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(Disease Prevention) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some factors that contribute to an animal’s resistance to disease? (2)

A

Immunity
Diet

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2
Q

True or False:
A healthy living being is immune to all diseases

A

False, a healthy living being is immune to MOST diseases

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3
Q

The ____ and ______ _________ serve to prevent _________ from invading

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Pathogens

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4
Q

What does the normal bacterial fallout play a role in?

A

Plays a role in preserving an animal’s health

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5
Q

Some ________ secrete substances that _______ other organisms’ _______

A

Bacteria
Inhibit
Growth

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6
Q

What do pathogens have to fight for? Why?

A

Sites of adhesion
Before an infection may begin the pathogen must bind to the animal’s cells

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7
Q

True or False:
It is an obvious conclusion that retaining the usual bacterial diversity helps preserve an animal’s health

A

True

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8
Q

What are the normal bacteria influenced by? (4)

A

Stress
Nutrition
Medications
Other conditions

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9
Q

Human beings _____ stress-producing factors. Give an example

A

Think
A pending major exam

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10
Q

True or False:
Stress in animals involves critical thought

A

False, stress in animals DOESN’T involve critical thought

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11
Q

Stress in any aspect is considered to be a ______ by the animal

A

Hazard

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12
Q

An animal under ______ releases greater ___________ and ________ levels. Additionally, _______ increases the ___________ _______ ______‘_ function

A

Stress
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Stress
Sympathetic Nervous System

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13
Q

True or False:
A wide variety of factors can add to stress

A

True

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14
Q

State some examples of factors that can add to stress (6)

A

Overcrowding
Fodder competition
Weather extremes
Rough handling
Noise
Transportation

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15
Q

_____________ conditions also have significant ______ hazard impacts

A

Environmental
Health

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16
Q

State environmental conditions that can all increase an animal’s stress and demand (3)

A

Wet conditions
Accumulation of manure on the hair coat
Poor air quality (dust, smoke, and ammonia)

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17
Q

Mixing animals from multiple _______ often adds to the ______ as the animals establish their ______ in _______

A

Sources
Stress
Status
Society

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18
Q

Many _______ designed to assist an animal may also lead to ______. _______________ and _______ both put ______ on the animal

A

Stimuli
Stress
Hospitalization
Surgery
Stress

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19
Q

What does cortisol do? (3)

A

Helps boost the digestion of carbohydrates
Transfers glucose to the brain
Often minimizes inflammation of damaged tissue

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20
Q

The elevated cortisol as a side effect suppresses the ______ ______, increases the risk of ________ and weakens _______ ______

A

Immune system
Diabetes
Muscle tissue

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21
Q

For hyperadrenocorticism (_______‘_ _______) where cortisol levels remain excessively ________, symptoms are quite clear

A

Cushing’s disease
Elevated

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22
Q

What may nutritional issues also be called? What effect may they have?

A

Tension, may have a direct effect on immune response diminishment

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23
Q

Some vitamins and minerals (such as _______ _ and ________) are crucial to keeping the ______ _______ healthy

A

Vitamin E
Selenium
Immune System

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24
Q

Antioxidants are:

A

Oxidation-inhibiting vitamins and minerals

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25
Q

True or False:
All of the antioxidants play a part in the immune system of the animal

A

True

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26
Q

Other deficiencies might more generally weaken the animal’s _______ (e.x. A deficiency in _______ and ______ that weaken the ____ and ______ _________, thus increasing the likelihood that __________ may invade)

A

Defense
Protein
Energy
Skin
Mucous membranes
Pathogens

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27
Q

True or False:
No dietary changes are also a major stressor in livestock

A

False, SUDDEN dietary changes are also a major stressor in livestock

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28
Q

The decline in normal _________ _____ in the ____________ _____ is a major effect of _______ changes. This greatly _________ the risk of invasion by ________ and consequent _______

A

Bacterial flora
Intestinal tract
Dietary
Increases
Pathogen
Disease

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29
Q

What medicine poses the same threat to the animal’s defense system? Explain

A

Antibiotics, cause a decline in normal flora when treating a bacterial infection

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30
Q

When are antibiotics high risk in causing decline in normal flora?

A

Particularly high risk if the pathogen is resistant to this antibiotic

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31
Q

Some factors that increase the ______ of the animal also contribute to increased ________ ________

A

Stress
Pathogen exposure

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32
Q

What does overcrowding increase?

A

Interaction between livestock
Competition for feed
Competition for comfort

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33
Q

True or False:
Overcrowding increases competition for feed and comfort, which tends to spread contagious diseases

A

True

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34
Q

True or False:
The high density of animals often decreases pollution of fecal and urine in the area

A

False; Usually, the high density of animals often INCREASES pollution of fecal and urine in the area

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35
Q

_________ which are physically spread through the ___ have ____ travelling distance when contacting another ___________ individual

A

Pathogens
Air
Less
Susceptible

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36
Q

What does ventilation describe?

A

Describes the exchange of air from inside to outside a building

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37
Q

As the animals ______, ________, ____, and possible ____________ are introduced to the ___

A

Exhale
Humidity
Heat
Contaminants
Air

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38
Q

What are also released from a building’s urine and feces? (2)

A

Ammonia
Hydrogen sulphide

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39
Q

What can excess ammonia and hydrogen sulphide result in?

A

excess of these toxic gases can cause mucous membrane irritation and lower respiratory defense

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40
Q

True or False:
Most species need a certain degree of moisture to live

A

True

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41
Q

What can help carry pathogens and damage the respiratory tract’s protective capacity?

A

Even particles of airborne dust produced by animal movement in a barn

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42
Q

To help prevent _______, it is necessary to bring _____ air from _______ into the house, and remove the _____ air

A

Disease
Fresh
Outside
Stale

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43
Q

What does bringing in fresh air and removing stale air from inside a house help with?

A

Helps to reduce the air’s load of moisture, heat, ammonia and pathogen

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44
Q

Many buildings rely on ____ to effectively push the ___

A

Fans
Air

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45
Q

Ventilation of what has become very common? How is this done?

A

Tunnels
Fans are placed at one end of the barn in tunnel ventilation, and all of the air inlets are on the opposite end

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46
Q

The ___ is brought into the ____ over a wide area with the ____ running and an even flow of air is swept over the _______

A

Air
Barn
Fans
Animals

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47
Q

In ____ weather, enough ___ is exchanged to produce a _ to _-mile breeze per hour

A

Warm
Air
3
5

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48
Q

True or False:
More air can be transported in warm weather

A

False, more air can be transported during COLD weather

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49
Q

Adequate ____ ____ must be preserved to stop freezing inside the ____

A

Body heat
Barn

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50
Q

Even in the coldest weather, how many air traffic exchanges should there be every hour?

A

4

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51
Q

The ________ air should be the __________ of ____ times the amount of air in the _____

A

Expended
Equivalent
Four
House

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52
Q

True or False:
There are places in many barns that don’t completely swap air

A

True

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53
Q

The areas that don’t completely ____ air in barns can be regions where there is a _______ ____ of _______ for _________ animals

A

Swap
Greater risk
Disease
Conjoined

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54
Q

How many air exchanges per hour may be required in the heat of summer to maintain the right conditions?

A

Up to 30 air exchanges an hour may be required in the heat of the summer to maintain the right conditions

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55
Q

How does good ventilation help protect the animal? (2)

A

Maintains acceptable levels of temperature and humidity in the barn
Minimizes distracting gas accumulation and reduces dust levels

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56
Q

__________ extracting the already _________ air often eliminates __________ agents which have become ________ by __________ and ________

A

Physically
Breathing
Infectious
Airborne
Exhalation
Coughing

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57
Q

Properly designed ventilation also minimizes the ______ and ________ for dead air

A

Vacuum
Draughts

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58
Q

What is significant emphasis placed on with new construction?

A

Ventilation design

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59
Q

True or False:
It is less difficult to change current barns to provide sufficient airflow

A

False, it can be MORE difficult to change current barns to provide sufficient airflow

60
Q

Older animals generally have a ______ immunity level than very young ones

A

Higher

61
Q

In the course of the years they were exposed to more ________ and ____________

A

Diseases
Vaccinations

62
Q

True or False:
Older animals are more likely to be carriers of pathogens

A

True

63
Q

How must animal facilities be designed in terms of air flow?

A

It is important for the airborne to move from the youngest to the oldest when designing animal facilities

64
Q

When air flow is designed properly, this does not expose the _____ animals to the ____________ that could be ______ from the _____ animals

A

Young
Contaminants
Adult

65
Q

Should young animals be able to mingle with adult animals?

A

No, it is important that young animals do not mingle with adults

66
Q

It is very beneficial to have different ___________ zones

A

Containment

67
Q

In addition to releasing ammonia into the environment, what does urine and feces also introduce?

A

Pathogens

68
Q

What is crucial in reducing pathogen load in terms of urine and feces?

A

Proper hygiene and clean, dry bedding

69
Q

In the steps of reducing pathogen load, what does this also help with? (2)

A

Helps to reduce the amount of species in the world, physically
Helps keep the animal’s hair clean and dry

70
Q

In cold weather, ____ has a very important role to play in __________ the animal and conserving ____ ____

A

Hair
Insulating
Body heat

71
Q

When do animals lose higher levels of heat?

A

When the hair coat becomes damp and matted with feces

72
Q

What increases the risk of developing skin disorders?

A

Prolonged exposure to sweat, semen, and feces

73
Q

Define:
Wet rabbit dewlap

A

An infection in the lower neck skin

74
Q

A part of preventing disease is to increase the ________ with ___________ of the animal

A

Immunity
Vaccination

75
Q

True or False:
A vaccination program’s objectives vary according to the type of animal and the disease

A

True

76
Q

Do vaccines provide complete protection against disease? Explain

A

No, most vaccines don’t provide complete protection against disease. Overwhelmed by exposure to a pathogen, properly vaccinated animals can still get sick

77
Q

What do vaccination programs need to be established with?

A

Vaccination programs need to be established with specific goals in mind

78
Q

Successful vaccination requires that an _________ _______ be given to an animal that can respond ____. Furthermore, the _______ must be administered long enough to allow ________ to develop before ________

A

Effective vaccine
Well
Vaccine
Immunity
Exposure

79
Q

What is one important factor in considering which vaccines are to be included in the vaccination program?

A

The risk of getting an infection

80
Q

What considerations must be evaluated before vaccinations? (4)

A

Geographical location of this species
Animal’s age, sex, and functional intent

81
Q

Many diseases may only be common in _____ animals, and some infections are associated with ____________ problems requiring vaccination of _______

A

Young
Reproductive
Females

82
Q

True or False:
The severity of the disease also needs to be assessed in terms of its medical and economic impact

A

True

83
Q

A very ____, ____-________ disease doesn’t usually require ___________

A

Mild
Self-limiting
Vaccination

84
Q

What may a disease be like in food-producing animals? What could still happen in food-producing animals?

A

A disease may be self-limiting in food-producing animals
If it attacks a large percentage of animals, it may still be a very expensive disease due to production loss

85
Q

True or False:
The efficacy of vaccines doesn’t vary in preventing disease

A

False, the efficacy of vaccines in preventing disease varies greatly

86
Q

List what vaccines provide (3)

A

Some only provide a short-lived immunity
Others may marginally decrease the incidence
Or they may decrease the severity of the disease

87
Q

The _______ of the vaccine has to be assessed against the ____

A

Success
Cost

88
Q

Can an expensive vaccine that has had limited success be used?

A

No, the success has to be assessed against the cost

89
Q

What is another factor considered in setting up a vaccination program? State an example

A

The vaccine may have adverse effects (such as suppressed milk production in dairy cattle)

90
Q

Vaccination programs are developed in _________ _______ with the goal of preventing the _______ in each vaccinated ______

A

Companion animals
Disease
Animal

91
Q

What brings intense importance to pets, the individual animal? State what is done to support this

A

The emotional attachment
Vaccines are administered in young animals at frequent intervals with the goal of developing immunity as maternal antibodies decline

92
Q

True or False:
Not every case of disease can be avoided by even the most comprehensive program

A

True

93
Q

Experts in organizations such as (1) and (2) have developed __________ to help _____________ make decisions regarding ___________

A

1: American Animal Hospital Association
2: American Feline Practitioners Association
Guidelines
Practitioners
Vaccination

94
Q

Some _________ are deemed so important that it is recommended that they be included in all ___________ programs.

State an example for dogs (4)
State an example for cats (4)

A

Organisms
Vaccination

All dogs with distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, and rabies
Considered central in cats are the panleukopenia vaccines, herpes virus, calicivirus, and rabies

95
Q

What do vaccination programs help to establish within the farm environment? How?

A

Herd immunity
In attempt to prevent a herd pandemic, these vaccine programs are designed to reduce the number of susceptible animals

96
Q

Ideally, _____ animal gained complete ________. Nevertheless, ________ disease can develop quite likely for one. If ____ ________ is established, the disease will not spread over the rest of the _______

A

Every
Immunity
Clinical
Herd Immunity
Animals

97
Q

What will happen if illness happens in a vaccinated animal?

A

The incidence may be much lower, and the recovery may be much quicker compared to an unvaccinated animal

98
Q

When is herd immunity maximized?

A

Maximized when all the animals at risk are vaccinated

99
Q

______ of vaccines is also important to a program’s success. Vaccinations need to be given _____ enough to be able to mount an ______ response before the _______ is revealed

A

Timing
Early
Immune
Disease

100
Q

Would it be protective to vaccinate a dog for kennel cough after it has entered a kennel? Give an example of a similar situation

A

No, it would not be
Vaccinating cattle in the midst of a pneumonia epidemic of cattle

101
Q

True or False:
Vaccines may also be engineered to optimize safety at specific times of the year

A

True, or during the production cycle

102
Q

In some _______, when the cattle are housed, _________ may be more likely in the ______, rather than in _______ on an open _____

A

Systems
Pneumonia
Winter
Grazing
Field

103
Q

Immunity can be ______ or _______ in analysis

A

Active
Passive

104
Q

How is passive immunity gained? When may this occur?

A

Passive immunity is gained through passing antibodies
This may occur when a newborn is ingesting colostrum

105
Q

True or False:
A non-vaccinated mum normally has a colostrum of better quality

A

False; A WELL-VACCINATED mum normally has a colostrum of better quality

106
Q

What may increase the amount of an antigen that the infant receives?

A

The colostrum’s quality (higher quality increases the amount of an antigen that the infant receives)

107
Q

What directly affects the passive transfer? (2)

A

The volume
How quickly the colostrum is delivered after birth

108
Q

Many vaccines also provide _______ immunity by delivering __________. The ________ is only _________, and the ______ of the vaccine is therefore important

A

Passive
Antibodies
Immunity
Temporary
Timing

109
Q

For an animal to develop active immunity, what needs to happen?

A

A vaccine that helps the animal to produce its own antibodies is necessary

110
Q

The animal must be in a ________ to respond to the vaccine. Very _____ animals may have maternal ________ levels which prevent the ______ ______ from reacting

A

Position
Young
Antibody
Immune system

111
Q

What binds to the antigen and prevents the immune system from responding to the need in young animals?

A

Maternal antibodies

112
Q

True or False:
Animals under stress may not be capable of mounting an effective response

A

True, animals under stress or ILL may not be capable of mounting an effective response

113
Q

What can also reduce immunity levels besides stress or illness? (2)

A

Poor nutrition
Certain medications

114
Q

Describe:
What happens to a well-vaccinated animal when esposed to high pathogens

A

A well-vaccinated animal with a good immunity level can be overwhelmed when exposed to high pathogens

115
Q

What can cause kennel cough? (2)

A

Several different viruses
Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria

116
Q

State the key symptom(s) of kennel cough in dogs

A

Severe, dry hacking cough

117
Q

In general, dogs that develop kennel cough respond to __________ (_____ ____________, and possibly ___________) and improve within:

A

Medication
Cough suppressants
Antibiotics
One to two weeks

118
Q

True or False:
Kennel cough is not contagious

A

False; Kennel cough is highly contagious and can spread through the air or through direct contact

119
Q

How can kennel cough spread? (2)

A

Through the air
Through direct contact

120
Q

What dogs are at a higher risk for kennel cough? Where is this more common?

A

Dogs that are housed with others in close quarters
Common in a boarding kennel

121
Q

Define:
Biosecurity

A

Term used to describe activities that protect animal health at a farm by preventing pathogens from being introduced

122
Q

Ideally, biosecurity activities prevent _______ from reaching the ____

A

Disease
Herd

123
Q

What are horses often screened for before a show or buy?

A

Equine infectious anaemia (EIA)

124
Q

Define and describe:
EIA (Equine infectious anaemia)

A

A viral disease that causes fever, anaemia from red blood cell breakdown, depression and weight loss

125
Q

True or False:
Many horses die of EIA

A

True; Some develop a chronic infection, and become virus carriers

126
Q

The horses that develop a chronic EIA infection may seem ______ but can shed the _____ when under ______. Then, they can be a ______ __ _________ for other ____ _______

A

Normal
Virus
Stress
Source of Infection
Farm animals

127
Q

Define:
Bio-containment

A

The practice used when introduced on the farm to minimize the spread of disease

128
Q

Should a farmer vaccinate the herd? Why?

A

Yes
The cattle purchased were a potential threat to the introduction of infectious diseases (e.x. infectious respiratory diseases)

129
Q

When is the risk of an outbreak of the disease highest on the farm?

A

Highest in the first days to weeks after the animals arrive on the farm

130
Q

Define:
Metaphylaxis

A

The prophylactic use of antibiotics

131
Q

A ____-______ __________ injection may be given to _____ who arrive a stocker operation at the time of ________

A

Long-acting antibiotic injection
Calves
Arrival

132
Q

What is the aim of antibiotic administration? (3)

A

Minimize the number of cases
Restrict the extent of the occurring cases
Increase the overall weight gain of the arriving animals

133
Q

___________ ________, to optimize ______ __________, are created

A

Vaccination programs
Animal protection

134
Q

True or False:
The cost of the vaccine and the potential for side-effects don’t need to be weighed

A

False; Nonetheless, the cost of the vaccine and the potential for side-effects NEED to be weighed

135
Q

In farm animals, what are the vaccine costs balanced against?

A

The loss potential if the disease occurs

136
Q

It is also important to consider the ________ of the vaccine. Every vaccine holds the potential for ____ _______. ________ and ________ are very normal the _________ site

A

Efficacy
Side-effects
Soreness
Swelling
Injection

137
Q

What side effects do many species experience besides soreness and swelling at the injection site? (3)

A

Lethargy
Moderate fevers
Low appetites

138
Q

True or False:
Moderate fevers after vaccines are short-lived and usually vanish without treatment

A

True; Lethargy and low appetites are also usually short-lived, and vanish without treatment

139
Q

What can vaccines increase the risk of in pregnant animals?

A

Abortion

140
Q

What is the most serious side effect of vaccinations? How is this reversed?

A

Anaphylaxis, an allergic response
Epinephrine is administered to reverse the allergic response

141
Q

Such vaccines have been found to ________ the risk of developing a _________ connective tissue tumour (__________) in ____

A

Increase
Cancerous
Brosarcoma
Cats

142
Q

What can increase some immune-mediated diseases (according to evidence)?

A

Repeated vaccination

143
Q

The discovery of the possible effects of repeated vaccination has caused what?

A

Caused some controversy regarding the guidelines for vaccination

144
Q

New _________ are being developed and tested based on ________ to the _______, in which ________ are not repeated as often

A

Protocols
Exposure
Disease
Vaccines

145
Q

What tests can be performed to see if there is still security for vaccination?

A

Tests to calculate levels of the antibody

146
Q

True or False:
With the development of new vaccine technologies and an awareness of the immune method, effective strategies for vaccinating animals continue to evolve

A

False, with the development of new vaccine technologies and an awareness of the IMMUNOLOGY method, effective strategies for vaccinating animals continue to evolve

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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