(Anatomy and Physiology) Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Where does the digestive tract start?
A
The mouth or oral cavity
2
Q
List the parts included in the oral cavity (5)
A
Lips
Bones
Tongue
Hard and soft palates
Salivary glands
3
Q
The combination of structures of the oral cavity is essential in order to collect ____ and start the _________ process
A
Food
Digestion
4
Q
What does the word “prehension” describe?
A
Describes the act of taking food into the mouth of the animal
5
Q
While __________ may use their _____ to tear an animal’s _____, ______ have mobile ____ to collect food, and ______ are aggressively using their _______ to pull food into their ______
A
Carnivores
Teeth
Flesh
Horses
Lips
Cattle
Tongues
Mouths
6
Q
What is used to collect, cut, and grind food?
A
Teeth
7
Q
In comparing a carnivore (such as ___ or ___) with an herbivore (such as a ___ or _____), ____________ in teeth are quite noticeable
A
Dog
Cat
Cow
Horse
Differences
8
Q
What does a wild carnivore have to do with food? What does a herbivore have to do with food?
A
The wild carnivore has to snatch prey from the carcass and eat the flesh
The herbivore grazes vigorously ground on plant material
9
Q
True or False:
The mechanisms of the teeth and jaw are tailored to their body size
A
False, the mechanisms of the teeth and jaw are tailored to their diet
10
Q
List the types of teeth present in a carnivore (4)
A
Molars, premolars, canines, incisors
11
Q
List the types of teeth present in a herbivore (3)
A
Molars, premolars, incisors
12
Q
List the types of teeth present in an omnivore (4)
A
Molars, premolars, canines, incisors
13
Q
Teeth are used to ______, ___ and _____ the food
A
Absorb
Cut
Grind
14
Q
What is the first collection of teeth that comes in newborn animals mouth called?
A
Deciduous
15
Q
What happens to the teeth as the animal matures? (2)
A
Many teeth come in
Larger permanent teeth may replace the deciduous teeth
16
Q
What is the main teeth used to bite into the food?
A
Incisors
17
Q
When present, what are the longest teeth used to break the food?
A
Canines
18
Q
The canine tooth ____ is approximately _____ as long as the exposed ____
A
Root
Twice
Crown
19
Q
State the purpose of the incisors
A
Main teeth that are used to bite into the food
20
Q
State the purpose of canines
A
Longest teeth used to break the food
21
Q
True or False:
It is very difficult to remove a damaged canine tooth
A
True
22
Q
What teeth is used in crushing and grinding fruit?
A
Premolars and molars
23
Q
What is the upper fourth premolar and lower first molar in dogs and cats known as?
A
Carnassial teeth
24
Q
State the purpose of carnassial teeth
A
Shaped and positioned for shearing or cutting
25
Describe the deciduous, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Dogs
Upper: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 1 premolar, 3 molars
Lower: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 1 premolar, 3 molars
26
Describe the deciduous, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Horses
Upper: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 0 premolars, 3 molars
Lower: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 0 premolars, 3 molars
27
Describe the deciduous, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Cattle
Upper: 0 incisors, 0 canines, 0 premolars, 3 molars
Lower: 0 incisors, 3 canines, 1 premolar, 3 molars
28
Describe the permanent, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Dogs
Upper: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, 2 molars
Lower: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, 3 molars
29
Describe the permanent, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Horses
Upper: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 or 4 premolars, 2 molars
Lower: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, 3 molars
30
Describe the permanent, one-side of mouth dentition of:
Cattle
Upper: 0 incisors, 0 canines, 3 premolars, 3 molars
Lower: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 3 molars
31
What is different in the mare (female horse) dentition? (2)
Often does not have the canine tooth
The first premolar is often absent
32
The herbivores' _________ and ______ are much more ______ and tightly ______. Why?
Premolars
Molars
Robust
Packed
Such teeth are designed to grind plant material repeatedly
33
As the teeth not only _____ together, but also ____ across each other, the ___ moves in a ________ fashion. Why?
Click
Slip
Jaw
Circular
This motion is a very efficient way to grind the material of the plant into small pieces that are easier to digest
34
How many main salivary glands are developed in the dog? What are they?
4
Parotid, zygomatic, mandibular, and sublingual glands
35
In other animals besides dogs, what are the main saliva producers?
Parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands
36
Salivary glands are the first of several digestive ________ glands. These ________ glands produce a product which is transported into the digestive _____ by an __________-lined ____
Exocrine
Exocrine
Tract
Epithelial
Duct
37
What is the tongue made up of? What does it do?
The tongue is made up of skeletal muscle
Helps to get food and pushes it in the mouth to help chew
38
The tongue forms a _____ once the food is fully grounded
Bolus
39
The tongues central area is ________ pressed against the hard ______, pushing the food _____ to the _______'s back
Dorsally
Palate
Bolus
Pharynx
40
What protects the opening to the larynx in the act of swallowing, which momentarily stops breathing?
Epiglottis
41
When the tongue pushes the food bolus to the pharynx's back, where does the food go?
The food goes into the oesophagus and through the pharynx
42
The swallowing process occurs by guided ________ when the food _____ enters the back of the _______ behind the raised portion of the ______ and is no longer a _________ operation
Reflexes
43
The swallowing process occurs by guided ________ when the food _____ enters the back of the _______ behind the raised portion of the ______ and is no longer a _________ operation
Reflexes
Bolus
Pharynx
Tongue
Voluntary
44
What propels the food through the oesophagus? How does it happen?
Peristalsis
It happens with coordinated muscle contractions in the oesophageal wall (the inner muscle layer is circularly distributed around the oesophagus)
45
A layer contracts toward the ______ behind the food _____
Stomach
Bolus
46
How many regions is the stomach divided into?
5
47
What is the cardia of the stomach?
The oesophagus-related area of the inlet
48
What is the fundus of the stomach?
The stomach's pouch-like end that allows for growth
49
What is the rugae of the stomach? When is it present? What does it allow?
The folds in the lining
Present when the stomach is empty and very small
Allows the stomach to expand for a big meal
50
What are the main storage areas in the stomach called? (2)
Body and Fundus
51
What is essential for digestion and processing the nutrients absorbed after digestion? Where is it?
The liver
Immediately in front of the stomach
52
What does the liver produce?
Bile, a fluid that is contained in the gallbladder
53
The liver and gallbladder interact through the ______ ____ ____ with the _____ _________
Common bile duct
Small intestine
54
In the small intestine, bile formed by the _____ can be ______ directly or _________ in the ___________
Liver
Drained
Deposited
Gallbladder
55
How many parts is the small intestine divided into? What are they?
3
The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
56
Describe the duodenum (2)
The first relatively short segment
Closely linked to the exocrine gland, the pancreas
57
The jejunum is the ______ ____ region, the ileum is the _____ region
Middle long
Final
58
The ileum refers to the _____ or _____ _________
Colon
Large intestine
59
What is the ileocecal sphincter?
A sphincter at the end of the ileum that opens to allow movement into the colon, and closes to prevent backward flow into the small intestine
60
What is the cecum?
A blind pouch off the colon at the start of the large intestine where the ileum connects
61
True or False:
The large intestine name describes the organ's size, the large bowel is much longer than the small bowel
False; The large intestine name describes the organ's diameter, the large bowel is much shorter than the small bowel
62
The large intestine is divided into the ______ that ______, __________, and _______
Colons
Ascend
Transverse
Descend
63
The colon that descends leads into the ______. Where is this?
Rectum, the end of the intestinal tract as it leaves the anus at the mouth
64
The anus has a muscle _________ which controls the __________ act. It has ___ ______ ____
Sphincter
Defecation
Two muscle rings
65
What is the anus muscle sphincter controlled by? (2)
The internal muscle ring is regulated by the autonomic nervous system
The external muscle ring is regulated by voluntary control
66
What is the whole interior of the abdomen filled with? Describe it
The peritoneum: a thin, smooth epithelial layer with a connective tissue surrounding it
67
True or False:
Within the abdominal cavity, various connective structures help to support and protect the organs
True
68
What does the smooth peritoneum allow?
Allows the organs within the abdomen to move freely
69
What is the small intestine lined with?
Tiny finger-like villi projections, every villus has even smaller microvilli
70
True or False:
Villi and microvilli increase the intestinal space
False, villi and microvilli significantly increase the intestinal lining surface area
71
What protects the villi?
A plain columnar epithelium protects the villi
72
What is in each villi? Why?
There is a rich blood supply in each villus to help absorb nutrients
73
What does the partially digested food supplied to the small intestine consist of? (4)
Short peptides
Disaccharides
Fatty acids
Monoglycerides
74
The microvilli are guarded by many _______ that complete _________ into individual _____ _____ and simple ______
Enzymes
Digestion
Amino acids
Sugars
75
The _____ _____, _____________ (as well as many ________), ____________ and _____ are consumed and distributed to the bloodstream through the _______ cells
Amino acids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Electrolytes
Water
Mucosal
76
Where are many vitamins and iron also retained in? Why?
The liver, serves as a buffer for diminishing levels
77
There are many _______ in the liver cells that help break down ______ and ___________
Enzymes
Toxins
Medications
78
True or False:
The specific enzymes used to kill a drug improves if the liver is exposed to the same medicine for long periods of time
True
79
What is phenobarbital?
A medicine used to help prevent dog and cat seizures. For many years, many of these animals have been given phenobarbital
80
By removing the drug from the body, the _____ becomes more and more _________. When this happens, blood levels ________ and the frequency of seizures can ________. This may allow the animal to receive a ______ dose to retain the same _____________
Liver
Recipient
Decrease
Increase
Higher
Concentration
81
State the type, source, location of action, and action of:
Salivary amylase
Digestive Juice
Salivary glands
Mouth
Digests starch
82
State the type, source, location of action, and action of (2):
HCl
Digestive Juice
Parietal cells (stomach)
Stomach
Degrades proteins, activates pepsin
83
State the type, source, location of action, and action of (2):
Pepsin
Digestive Juice
Chief cells (stomach)
Stomach
Digests protein, activates pepsin
84
State the type, source, location of action, and action of:
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Digests protein
85
State the type, source, location of action, and action of (2):
Sodium bicarbonate
Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Raises pH of chyme, inactivates pepsin
86
State the type, source, location of action, and action of:
Lipase
Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Digests fat
87
State the type, source (2), location of action, and action of:
Bile salts
Digestive Juice
Liver, gallbladder
Small intestine
Emulsifies fat
88
State the type, source, location of action, and action of:
Amylase
Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Digests starch
89
State the type, source, location of action, and action of (2):
Nuclease
Digestive Juice
Pancreas
Small intestine
Digests RNA and DNA
90
State the type, source, target organ, and action of:
Gastrin
Hormone
Stomach
Stomach
Increases HCl release
91
State the type, source, target organ (2), and action of (2):
Secretin
Hormone
Duodenum
Pancreas and liver
Increases bicarbonate release, increases bile production by liver
92
State the type, source, target organ (2), and action of (2):
Cholecystokinin
Hormone
Duodenum
Pancreas and gallbladder
Increases release of enzymes from pancreas, empties gallbladder
93
State the type, source, target organ, and action of:
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Hormone
Duodenum
Stomach
Decreases activity of stomach
94
The small intestine consumes the vast majority of all the ingested ____ ________ components. The substance going into the intestine consists primarily of ____________ ________ and _____
Food nutrient
Indigestible materials
Urine
95
What is the much of the residue going into the large intestine made of? What does it do?
Plant buffer
This fiber feeds the huge population of bacteria in the large intestine
96
True or False:
The population of bacteria is so high in the large intestine that bacterial cells can be up to half of the feces
True
97
Some of the bacteria in the large intestine produce ________ that the animal then ________
Vitamins
Consumes
98
What is the main function of the large intestine?
Absorb water and feces' electrolytes
99
When does water absorption take place?
During the 12 to 24-hour period spent in the colon by fecal material
100
What happens when the time spent in the colon by fecal material is reduced? Why?
Diarrhoea occurs; There is insufficient time for the large intestine to absorb enough water and liquefy the feces
101
What happens when the time spent in the colon by fecal material is longer than normal? Why?
Constipation happens; The resulting feces get very dry
102
True or False:
Any illness that affects the amount of time spent in the colon by fecal material won't affect anything
False; Any illness that affects this timing will cause the animal's digestive problems
103
As the rectum is filled with _____ material, stretch _________ in the ____ induce the inner muscle ____ to relax. With the desire to ________, this activates the ______
Fecal
Receptors
Anus
Ring
Defecate
Animal
104
Describe the defecation process (2)
Involves voluntary as well as involuntary muscle contraction
The anus' external muscle ring relaxes under voluntary control as the colon and rectum contract to push the feces out
105
What helps in defecation by improving strength? (2)
Abdominal musculature contraction
Diaphragm
106
List common causes of equine colic (11)
Accumulation of gas in intestines
Intestinal cramping or spasms
Impaction and constipation
Twisted intestine or colon
Abdominal tumours
Accumulation of sand in intestines
Parasitism
Intussusception
Peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)
Stomach dilation
Hernia
107
State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Dog
Cecum: 1%
Colon and Rectum: 13%
Reticulorumen: N/A
108
State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Horse
Cecum: 15%
Colon and Rectum: 54%
Reticulorumen: N/A
109
State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Rabbit
Cecum: 43%
Colon and Rectum: 8%
Reticulorumen: N/A
110
State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Human
Cecum: <1%
Colon and Rectum: 17%
Reticulorumen: N/A
111
State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Cattle
Cecum: 5%
Colon and Rectum: 5-8%
Reticulorumen: 64%
112
State the percentage of the entire intestinal tract made up by the cecum, colon and rectum, and reticulorumen of a:
Sheep
Cecum: 8%
Colon and Rectum: 4%
Reticulorumen: 71%
