(Disease Prevention) Flashcards
1
Q
What are some factors that contribute to an animal’s resistance to disease? (2)
A
Immunity
Diet
2
Q
True or False:
A healthy living being is immune to all diseases
A
False, a healthy living being is immune to MOST diseases
3
Q
The ____ and ______ _________ serve to prevent _________ from invading
A
Skin
Mucous membranes
Pathogens
4
Q
What does the normal bacterial fallout play a role in?
A
Plays a role in preserving an animal’s health
5
Q
Some ________ secrete substances that _______ other organisms’ _______
A
Bacteria
Inhibit
Growth
6
Q
What do pathogens have to fight for? Why?
A
Sites of adhesion
Before an infection may begin the pathogen must bind to the animal’s cells
7
Q
True or False:
It is an obvious conclusion that retaining the usual bacterial diversity helps preserve an animal’s health
A
True
8
Q
What are the normal bacteria influenced by? (4)
A
Stress
Nutrition
Medications
Other conditions
9
Q
Human beings _____ stress-producing factors. Give an example
A
Think
A pending major exam
10
Q
True or False:
Stress in animals involves critical thought
A
False, stress in animals DOESN’T involve critical thought
11
Q
Stress in any aspect is considered to be a ______ by the animal
A
Hazard
12
Q
An animal under ______ releases greater ___________ and ________ levels. Additionally, _______ increases the ___________ _______ ______‘_ function
A
Stress
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Stress
Sympathetic Nervous System
13
Q
True or False:
A wide variety of factors can add to stress
A
True
14
Q
State some examples of factors that can add to stress (6)
A
Overcrowding
Fodder competition
Weather extremes
Rough handling
Noise
Transportation
15
Q
_____________ conditions also have significant ______ hazard impacts
A
Environmental
Health
16
Q
State environmental conditions that can all increase an animal’s stress and demand (3)
A
Wet conditions
Accumulation of manure on the hair coat
Poor air quality (dust, smoke, and ammonia)
17
Q
Mixing animals from multiple _______ often adds to the ______ as the animals establish their ______ in _______
A
Sources
Stress
Status
Society
18
Q
Many _______ designed to assist an animal may also lead to ______. _______________ and _______ both put ______ on the animal
A
Stimuli
Stress
Hospitalization
Surgery
Stress
19
Q
What does cortisol do? (3)
A
Helps boost the digestion of carbohydrates
Transfers glucose to the brain
Often minimizes inflammation of damaged tissue
20
Q
The elevated cortisol as a side effect suppresses the ______ ______, increases the risk of ________ and weakens _______ ______
A
Immune system
Diabetes
Muscle tissue
21
Q
For hyperadrenocorticism (_______‘_ _______) where cortisol levels remain excessively ________, symptoms are quite clear
A
Cushing’s disease
Elevated
22
Q
What may nutritional issues also be called? What effect may they have?
A
Tension, may have a direct effect on immune response diminishment
23
Q
Some vitamins and minerals (such as _______ _ and ________) are crucial to keeping the ______ _______ healthy
A
Vitamin E
Selenium
Immune System
24
Q
Antioxidants are:
A
Oxidation-inhibiting vitamins and minerals
25
True or False:
All of the antioxidants play a part in the immune system of the animal
True
26
Other deficiencies might more generally weaken the animal's _______ (e.x. A deficiency in _______ and ______ that weaken the ____ and ______ _________, thus increasing the likelihood that __________ may invade)
Defense
Protein
Energy
Skin
Mucous membranes
Pathogens
27
True or False:
No dietary changes are also a major stressor in livestock
False, SUDDEN dietary changes are also a major stressor in livestock
28
The decline in normal _________ _____ in the ____________ _____ is a major effect of _______ changes. This greatly _________ the risk of invasion by ________ and consequent _______
Bacterial flora
Intestinal tract
Dietary
Increases
Pathogen
Disease
29
What medicine poses the same threat to the animal's defense system? Explain
Antibiotics, cause a decline in normal flora when treating a bacterial infection
30
When are antibiotics high risk in causing decline in normal flora?
Particularly high risk if the pathogen is resistant to this antibiotic
31
Some factors that increase the ______ of the animal also contribute to increased ________ ________
Stress
Pathogen exposure
32
What does overcrowding increase?
Interaction between livestock
Competition for feed
Competition for comfort
33
True or False:
Overcrowding increases competition for feed and comfort, which tends to spread contagious diseases
True
34
True or False:
The high density of animals often decreases pollution of fecal and urine in the area
False; Usually, the high density of animals often INCREASES pollution of fecal and urine in the area
35
_________ which are physically spread through the ___ have ____ travelling distance when contacting another ___________ individual
Pathogens
Air
Less
Susceptible
36
What does ventilation describe?
Describes the exchange of air from inside to outside a building
37
As the animals ______, ________, ____, and possible ____________ are introduced to the ___
Exhale
Humidity
Heat
Contaminants
Air
38
What are also released from a building's urine and feces? (2)
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulphide
39
What can excess ammonia and hydrogen sulphide result in?
excess of these toxic gases can cause mucous membrane irritation and lower respiratory defense
40
True or False:
Most species need a certain degree of moisture to live
True
41
What can help carry pathogens and damage the respiratory tract's protective capacity?
Even particles of airborne dust produced by animal movement in a barn
42
To help prevent _______, it is necessary to bring _____ air from _______ into the house, and remove the _____ air
Disease
Fresh
Outside
Stale
43
What does bringing in fresh air and removing stale air from inside a house help with?
Helps to reduce the air's load of moisture, heat, ammonia and pathogen
44
Many buildings rely on ____ to effectively push the ___
Fans
Air
45
Ventilation of what has become very common? How is this done?
Tunnels
Fans are placed at one end of the barn in tunnel ventilation, and all of the air inlets are on the opposite end
46
The ___ is brought into the ____ over a wide area with the ____ running and an even flow of air is swept over the _______
Air
Barn
Fans
Animals
47
In ____ weather, enough ___ is exchanged to produce a _ to _-mile breeze per hour
Warm
Air
3
5
48
True or False:
More air can be transported in warm weather
False, more air can be transported during COLD weather
49
Adequate ____ ____ must be preserved to stop freezing inside the ____
Body heat
Barn
50
Even in the coldest weather, how many air traffic exchanges should there be every hour?
4
51
The ________ air should be the __________ of ____ times the amount of air in the _____
Expended
Equivalent
Four
House
52
True or False:
There are places in many barns that don't completely swap air
True
53
The areas that don't completely ____ air in barns can be regions where there is a _______ ____ of _______ for _________ animals
Swap
Greater risk
Disease
Conjoined
54
How many air exchanges per hour may be required in the heat of summer to maintain the right conditions?
Up to 30 air exchanges an hour may be required in the heat of the summer to maintain the right conditions
55
How does good ventilation help protect the animal? (2)
Maintains acceptable levels of temperature and humidity in the barn
Minimizes distracting gas accumulation and reduces dust levels
56
__________ extracting the already _________ air often eliminates __________ agents which have become ________ by __________ and ________
Physically
Breathing
Infectious
Airborne
Exhalation
Coughing
57
Properly designed ventilation also minimizes the ______ and ________ for dead air
Vacuum
Draughts
58
What is significant emphasis placed on with new construction?
Ventilation design
59
True or False:
It is less difficult to change current barns to provide sufficient airflow
False, it can be MORE difficult to change current barns to provide sufficient airflow
60
Older animals generally have a ______ immunity level than very young ones
Higher
61
In the course of the years they were exposed to more ________ and ____________
Diseases
Vaccinations
62
True or False:
Older animals are more likely to be carriers of pathogens
True
63
How must animal facilities be designed in terms of air flow?
It is important for the airborne to move from the youngest to the oldest when designing animal facilities
64
When air flow is designed properly, this does not expose the _____ animals to the ____________ that could be ______ from the _____ animals
Young
Contaminants
Adult
65
Should young animals be able to mingle with adult animals?
No, it is important that young animals do not mingle with adults
66
It is very beneficial to have different ___________ zones
Containment
67
In addition to releasing ammonia into the environment, what does urine and feces also introduce?
Pathogens
68
What is crucial in reducing pathogen load in terms of urine and feces?
Proper hygiene and clean, dry bedding
69
In the steps of reducing pathogen load, what does this also help with? (2)
Helps to reduce the amount of species in the world, physically
Helps keep the animal's hair clean and dry
70
In cold weather, ____ has a very important role to play in __________ the animal and conserving ____ ____
Hair
Insulating
Body heat
71
When do animals lose higher levels of heat?
When the hair coat becomes damp and matted with feces
72
What increases the risk of developing skin disorders?
Prolonged exposure to sweat, semen, and feces
73
Define:
Wet rabbit dewlap
An infection in the lower neck skin
74
A part of preventing disease is to increase the ________ with ___________ of the animal
Immunity
Vaccination
75
True or False:
A vaccination program's objectives vary according to the type of animal and the disease
True
76
Do vaccines provide complete protection against disease? Explain
No, most vaccines don't provide complete protection against disease. Overwhelmed by exposure to a pathogen, properly vaccinated animals can still get sick
77
What do vaccination programs need to be established with?
Vaccination programs need to be established with specific goals in mind
78
Successful vaccination requires that an _________ _______ be given to an animal that can respond ____. Furthermore, the _______ must be administered long enough to allow ________ to develop before ________
Effective vaccine
Well
Vaccine
Immunity
Exposure
79
What is one important factor in considering which vaccines are to be included in the vaccination program?
The risk of getting an infection
80
What considerations must be evaluated before vaccinations? (4)
Geographical location of this species
Animal's age, sex, and functional intent
81
Many diseases may only be common in _____ animals, and some infections are associated with ____________ problems requiring vaccination of _______
Young
Reproductive
Females
82
True or False:
The severity of the disease also needs to be assessed in terms of its medical and economic impact
True
83
A very ____, ____-________ disease doesn't usually require ___________
Mild
Self-limiting
Vaccination
84
What may a disease be like in food-producing animals? What could still happen in food-producing animals?
A disease may be self-limiting in food-producing animals
If it attacks a large percentage of animals, it may still be a very expensive disease due to production loss
85
True or False:
The efficacy of vaccines doesn't vary in preventing disease
False, the efficacy of vaccines in preventing disease varies greatly
86
List what vaccines provide (3)
Some only provide a short-lived immunity
Others may marginally decrease the incidence
Or they may decrease the severity of the disease
87
The _______ of the vaccine has to be assessed against the ____
Success
Cost
88
Can an expensive vaccine that has had limited success be used?
No, the success has to be assessed against the cost
89
What is another factor considered in setting up a vaccination program? State an example
The vaccine may have adverse effects (such as suppressed milk production in dairy cattle)
90
Vaccination programs are developed in _________ _______ with the goal of preventing the _______ in each vaccinated ______
Companion animals
Disease
Animal
91
What brings intense importance to pets, the individual animal? State what is done to support this
The emotional attachment
Vaccines are administered in young animals at frequent intervals with the goal of developing immunity as maternal antibodies decline
92
True or False:
Not every case of disease can be avoided by even the most comprehensive program
True
93
Experts in organizations such as (1) and (2) have developed __________ to help _____________ make decisions regarding ___________
1: American Animal Hospital Association
2: American Feline Practitioners Association
Guidelines
Practitioners
Vaccination
94
Some _________ are deemed so important that it is recommended that they be included in all ___________ programs.
State an example for dogs (4)
State an example for cats (4)
Organisms
Vaccination
All dogs with distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, and rabies
Considered central in cats are the panleukopenia vaccines, herpes virus, calicivirus, and rabies
95
What do vaccination programs help to establish within the farm environment? How?
Herd immunity
In attempt to prevent a herd pandemic, these vaccine programs are designed to reduce the number of susceptible animals
96
Ideally, _____ animal gained complete ________. Nevertheless, ________ disease can develop quite likely for one. If ____ ________ is established, the disease will not spread over the rest of the _______
Every
Immunity
Clinical
Herd Immunity
Animals
97
What will happen if illness happens in a vaccinated animal?
The incidence may be much lower, and the recovery may be much quicker compared to an unvaccinated animal
98
When is herd immunity maximized?
Maximized when all the animals at risk are vaccinated
99
______ of vaccines is also important to a program's success. Vaccinations need to be given _____ enough to be able to mount an ______ response before the _______ is revealed
Timing
Early
Immune
Disease
100
Would it be protective to vaccinate a dog for kennel cough after it has entered a kennel? Give an example of a similar situation
No, it would not be
Vaccinating cattle in the midst of a pneumonia epidemic of cattle
101
True or False:
Vaccines may also be engineered to optimize safety at specific times of the year
True, or during the production cycle
102
In some _______, when the cattle are housed, _________ may be more likely in the ______, rather than in _______ on an open _____
Systems
Pneumonia
Winter
Grazing
Field
103
Immunity can be ______ or _______ in analysis
Active
Passive
104
How is passive immunity gained? When may this occur?
Passive immunity is gained through passing antibodies
This may occur when a newborn is ingesting colostrum
105
True or False:
A non-vaccinated mum normally has a colostrum of better quality
False; A WELL-VACCINATED mum normally has a colostrum of better quality
106
What may increase the amount of an antigen that the infant receives?
The colostrum's quality (higher quality increases the amount of an antigen that the infant receives)
107
What directly affects the passive transfer? (2)
The volume
How quickly the colostrum is delivered after birth
108
Many vaccines also provide _______ immunity by delivering __________. The ________ is only _________, and the ______ of the vaccine is therefore important
Passive
Antibodies
Immunity
Temporary
Timing
109
For an animal to develop active immunity, what needs to happen?
A vaccine that helps the animal to produce its own antibodies is necessary
110
The animal must be in a ________ to respond to the vaccine. Very _____ animals may have maternal ________ levels which prevent the ______ ______ from reacting
Position
Young
Antibody
Immune system
111
What binds to the antigen and prevents the immune system from responding to the need in young animals?
Maternal antibodies
112
True or False:
Animals under stress may not be capable of mounting an effective response
True, animals under stress or ILL may not be capable of mounting an effective response
113
What can also reduce immunity levels besides stress or illness? (2)
Poor nutrition
Certain medications
114
Describe:
What happens to a well-vaccinated animal when esposed to high pathogens
A well-vaccinated animal with a good immunity level can be overwhelmed when exposed to high pathogens
115
What can cause kennel cough? (2)
Several different viruses
Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria
116
State the key symptom(s) of kennel cough in dogs
Severe, dry hacking cough
117
In general, dogs that develop kennel cough respond to __________ (_____ ____________, and possibly ___________) and improve within:
Medication
Cough suppressants
Antibiotics
One to two weeks
118
True or False:
Kennel cough is not contagious
False; Kennel cough is highly contagious and can spread through the air or through direct contact
119
How can kennel cough spread? (2)
Through the air
Through direct contact
120
What dogs are at a higher risk for kennel cough? Where is this more common?
Dogs that are housed with others in close quarters
Common in a boarding kennel
121
Define:
Biosecurity
Term used to describe activities that protect animal health at a farm by preventing pathogens from being introduced
122
Ideally, biosecurity activities prevent _______ from reaching the ____
Disease
Herd
123
What are horses often screened for before a show or buy?
Equine infectious anaemia (EIA)
124
Define and describe:
EIA (Equine infectious anaemia)
A viral disease that causes fever, anaemia from red blood cell breakdown, depression and weight loss
125
True or False:
Many horses die of EIA
True; Some develop a chronic infection, and become virus carriers
126
The horses that develop a chronic EIA infection may seem ______ but can shed the _____ when under ______. Then, they can be a ______ __ _________ for other ____ _______
Normal
Virus
Stress
Source of Infection
Farm animals
127
Define:
Bio-containment
The practice used when introduced on the farm to minimize the spread of disease
128
Should a farmer vaccinate the herd? Why?
Yes
The cattle purchased were a potential threat to the introduction of infectious diseases (e.x. infectious respiratory diseases)
129
When is the risk of an outbreak of the disease highest on the farm?
Highest in the first days to weeks after the animals arrive on the farm
130
Define:
Metaphylaxis
The prophylactic use of antibiotics
131
A ____-______ __________ injection may be given to _____ who arrive a stocker operation at the time of ________
Long-acting antibiotic injection
Calves
Arrival
132
What is the aim of antibiotic administration? (3)
Minimize the number of cases
Restrict the extent of the occurring cases
Increase the overall weight gain of the arriving animals
133
___________ ________, to optimize ______ __________, are created
Vaccination programs
Animal protection
134
True or False:
The cost of the vaccine and the potential for side-effects don't need to be weighed
False; Nonetheless, the cost of the vaccine and the potential for side-effects NEED to be weighed
135
In farm animals, what are the vaccine costs balanced against?
The loss potential if the disease occurs
136
It is also important to consider the ________ of the vaccine. Every vaccine holds the potential for ____ _______. ________ and ________ are very normal the _________ site
Efficacy
Side-effects
Soreness
Swelling
Injection
137
What side effects do many species experience besides soreness and swelling at the injection site? (3)
Lethargy
Moderate fevers
Low appetites
138
True or False:
Moderate fevers after vaccines are short-lived and usually vanish without treatment
True; Lethargy and low appetites are also usually short-lived, and vanish without treatment
139
What can vaccines increase the risk of in pregnant animals?
Abortion
140
What is the most serious side effect of vaccinations? How is this reversed?
Anaphylaxis, an allergic response
Epinephrine is administered to reverse the allergic response
141
Such vaccines have been found to ________ the risk of developing a _________ connective tissue tumour (__________) in ____
Increase
Cancerous
Brosarcoma
Cats
142
What can increase some immune-mediated diseases (according to evidence)?
Repeated vaccination
143
The discovery of the possible effects of repeated vaccination has caused what?
Caused some controversy regarding the guidelines for vaccination
144
New _________ are being developed and tested based on ________ to the _______, in which ________ are not repeated as often
Protocols
Exposure
Disease
Vaccines
145
What tests can be performed to see if there is still security for vaccination?
Tests to calculate levels of the antibody
146
True or False:
With the development of new vaccine technologies and an awareness of the immune method, effective strategies for vaccinating animals continue to evolve
False, with the development of new vaccine technologies and an awareness of the IMMUNOLOGY method, effective strategies for vaccinating animals continue to evolve
