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My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) > (Anatomy and Physiology) Digestive System > Flashcards

(Anatomy and Physiology) Digestive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does the digestive tract start?

A

The mouth or oral cavity

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2
Q

List the parts included in the oral cavity (5)

A

Lips
Bones
Tongue
Hard and soft palates
Salivary glands

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3
Q

The combination of structures of the oral cavity is essential in order to collect ____ and start the _________ process

A

Food
Digestion

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4
Q

What does the word “prehension” describe?

A

Describes the act of taking food into the mouth of the animal

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5
Q

While __________ may use their _____ to tear an animal’s _____, ______ have mobile ____ to collect food, and ______ are aggressively using their _______ to pull food into their ______

A

Carnivores
Teeth
Flesh
Horses
Lips
Cattle
Tongues
Mouths

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6
Q

What is used to collect, cut, and grind food?

A

Teeth

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7
Q

In comparing a carnivore (such as ___ or ___) with an herbivore (such as a ___ or _____), ____________ in teeth are quite noticeable

A

Dog
Cat
Cow
Horse
Differences

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8
Q

What does a wild carnivore have to do with food? What does a herbivore have to do with food?

A

The wild carnivore has to snatch prey from the carcass and eat the flesh
The herbivore grazes vigorously ground on plant material

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9
Q

True or False:
The mechanisms of the teeth and jaw are tailored to their body size

A

False, the mechanisms of the teeth and jaw are tailored to their diet

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10
Q

List the types of teeth present in a carnivore (4)

A

Molars, premolars, canines, incisors

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11
Q

List the types of teeth present in a herbivore (3)

A

Molars, premolars, incisors

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12
Q

List the types of teeth present in an omnivore (4)

A

Molars, premolars, canines, incisors

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13
Q

Teeth are used to ______, ___ and _____ the food

A

Absorb
Cut
Grind

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14
Q

What is the first collection of teeth that comes in newborn animals mouth called?

A

Deciduous

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15
Q

What happens to the teeth as the animal matures? (2)

A

Many teeth come in
Larger permanent teeth may replace the deciduous teeth

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16
Q

What is the main teeth used to bite into the food?

A

Incisors

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17
Q

When present, what are the longest teeth used to break the food?

A

Canines

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18
Q

The canine tooth ____ is approximately _____ as long as the exposed ____

A

Root
Twice
Crown

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19
Q

State the purpose of the incisors

A

Main teeth that are used to bite into the food

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20
Q

State the purpose of canines

A

Longest teeth used to break the food

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21
Q

True or False:
It is very difficult to remove a damaged canine tooth

A

True

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22
Q

What teeth is used in crushing and grinding fruit?

A

Premolars and molars

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23
Q

What is the upper fourth premolar and lower first molar in dogs and cats known as?

A

Carnassial teeth

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24
Q

State the purpose of carnassial teeth

A

Shaped and positioned for shearing or cutting

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25
Q

Describe the deciduous, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Dogs

A

Upper: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 1 premolar, 3 molars
Lower: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 1 premolar, 3 molars

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26
Q

Describe the deciduous, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Horses

A

Upper: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 0 premolars, 3 molars
Lower: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 0 premolars, 3 molars

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27
Q

Describe the deciduous, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Cattle

A

Upper: 0 incisors, 0 canines, 0 premolars, 3 molars
Lower: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 1 premolar, 3 molars

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28
Q

Describe the permanent, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Dogs

A

Upper: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, 2 molars
Lower: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, 3 molars

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29
Q

Describe the permanent, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Horses

A

Upper: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 or 4 premolars, 2 molars
Lower: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, 3 molars

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30
Q

Describe the permanent, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Cattle

A

Upper: 0 incisors, 0 canines, 3 premolars, 3 molars
Lower: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 3 molars

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31
Q

What is different in the mare (female horse) dentition? (2)

A

Often does not have the canine tooth
The first premolar is often absent

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32
Q

The herbivores’ _________ and ______ are much more ______ and tightly ______. Why?

A

Premolars
Molars
Robust
Packed
Such teeth are designed to grind plant material repeatedly

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33
Q

As the teeth not only _____ together, but also ____ across each other, the ___ moves in a ________ fashion. Why?

A

Click
Slip
Jaw
Circular
This motion is a very efficient way to grind the material of the plant into small pieces that are easier to digest

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34
Q

How many main salivary glands are developed in the dog? What are they?

A

4
Parotid, zygomatic, mandibular, and sublingual glands

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35
Q

In other animals besides dogs, what are the main saliva producers?

A

Parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands

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36
Q

Salivary glands are the first of several digestive ________ glands. These ________ glands produce a product which is transported into the digestive _____ by an __________-lined ____

A

Exocrine
Exocrine
Tract
Epithelial
Duct

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37
Q

What is the tongue made up of? What does it do?

A

The tongue is made up of skeletal muscle
Helps to get food and pushes it in the mouth to help chew

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38
Q

The tongue forms a _____ once the food is fully grounded

A

Bolus

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39
Q

The tongues central area is ________ pressed against the hard ______, pushing the food _____ to the _______’s back

A

Dorsally
Palate
Bolus
Pharynx

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40
Q

What protects the opening to the larynx in the act of swallowing, which momentarily stops breathing?

A

Epiglottis

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41
Q

When the tongue pushes the food bolus to the pharynx’s back, where does the food go?

A

The food goes into the oesophagus and through the pharynx

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42
Q

The swallowing process occurs by guided ________ when the food _____ enters the back of the _______ behind the raised portion of the ______ and is no longer a _________ operation

A

Reflexes

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43
Q

The swallowing process occurs by guided ________ when the food _____ enters the back of the _______ behind the raised portion of the ______ and is no longer a _________ operation

A

Reflexes
Bolus
Pharynx
Tongue
Voluntary

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44
Q

What propels the food through the oesophagus? How does it happen?

A

Peristalsis
It happens with coordinated muscle contractions in the oesophageal wall (the inner muscle layer is circularly distributed around the oesophagus)

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45
Q

A layer contracts toward the ______ behind the food _____

A

Stomach
Bolus

46
Q

How many regions is the stomach divided into?

A

5

47
Q

What is the cardia of the stomach?

A

The oesophagus-related area of the inlet

48
Q

What is the fundus of the stomach?

A

The stomach’s pouch-like end that allows for growth

49
Q

What is the rugae of the stomach? When is it present? What does it allow?

A

The folds in the lining
Present when the stomach is empty and very small
Allows the stomach to expand for a big meal

50
Q

What are the main storage areas in the stomach called? (2)

A

Body and Fundus

51
Q

What is essential for digestion and processing the nutrients absorbed after digestion? Where is it?

A

The liver
Immediately in front of the stomach

52
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile, a fluid that is contained in the gallbladder

53
Q

The liver and gallbladder interact through the ______ ____ ____ with the _____ _________

A

Common bile duct
Small intestine

54
Q

In the small intestine, bile formed by the _____ can be ______ directly or _________ in the ___________

A

Liver
Drained
Deposited
Gallbladder

55
Q

How many parts is the small intestine divided into? What are they?

A

3
The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum

56
Q

Describe the duodenum (2)

A

The first relatively short segment
Closely linked to the exocrine gland, the pancreas

57
Q

The jejunum is the ______ ____ region, the ileum is the _____ region

A

Middle long
Final

58
Q

The ileum refers to the _____ or _____ _________

A

Colon
Large intestine

59
Q

What is the ileocecal sphincter?

A

A sphincter at the end of the ileum that opens to allow movement into the colon, and closes to prevent backward flow into the small intestine

60
Q

What is the cecum?

A

A blind pouch off the colon at the start of the large intestine where the ileum connects

61
Q

True or False:
The large intestine name describes the organ’s size, the large bowel is much longer than the small bowel

A

False; The large intestine name describes the organ’s diameter, the large bowel is much shorter than the small bowel

62
Q

The large intestine is divided into the ______ that ______, __________, and _______

A

Colons
Ascend
Transverse
Descend

63
Q

The colon that descends leads into the ______. Where is this?

A

Rectum, the end of the intestinal tract as it leaves the anus at the mouth

64
Q

The anus has a muscle _________ which controls the __________ act. It has ___ ______ ____

A

Sphincter
Defecation
Two muscle rings

65
Q

What is the anus muscle sphincter controlled by? (2)

A

The internal muscle ring is regulated by the autonomic nervous system
The external muscle ring is regulated by voluntary control

66
Q

What is the whole interior of the abdomen filled with? Describe it

A

The peritoneum: a thin, smooth epithelial layer with a connective tissue surrounding it

67
Q

True or False:
Within the abdominal cavity, various connective structures help to support and protect the organs

A

True

68
Q

What does the smooth peritoneum allow?

A

Allows the organs within the abdomen to move freely

69
Q

What is the small intestine lined with?

A

Tiny finger-like villi projections, every villus has even smaller microvilli

70
Q

True or False:
Villi and microvilli increase the intestinal space

A

False, villi and microvilli significantly increase the intestinal lining surface area

71
Q

What protects the villi?

A

A plain columnar epithelium protects the villi

72
Q

What is in each villi? Why?

A

There is a rich blood supply in each villus to help absorb nutrients

73
Q

What does the partially digested food supplied to the small intestine consist of? (4)

A

Short peptides
Disaccharides
Fatty acids
Monoglycerides

74
Q

The microvilli are guarded by many _______ that complete _________ into individual _____ _____ and simple ______

A

Enzymes
Digestion
Amino acids
Sugars

75
Q

The _____ _____, _____________ (as well as many ________), ____________ and _____ are consumed and distributed to the bloodstream through the _______ cells

A

Amino acids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Electrolytes
Water
Mucosal

76
Q

Where are many vitamins and iron also retained in? Why?

A

The liver, serves as a buffer for diminishing levels

77
Q

There are many _______ in the liver cells that help break down ______ and ___________

A

Enzymes
Toxins
Medications

78
Q

True or False:
The specific enzymes used to kill a drug improves if the liver is exposed to the same medicine for long periods of time

A

True

79
Q

What is phenobarbital?

A

A medicine used to help prevent dog and cat seizures. For many years, many of these animals have been given phenobarbital

80
Q

By removing the drug from the body, the _____ becomes more and more _________. When this happens, blood levels ________ and the frequency of seizures can ________. This may allow the animal to receive a ______ dose to retain the same _____________

A

Liver
Recipient
Decrease
Increase
Higher
Concentration

81
Q

State the type, source, location of action, and action of:
Salivary amylase

A

Digestive Juice
Salivary glands
Mouth
Digests starch

82
Q

State the type, source, location of action, and action of (2):
HCl

A

Digestive Juice
Parietal cells (stomach)
Stomach
Degrades proteins, activates pepsin

83
Q

State the type, source, location of action, and action of (2):
Pepsin

A

Digestive Juice
Chief cells (stomach)
Stomach
Digests protein, activates pepsin

84
Q

State the type, source, location of action, and action of:
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

A

Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Digests protein

85
Q

State the type, source, location of action, and action of (2):
Sodium bicarbonate

A

Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Raises pH of chyme, inactivates pepsin

86
Q

State the type, source, location of action, and action of:
Lipase

A

Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Digests fat

87
Q

State the type, source (2), location of action, and action of:
Bile salts

A

Digestive Juice
Liver, gallbladder
Small intestine
Emulsifies fat

88
Q

State the type, source, location of action, and action of:
Amylase

A

Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Digests starch

89
Q

State the type, source, location of action, and action of (2):
Nuclease

A

Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Digests RNA and DNA

90
Q

State the type, source, target organ, and action of:
Gastrin

A

Hormone
Stomach
Stomach
Increases HCl release

91
Q

State the type, source, target organ (2), and action of (2):
Secretin

A

Hormone
Duodenum
Pancreas and liver
Increases bicarbonate release, increases bile production by liver

92
Q

State the type, source, target organ (2), and action of (2):
Cholecystokinin

A

Hormone
Duodenum
Pancreas and gallbladder
Increases release of enzymes from pancreas, empties gallbladder

93
Q

State the type, source, target organ, and action of:
Gastric inhibitory peptide

A

Hormone
Duodenum
Stomach
Decreases activity of stomach

94
Q

The small intestine consumes the vast majority of all the ingested ____ ________ components. The substance going into the intestine consists primarily of ____________ ________ and _____

A

Food nutrient
Indigestible materials
Urine

95
Q

What is the much of the residue going into the large intestine made of? What does it do?

A

Plant buffer
This fiber feeds the huge population of bacteria in the large intestine

96
Q

True or False:
The population of bacteria is so high in the large intestine that bacterial cells can be up to half of the feces

A

True

97
Q

Some of the bacteria in the large intestine produce ________ that the animal then ________

A

Vitamins
Consumes

98
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Absorb water and feces’ electrolytes

99
Q

When does water absorption take place?

A

During the 12 to 24-hour period spent in the colon by fecal material

100
Q

What happens when the time spent in the colon by fecal material is reduced? Why?

A

Diarrhoea occurs; There is insufficient time for the large intestine to absorb enough water and liquefy the feces

101
Q

What happens when the time spent in the colon by fecal material is longer than normal? Why?

A

Constipation happens; The resulting feces get very dry

102
Q

True or False:
Any illness that affects the amount of time spent in the colon by fecal material won’t affect anything

A

False; Any illness that affects this timing will cause the animal’s digestive problems

103
Q

As the rectum is filled with _____ material, stretch _________ in the ____ induce the inner muscle ____ to relax. With the desire to ________, this activates the ______

A

Fecal
Receptors
Anus
Ring
Defecate
Animal

104
Q

Describe the defecation process (2)

A

Involves voluntary as well as involuntary muscle contraction
The anus’ external muscle ring relaxes under voluntary control as the colon and rectum contract to push the feces out

105
Q

What helps in defecation by improving strength? (2)

A

Abdominal musculature contraction
Diaphragm

106
Q

List common causes of equine colic (11)

A

Accumulation of gas in intestines
Intestinal cramping or spasms
Impaction and constipation
Twisted intestine or colon
Abdominal tumours
Accumulation of sand in intestines
Parasitism
Intussusception
Peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)
Stomach dilation
Hernia

107
Q

State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Dog

A

Cecum: 1%
Colon and Rectum: 13%
Reticulorumen: N/A

108
Q

State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Horse

A

Cecum: 15%
Colon and Rectum: 54%
Reticulorumen: N/A

109
Q

State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Rabbit

A

Cecum: 43%
Colon and Rectum: 8%
Reticulorumen: N/A

110
Q

State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Human

A

Cecum: <1%
Colon and Rectum: 17%
Reticulorumen: N/A

111
Q

State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Cattle

A

Cecum: 5%
Colon and Rectum: 5-8%
Reticulorumen: 64%

112
Q

State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Sheep

A

Cecum: 8%
Colon and Rectum: 4%
Reticulorumen: 71%

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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