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My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) > (Animal Behaviour) > Flashcards

(Animal Behaviour) Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False:
Behavior problems are common

A

True

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2
Q

What is the leading cause of death in dogs and cats?

A

Behavioural problems

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3
Q

Often, what is the behavioural problem?

A

The “problem” is normal dog and cat behaviour that the owner finds inappropriate and then makes worse in attempts to correct it

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4
Q

In ____, the _______ __ __________ ________ ___________ was approved by _____ to provide a __________ __________ _________ credential for technicians in _________

A

2007
Academy of Veterinary Behaviour Technicians
NAVTA
Veterinary Technician Specialty
Behaviour

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5
Q

Define:
Behaviour

A

Any act done by an animal

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6
Q

True or False:
An animal can exhibit a behavioural act randomly

A

False; An animal does not exhibit a behavioural act without a reason

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7
Q

Can the reason an animal exhibits a behavioural act be obvious?

A

Yes, it can also not be obvious

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8
Q

What must there be for a behavioural act to occur?

A

A stimulus

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9
Q

Define:
Stimulus

A

Some internal or external change that exceeds a threshold causing stimulation of the nervous and/or endocrine systems

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10
Q

This ________ and ________ ___________ and ___________ of information requires a number of ________ __________ in the animal’s ____

A

Receptor
Cellular stimulation
Integration
Chemical Messengers
Body

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11
Q

List some examples of chemical messengers in the animal’s body required in the stimulation and integration of information

A

Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Many others

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12
Q

What are some problem behaviours caused by?

A

Increased/decreased amounts of these neurotransmitters (epinephrine, acetylcholine etc.)

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13
Q

The behaviour problems caused by increased or decreased amounts of neurotransmitters has led to the development of:

A

Veterinary psychopharmacology

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14
Q

Define:
Ethology

A

The study of animal behaviour

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15
Q

True or False:
Most ethologists agree that animal behaviour is genetically programmed or learned

A

False; Most ethologists agree that animal behaviour is BOTH genetically programmed AND learned

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16
Q

What is genetically programmed also known as? What is learned also known as?

A

Genetically programmed is known as instinctive
Learned is known as conditioned response

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17
Q

There are ___ general categories of ___________ _________:

A

Two
Conditioned responses

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Define:
Classical conditioning

A

Refers to the association of stimuli that occur at approximately that same time or in roughly the same area

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19
Q

Define:
Operant conditioning

A

Refers to the association of a particular activity (the operant) with a punishment or reward

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20
Q

In operant conditioning, what is the particular activity known as?

A

The operant

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21
Q

Define:
Imprinting

A

The pattern of behaviour that bonds animals to their caretakers

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22
Q

True or False:
Imprinting occurs in early life

A

True

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23
Q

When is the most important time period for behaviour development in dogs and cats?

A

3-12 weeks

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24
Q

During the 3-12 weeks, what do cats/dogs learn?

A

Animals learn:
About their environment
How to interact with others
What not to fear

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25
Q

Animals that are not __________ during this period (_-__ weeks) can result in the development of:

A

Socialized
3-12

Phobias

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26
Q

__________ _____________ have an important role in _________ clients about the correct ways to _____ and ________ with their pets

A

Veterinary professionals
Educating
Raise
Interact

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27
Q

What also plays a role in animal behaviour problems? What behaviour problems can it play a role in?

A

Disease
Aggression and house soiling

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28
Q

True or False:
Animals must learn how to interact with one another

A

True

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29
Q

As ______ animals, ____ have a _______ _____ that determines order of access to _______ _________ (____, ____, _______ ____)

A

Social
Dogs
Pecking order
Coveted resources
Food
Toys
Resting spot

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30
Q

True or False:
The dogs’ pecking order that determines order of access to coveted resources stays the same

A

False; These relationships can fluctuate

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31
Q

_______ ____________ can be used to reinforce a desired _________ or ______ an undesirable one

A

Operant conditioning
Behaviour
Punish

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32
Q

True or False:
Punishing an undesirable behaviour is not recommended

A

True

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33
Q

Define:
Positive reinforcement

A

Immediate pleasant occurrence following a behaviour

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34
Q

Define:
Negative reinforcement

A

Any immediate unpleasant occurrence used to create a desired behaviour

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35
Q

Define:
Positive punishment

A

Adding an undesirable occurrence to decrease behaviour

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36
Q

Define:
Negative punishment

A

Removing a desirable occurrence to decrease behaviour

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37
Q

How does negative reinforcement differ from punishments?

A

Punishment is used to remove or decrease a behaviour

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38
Q

It is more difficult to use __________ to influence a ___’s behaviour and it may cause the ___ to become _______ or __________

A

Punishment
Dog
Dog
Fearful
Aggressive

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39
Q

Many ________ and ____________ use a combination of:

A

Trainers
Behaviourists

Positive reinforcement and negative punishment

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40
Q

True or False:
Most behaviour problems are easier to correct than to prevent

A

False; Most behavioural problems are easier to PREVENT than to CORRECT

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41
Q

What is the most common problem? What are other common problems?

A

Aggression
Damaging household belongings, exhibiting house soiling behaviour

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42
Q

_________ ___________ are an important source of ______________ ________ information on preventing ________ ________

A

Veterinary technicians
Scientifically accurate
Behavioural problems

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43
Q

Define:
Anthropomorphism

A

Refers to the attribution of human characteristics and emotions to animals

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44
Q

Pet owners often misinterpret their pet’s _________ as _____, ________ or _____ when the pet is in fact reacting based on _______ _________

A

Behaviour
Spite
Jealousy
Guilt
Learned behaviours

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45
Q

Define:
House training

A

One of the most important and first behaviours that young pets are expected to learn

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46
Q

Many owners use ________ _______ to attempt to house train their pets that often interfere with _______ or ______ the ____________

A

Outdated methods
Success
Damage
Relationships

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47
Q

Problems related to house training may result in the animal: (3)

A

Being turned loose
Isolated in a yard or tied
Relinquished to a shelter

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48
Q

State the pets that can learn to use a litter box

A

Cats
Dogs
Pigs
Ferrets
Rabbits

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49
Q

Other species of ________ _________ _______ are either _____ or kept _______ because their ___________ behaviour is not restricted to specific _________

A

Domestic companion animals
Caged
Outside
Elimination
Locations

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50
Q

House training for a ___ requires that the ___ be _____ ___ __________, especially when: (3)

A

Dog
Dog
Taken out frequently

It wakes up
After it eats
Whenever it appears to be sniffing around the house

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51
Q

True or False:
When a puppy cannot be monitored, it should be confined to a crate

A

True

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52
Q

There are _________ types of ______; _____ ________ is also useful for preventing ___________ behaviours such as _______

A

Different
Crate
Crate training
Destructive
Chewing

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53
Q

True or False:
The use of the crate can be excessive

A

False; The use of the crate should not be excessive

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54
Q

Why should the use of the crate not be excessive?

A

The use of the crate should not be excessive, because 8-week-old puppies cannot hold their bowels longer than 4-6 hours

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55
Q

How long can 8-week-old puppies hold their bowels?

A

4-6 hours

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56
Q

Puppies will ____ in the ______ if they cannot ___ ___ or the _____ is too _____

A

Soil
Crates
Get out
Crate
Large

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57
Q

Who can help clients select a crate? What does attributes does the cage have to have?

A

Technicians
A crate that is easy to clean and the correct size for the puppy when it is an adult

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58
Q

True or False:
Owners must be made aware of several important points when house training their dogs

A

True

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59
Q

Points owners must be made aware of when house training their dogs:
A dog’s ___________ to a crate must not exceed the time the animal can control its _______ and ______ (for young puppies - hrs; many need to eliminate at _____ once during the _____)

A

Confinement
Bladders
Bowels
1-3
Least
Night

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60
Q

Points owners must be made aware of when house training their dogs:
The dog must be actively _____, be reinforcing _______ ________, the desired ________ for ___________

A

Taught
Correct behaviour
Location
Elimination

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61
Q

True or False:
Timing of the reward is not important

A

False; The timing of the reward is critical

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62
Q

Timing of the reward is critical: delay ____ ___ between the ________ and _____________ significantly decreases _____________

A

> 0.5 sec
Behaviour
Reinforcement
Effectiveness

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63
Q

What may also be useful in house training for puppies?

A

Clicker training

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64
Q

State the steps in clicker training (4)

A
  1. Use a collar and leash to take the puppy outside
  2. Go to the same spot in the yard each time
  3. Cue the puppy to “go potty”
  4. Click and treat the puppy as the puppy passes urine or stool
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65
Q

Points owners must be made aware of when house training their dogs:
Use of ________ __________ in house training is never appropriate. Interactive __________ may cause the dog to become _________ to eliminate in the owner’s ________ or may result in ____ of the owner

A

Physical punishment
Punishment
Reluctant
Presence
Fear

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66
Q

What should be sufficient to temporarily interrupt the behaviour?

A

Calmly saying “oops”
Calling the puppy

67
Q

True or False:
The dog can be taken outside in a positive, nonthreatening manner and rewarded if it eliminates

A

True

68
Q

In an ideal training program, correct behaviour is reinforced with ____ ___________, and ____________ for ______________ behaviour never occur

A

100% consistency
Opportunities
Inappropriate

69
Q

In reality, if the ______ are made aware of it through your educational efforts, it may give them a more ________ ___________ on the ____ and ______ required for _____ ________

A

Owners
Accurate perspective
Time
Effort
House training

70
Q

What are the reasons that people choose cats as pets instead of dogs?

A

They can be readily trained to eliminate in a litter box
They do not need to be walked

71
Q

True or False:
It is not a normal instinctual behaviour for kittens and cats to use a substrate for elimination

A

False; It IS normal instinctual behaviour for kittens and cats to use a substrate for elimination

72
Q

______ do not need to observe the _____ eliminating or have the _____ demonstrate part of the process by ______ the cat’s ____ in the ______

A

Kitten
Queen
Owner
Raking
Paws
Litter

73
Q

True or False:
The accessibility of the litter box and suitability of the substrate must be examined from the kitten’s or cat’s perspective

A

True

74
Q

What is the major complaint of owners on the cat?

A

The cat stopping or inconsistently using the litter box

75
Q

True or False:
There aren’t many reasons why a cat might stop using the litter box

A

False; There are MANY reasons why a cat might stop using the litter box

76
Q

What is needed to determine the cause of a cat that stops using the litter box?

A

A detailed history

77
Q

Kittens are __________ and _____________ immature, a litter box should be within ____ access at ___ _____

A

Physically
Behaviourally
Easy
All times

78
Q

True or False:
Kittens may need multiple litter boxes in various locations in the house with privacy

A

True

79
Q

True or False:
The litter boxes should be placed by appliances

A

False; They should be placed AWAY from appliances that might make sudden startling noises

80
Q

Cats prefer ______ _______ of ____-_______ __________, otherwise it is likely to develop ________ to a clumping ______ of very small _________

A

Softer texture
Fine-grained substrates
Aversion
Litter
Particles

81
Q

What do cats develop idiosyncratic preferences for? Are the reasons well understood?

A

Substrates
Locations for elimination

The reasons are not well understood

82
Q

_______ of ___________ are often the basis of many _____________ ___________ problems

A

Changes
Preferences
Inappropriate elimination

83
Q

Cats may avoid litter that is: (3)

A

Consistently dirty
Too deep
Scented

84
Q

What impression are owners sometimes under about litter?

A

The more litter they put in a box, the less often they need to clean it

85
Q

State the general guidelines of a litter box (4)

A

Keep the litter depth at no more than 2 inches
Remove feces and urine clumps daily
Change the litter frequently enough to prevent odors from developing
Ensure that the majority of the litter is always dry

86
Q

__________ ____________ recommend that the ______ ___ be changed once a ____

A

Veterinary behaviourists
Litter box
Week

87
Q

What should changing the litter box include? (2)

A

Disposing of dirty litter
Washing the box with warm soapy water

88
Q

True or False:
Covered litter boxes may appeal cats

A

False; Covered litter boxes may appeal OWNERS

89
Q

How does a covered litter box appear from a cat’s perspective?

A

From a cat’s perspective, it is difficult to see who may be lurking outside

90
Q

When collecting _______ on an _____________ ___________ case, always ask for the ____ and ________ of ______ ___ in addition to the _________

A

History
Inappropriate elimination
Type
Location
Litter box
Substrate

91
Q

State the checklist for litter boxes (5)

A
  1. Place the box in a quiet location
  2. Make sure the location is accessible from the cat’s perspective
  3. Use fine-grained unscented litter
  4. The litter depth should be approximately 2 inches
  5. Scoop daily, empty, and wash the litter box once a week
92
Q

Cats _______ for a variety of _______ and in different _________

A

Scratch
Reasons
Locations

93
Q

What is one of the most important motivations for a cats scratch? Why?

A

Marking their territory
Scratches leave visual and olfactory marks

94
Q

Scratching also _________ the _______ and _______ of the ____ and remove the worn out _______ from the _____

A

Stretches
Muscles
Tendons
Legs
Sheaths
Claws

95
Q

True or False:
Scratching is a greeting or play behaviour

A

True

96
Q

__________ objects should be provided in locations where the __________ may be _________

A

Scratching
Scratching
Triggered

97
Q

Merely providing the __________ object does not guarantee the cat will use it ______________ - the objects must match the cat’s preferences for _________ _________, with regard to ______, ___________ and _______

A

Scratching object
Preferentially
Desirable locations
Height
Orientation
Texture

98
Q

True or False:
If a new cat is encouraged to use its own scratching post, it will still scratch furniture

A

False; It may AVOID exercising its claws on furniture

99
Q

Owners must understand that they should __________ cats from ________ their ___________ by: (2)

A

Discourage
Clawing
Possessions

Distracting the cat caught in the act
Preventing its access to the items

100
Q

What do many clients resort to as a preventative measure for cats scratching things?

A

Declawing the cat

101
Q

Many __________ _____ available commercially do not permit the cat to reach _________ to its full ______ to scratch as many like to

A

Scratching posts
Vertically
Height

102
Q

True or False:
Many scratching posts available commercially are not sturdy enough to support the cat’s weight

A

True

103
Q

What happens if the scratching post cannot support the cat’s weight? What will this do to the cat?

A

It will readily fall over
This will frighten the cat

104
Q

For scratching posts, it is a good idea to talk to _______ about the ____________ of ______ or even _____-__-_______ scratching poles

A

Owners
Desirability
Taller
Floor-to-ceiling

105
Q

True or False:
All cats scratch vertically all the time

A

False; Not all cats scratch vertically all the time

106
Q

How else do some cats prefer to scratch, besides vertically?

A

Som prefer to stretch their legs out front and rake backward in a horizontal motion

107
Q

If a cat prefers to scratch in a horizontal motion, what kind of a post should be used?

A

A flat, horizontal object than a vertical post

108
Q

Some cats may use both scratching positions depending on: (3)

A

Where they scratch
When they scratch
Why they scratch

109
Q

True or False:
Texture may be the most frequently overlooked aspect of providing an acceptable scratching object

A

True

110
Q

Cats that like to ____ their ______ in ____, ________ motions may be more likely use objects with a _______ that permits it

A

Rake
Claws
Long
Vertical
Texture

111
Q

Other cats use more of a “_______” motion and may prefer items covered with _____, wrapped ____________

A

Picking
Sisal
Horizontally

112
Q

What will happen an object that has been scratched repeatedly? What has been proposed about an object that has been scratched repeatedly?

A

Results in the coverings being somewhat shredded
Holds the cat’s scent

Cats will prefer a repeatedly scratched object over a new, unused object

113
Q

Owners can save ______ of ________ off favourite _________ items to use on __________ _____ to protect new _________

A

Scraps
Material
Scratching
Scratching posts
Furniture

114
Q

Where do you place the scratching object? (2)

A

Where the cat is likely to be motivated to scratch
Adjacent to an unacceptable item the cat is already using

115
Q

______ or __________ __________ or a ___ attached to the top can be used to encourage the cat to use the object

A

Catnip
Commerical pheromones

116
Q

True or False:
Raking the cat’s feet up and down the post is not necessary

A

True

117
Q

True or False:
Raking the cat’s feet up and down the post is not necessary, though it does not have adverse effects

A

False; It MAY have adverse effects

118
Q

What is the most reliable way to discourage inappropriate scratching?

A

First, provide an alternative
Then, change the texture of the “off limit” item

119
Q

State ways to change the texture of the “off-limit” item

A

Covering with plastic, sandpaper, or another unpleasant texture

120
Q

Destructive behaviour is a classification of behaviour based more on the _____‘_ view of the ______ than on the actual ________ that caused it

A

Owner’s
Result
Behaviour

121
Q

State destructive and self-rewarding actions (6)

A

Digging
Chewing
Tearing
Scratching
Moving objects from one place to another
Removing the contents from the trash

122
Q

True or False:
Dogs show behaviours considered destructive for various reasons

A

True

123
Q

___________ _________ that are ___________ manifestation of other problems, such as __________ _______, can be _______ but may not be _________; The underlying problem must be resolved

A

Destructive behaviours
Symptomatic
Separation anxiety
Treated
Prevented

124
Q

What kind of destructive behaviour can often be prevented or minimized? State examples

A

Destructive behaviour that occurs as the result of normal development process
Teething, play, and investigative behaviour

125
Q

True or False:
Dogs should not be exposed to toys when they’re young

A

False; Dogs SHOULD BE exposed to SUITABLE toys when they’re young

126
Q

The ______________ of the toy can be maximized by first _________ the dog every time it plays with them

A

Attractiveness
Rewarding

127
Q

What play patterns should the toys elicit?

A

Should elicit the play patterns that the dog is likely to exhibit (be available for chewing and tearing, as well as for carrying and chasing)

128
Q

Can establishing a toy rotation be helpful? Why?

A

It may be helpful so that different toys are available each day to make them more appealing

129
Q

If the dog is caught chewing an unacceptable item, what should you do?

A

The item should be taken away and replaced with one that is acceptable

130
Q

To ________ the dog’s interest in _________ items, attempts can be made to lessen their ______

A

Decrease
Household
Appeal

131
Q

State methods to lessen a dog’s interest in household items (3)

A

Commercial products that give objects a bad taste
Motion detectors or Snappy Trainers can discourage animals from bothering specific items or areas
Items can be “booby-trapped” in other ways

132
Q

True or False:
Owners should be reminded of the advisability of “dog-proofing” the house just as they would for a young child

A

True

133
Q

True or False:
Dogs that insist on digging outside shouldn’t be provided with area to do so

A

False; Dogs that insist on digging outside CAN BE provided with their own area in which to do so

134
Q

What should the digging area provided to a dog consist of? Why?

A

Should consist of loose soil or sand to facilitate digging

135
Q

How can owners attract a dog to a digging site?

A

The owners can shallowly bury enticing items to attract the dog

136
Q

What is the most common behaviour probem in dogs and cats?

A

Aggression

137
Q

True or False:
Aggressive behaviour is not normal for most species of animals

A

False; Aggressive behaviour IS normal for most species of animals

138
Q

Define:
Aggression

A

Behaviours that animals show in situations involving social conflict

139
Q

State the parts of the agonistic behaviour system (5)

A

Submission
Avoidance
Escaping
Offensive and defensive threats
Offensive and defensive aggression

140
Q

There are many different types of __________. It may be directed against ______, _______ _______ or _________, ________, or other ____ and _______

A

Aggression
People
Family members
Strangers
Children
Dogs
Species

141
Q

State the different types of aggression (9)

A

Fearful
Territorial
Maternal
Intermale
Interfemale
Predatory
Play-related
Redirected
Various others

142
Q

The most common complaint from dog owners is __________ towards ______; the common complaint from cat owners is __________ towards other ____

A

Aggression
People
Aggression
Cats

143
Q

True or False:
The factors that determine when and where animal will display aggressive behaviour are fully understood

A

False; The factors that determine when and where animal will display aggressive behaviour are NOT fully understood

144
Q

Since the factors that determine ____ and _____ animals will display __________ _________ are not fully understood, it is ________ that preventing problems will be a ______ _______

A

When
Where
Aggressive behaviour
Unlikely
Simple process

145
Q

True or False:
In some cases, owners inadvertently reinforce aggressive behaviour by withdrawing from the pet when it acts aggressively

A

True

146
Q

What is considered the #1 public health problem in children?

A

Aggression directly at children

147
Q

In children, the highest number of bites is in which group?

A

Young boys 5-9 years of age

148
Q

More than ___ of children have sustained a ____ ______ before the age of __

A

50%
Bite injury
18

149
Q

True or False:
Dogs don’t have to be socialized to children when they are young

A

False; Dogs MUST be socialized to children when they are young

150
Q

True or False:
Children must be taught how to behave around dogs, particularly the strange ones

A

True

151
Q

Do parents often worry about dog aggression towards infants? What should be done?

A

Yes
New parents should be advised about how to introduce their new baby to their dog

152
Q

State the type of aggression that:
Result of unpredictable environment or inconsistent/inappropriate use of punishment

A

Conflict-related

153
Q

State the type of aggression that:
Is from fearful situations (i.e., noises, veterinary office)

A

Fear-induced

154
Q

State the type of aggression that:
Is characterized by instinctual stalking and pouncing with no warning growl

A

Predatory

155
Q

State the type of aggression that:
Is a protective instinct

A

Pain-induced

156
Q

State the type of aggression that:
Is a natural instinct usually eliminated by castration

A

Intermale

157
Q

State the type of aggression that:
In dogs is usually directed towards humans that are not members of their household, and in cats is usually directed towards other cats

A

Territorial

158
Q

State the type of aggression that:
Is a normal protective instinct

A

Maternal

159
Q

One way to prevent aggression problems in animals would be to select ____ that are unlikely to develop such ________

A

Pets
Problems

160
Q

Describe what “puppy tests” do and what it can be used for

A

Supposedly predict a puppy’s likelihood for dominant behaviour or aggression problems as an adult
Can be used to suggest behavioural tendencies and match puppies and new owners

161
Q

True or False:
Temperament testing may be too subjective to truly aid in matching puppies with owners

A

True

162
Q

When selecting a ___ ___ it is far more advisable to match ________ and _________

A

New pet
Activity
Lifestyle

163
Q

True or False:
Castrating male animals doesn’t reduce some forms of aggressive behaviour in many species

A

False; Castrating male animals CLEARLY reduces some forms of aggressive behaviour in many species

164
Q

Does postpubertal castration seem to be as effective as prepuberal castration?

A

Yes

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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