
85
How is Listeriosis prevented? (2)
Consuming only pasteurized dairy
Proper sanitation when handling animals
86
Define:
Q Fever
A disease caused by Coxiella burnetii and results in abortions in sheep and goats
87
True or False:
Animals infected by Coxiella burnetii do not show clinical signs
True
88
How is the Q Fever in humans? What can it cause in humans? (3)
This disease is much more risky to humans
Causes a sudden onset of flu like symptoms in humans
Can cause chronic signs due to heart damage
89
For Q Fever, the ___________ _____ is _______, so workers in _________ __________ are at ____ ____
Infectious agent
Inhaled
Slaughter facilities
High risk
90
What is effective in destroying food-borne pathogens?
Pasteurization
91
Name major human pathogens (3)
Salmonella
Escherichia coli
Campylobacter
92
True or False:
Bacteria can cause clinical disease in farm animals
True, and some are part of natural flora (e.coli)
93
What signs can organisms such as bacteria cause in infected animals? (3)
Intestinal signs (diarrhoea, anorexia etc.)
94
Where can a large number of organisms such as bacteria be passed by?
In feces
95
Many cases of ____ _________ from _____ have resulted from __________ ______ ____
Food poisoning
E.coli
Improperly cooked food
96
True or False:
Low numbers of people at restaurants exposed and become ill from improperly cooked food
False; Improperly cooked food results in LARGE numbers of people becoming ill and exposed at restaurants
97
Who faces the highest risk of death in food poisoning? What can it cause? (3)
The immunosuppressed
Can cause severe damage to the kidneys or even death
98
True or False:
Pathogenic bacteria cannot survive outside the animal
False; Pathogenic bacteria CAN SURVIVE ON THE FOOD SOURCE outside the animal
99
From ____ to _____, many sources of ______________ are possible
Farm
Table
Contamination
100
State the path food supply takes from farm to table (5)
Begins with produces on the farm
Continues to the slaughterhouse
Food is shipped to a retailer
Purchased by a consumer
Food is stored, eventually prepared and served
101
Why does the farm represent a major source of contamination?
Due to the large number of organisms that may be shed in feces
102
Animals shipped to _________ have some degree of _____ contamination on _____ and _____
Slaughter
Fetal
Hides
Coats
103
Maintaining good __________ is crucial and minimizes ______ of _______ animals being infected
Sanitation
Stress
Shipped
104
What must happen to the animal at the slaughter facility? (2)
The animals must be skinned and processed
105
True or False:
Contamination on the hide can potentially spread to the carcass
True
106
Removing what organs provides a source of contamination? (2)
Abdominal and thoracic organs
107
________ and _______ provides a chance for the ____ being handled to become potentially ____________
Grinding
Cutting
Meat
Contaminated
108
True or False:
Struct guidelines about facility cleanliness and equipment, personnel are in place
True
109
Why are inspectors present?
Inspectors are present to ensure procedures are followed
110
____ and _____ is then shipped to _________, where proper _______ is stressed
Meat
Dairy
Retailers
Storage
111
What prevents organisms present on meat/dairy from further dividing?
Maintaining the food at properly refrigerated temperatures
112
Once purchased, the ________ must thaw ____ in the ____________ to keep ________ from dividing
Consumer
Meat
Refrigerator
Bacteria
113
What may happen to meats thawed at room temperature?
May allow bacteria to flourish at the center of the meat
114
True or False:
Proper sanitation in the home is crucial
True
115
What is proper sanitation in the home crucial for? (2)
Crucial to maintaining health and keeping the product healthy
116
In the final step, ____ ______ depends on adequate ____ ___________
Food safety
Food preparation
117
What does adequate food preparation mean for meats? Why?
Meats must be cooked to an adequate temperature to ensure existing bacteria have been killed
118
At what temperature does red meat need to be cooked at?
At least 160F (71C)
119
At what temperature does poultry need to be cooked at?
At least 180F (82C)
120
What is a meat thermometer used for?
Used and useful in confirming the internal temperature
121
What is television awareness of diseases good for?
Good in spreading awareness
122
State diseases that awareness can be spread with television awareness (3)
Mad cow disease
Scrapie
West Nile fever
123
What is anthrax? (2)
An infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus Anthracis
Can cause sudden death in cows, sheep, horses, and goats
124
In anthrax:
The ______ can be introduced in ______ via _________, __________, or through a ______ in the ____
Spores
Humans
Ingestion
Inhalation
Wound
Skin
125
How can anthrax spores be brought to animals?
Heavy downpours may bring spores to the surface where animals ingest it intestinally through contaminated grasses
126
Explain how Bacillus Anthracis replicates in animals
Once ingested, the bacteria penetrates the intestinal tract lining and replicate
127
True or False:
There is only 1 form of anthrax in humans
False, there are 3 forms of anthrax in humans
128
What are the three forms of anthrax in humans?
Cutaneous
Inhalation
Intestinal
129
Describe the cutaneous form of anthrax in humans
Causes severe sores that are impacted by swelling
130
Describe the inhalation form of anthrax in humans
Causes severe pneumonia that can be fatal
131
Describe the intestinal form of anthrax in humans (2)
Least common
Causes fever, cramping, diarrhea
132
True or False:
Anthrax can successfully be treated if detected within time
True, it can be successfully treated with antibiotics (if detected within time)
133
In _______, the ________ does not survive for a long time within ____ _______
Animals
Organism (anthrax bacteria)
Dead animals
134
____ _______ often have _____ _________ that contaminates the environment and the ____ ____ is the biggest risk for ______
Dead animals
Blood discharge
Hair coat
Humans
135
True or False:
Those handling animals are not at risk for anthrax
False, those handling animals are at the HIGHEST RISK
136
State for West Nile Virus:
When and where it was first detected (2)
Where it is commonly found (2)
First detected in 1999 in the US
Middle East, Africa, and Europe
137
What may West Nile Virus infect? (5)
Animals such as humans, horses, dogs, cats, and several species of birds
138
True or False:
In many animals, the disease caused by the West Nile Virus is severe
False; In many animals, the disease is MILD and is UNDETECTED
139
What can the West Nile Virus cause? Is it fatal? List the signs (5)
Inflammation of the central nervous system
Can be fatal
Signs: weakness, paralysis, and ataxia
140
What usually indicates that West Nile Virus is present in an area?
Dying birds
141
What is the West Nile Virus spread by? (2)
Mosquitoes
Animals bitten by mosquitoes can then transfer the virus to humans
142
State important prevention methods for West Nile Virus
Mosquito controls
143
Define:
Mad Cow disease and Scrapie
Household names of diseases that are characterized by damage to the brain tissues
144
Define:
Encephalopathy
A disease of the brain
145
Define:
Spongiform
Describes the holes that form in the brain tissue in a sponge-like manner
146
True or False:
Mad Cow disease, Scrapie, and Spongiform diseases are transmissible
True, they can spread from one infected animal to another
147
Define and Describe:
Prion (2)
An infectious agent that causes the group of diseases (Mad Cow disease, Scrapie, spongiform diseases)
It is an abnormally shaped protein molecule with no nucleic acid identified within it
148
______ have a long __________ period and produce a gradual onset of ____________ signs
Prion
Incubation
Neurological
