(Anatomy and Physiology) Renal System Flashcards
1
Q
The _______ produce urine and are just ventral to and on either side of the _____ in the dorsal part of the abdomen
A
Kidneys
Spine
2
Q
What lines the entire abdominal cavity?
A
The peritoneum, a thin sheet of connective tissue
3
Q
The peritoneum has a similar structure to the:
A
Pleura, forms the thoracic cavity and lungs
4
Q
The kidneys lie between the __________ and the adjacent _______ of the _____
A
Peritoneum
Muscles
Spine
5
Q
True or False:
Kidneys are located in the abdomen
A
Not necessarily located in the abdomen, but in the retroperitoneal area
6
Q
The kidneys are organs in the form of _______ _____ _____. In most species, the kidney surface is very ______
A
Reddish brown beans
Smooth
7
Q
What are present in the central region of the kidneys? (3)
A
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
8
Q
What provides the kidney with blood?
A
The abdominal aorta branching the renal artery
9
Q
Every minute, as much as __% to __% of the blood pumped from the heart travels through the kidney
A
20
25
10
Q
The renal vein returns the blood to the ______ ____ ____ that has passed through the kidney
A
Caudal vena cava
11
Q
Define:
Ureter
A
The tubular structure that carries urine to the urinary bladder, emerges from each kidney
12
Q
The ureter is filled by ____________ __________, allowing changes in _______ ________
A
Transitional epithelium
Opening diameter
13
Q
True or False:
The urinary bladder’s wall irrespective of the animal’s place
A
True
14
Q
At a sharp angle, the ureters enter the ________ and at the opening have a _____ _________
A
Bladder
Rigid sphincter
15
Q
True or False:
There is no reverse flow from the kidneys to bladder
A
True, the mixture means that from the bladder to the kidneys there is no reverse flow
16
Q
A ______ organ, the urinary bladder has a great ability to ______ in order to store _____
A
Hollow
Expand
Urine
17
Q
What is the bladder filled by?
A
Intermediate epithelium
18
Q
What does the epithelium in an empty bladder look like compared to a fully distended bladder?
A
The epithelium appears to be thick at least six or seven layers of cells in the empty bladder.
It appears to be only a few cells thick in the fully distended bladder
19
Q
How is the prevention of reverse flow between kidneys and bladder useful?
A
Very useful in preserving the kidneys when there is a bacterial infection in the bladder
20
Q
What are the functions of the bladder? (3)
A
Urine collection
Urine storage
Controls urine release
21
Q
As it reaches the urethra, the bladder _______
A
Narrows
22
Q
What protects the neck of the bladder? What does it create?
A
A band of skeletal muscle in the wall
Creates a sphincter
23
Q
Is the sphincter of the bladder controlled autonomously or consciously?
A
Both; As pressure within the bladder increases, stretch receptors indicate urination
24
Q
The ______ muscle in the bladder ____ contracts simultaneously driving _____ into the ________
A
Smooth
Wall
Urine
Urethra
25
What is the external urine release process called? (2)
Urination or Micturition
26
What does the urethra do? How does it function?
Takes urine out of the body, has a muscle wall that enables urethra to be controlled
27
True or False:
A male's urethra is much shorter than a female's
False, a male's urethra is much longer than a female's
28
The rate of urinary ____________ in females is higher. Inappropriate moments, animals with this disorder spill _____
Incontinence
Urine
29
What does it mean for an animal to be "spayed"?
Having the ovaries and uterus removed
30
Give an example of urinary incontinence and the reason why
Spayed older female dogs, these dogs frequently leak urine while they sleep because they are reacting to an estrogen supplement (a hormone that the ovaries normally produce)
31
Males are ____ likely to have bladder infections with their ______ and ________ urethra
Less
Longer
Narrower
32
What is a more common problem in male urinary pathways?
Small bladder stones that cause urinary obstruction
33
Male dogs have a _____ bone (called the __ _____) that passes through the _______
Penis
Os penis
Urethra
34
True or False:
The part of the urethra where the penis bone passes through is the widest part of the urethra
False, it is the narrowest part of the urethra
35
Where can a small stone pass through before getting trapped? What happens when the stone gets trapped?
Pass from the bladder and through the urethra before the os penis bone area
Makes it impossible for the dog to drain the bladder
36
What is the primary function of the renal system?
To eliminate nitrogen-containing waste from the body
37
Where do most of the nitrogen-containing wastes come from?
Most of these wastes are caused by protein and amino acid breakdowns
38
With the metabolization of the amino acids, what is formed?
Ammonia (NH3)
39
Ammonia is particularly ______-toxic. The _____ converts ammonia into ____ that is far less harmful to the animal. In this process, ammonia is mixed to produce ____ with ______ _______
Tissue
Liver
Urea
Urea
Carbon dioxide
40
___________ are also compounds that contain nitrogen. Their breakdown results in ____ ____ _________
Nucleotides
Uric acid formation
41
What do mammals have that breaks the uric acid further? What happens from this?
An enzyme
Higher amounts of uric acid are excreted by the kidney
42
The kidneys are also important to control the ___________ levels of ______, ________, and _________
Bloodstream
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
43
What can increase the loss of electrolytes? What works to preserve the blood's electrolytes?
Vomiting and diarrhoea can increase the loss of electrolytes
The kidneys work to preserve the blood's electrolytes
44
When the intake of electrolytes become inadequate, the kidneys permit the _________ of ______ amounts in the _____
Excretion
Higher
Burin
45
The kidneys, together with the ___________ system, help control __ in the _____
Respiratory
pH
Blood
46
What do the kidneys do when the blood pH drops (becomes more acidic)?
The kidneys excrete a higher amount of hydrogen ions
47
The urine pH may vary from ______ to _______, as the kidneys help maintain a normal range of pH in the blood
Acidic
Neutral
48
How many regions does kidney sectioning reveal?
3 different regions
49
What does the kidney divide externally into? (3)
The outer cortex
The medulla
The innermost kidney pelvis
50
The kidney's ______ and _______ are microscopic ________
Cortex
Medulla
Nephrons
51
What is the actual urine produced by? What is it?
Nephron, a structural unit
52
How is urine produced by the kidney?
The kidney produces urine by collecting the nephron's blood. Large molecules are pushed into the filtrate by passive force
53
What doesn't enter the filtrate? (2)
Large molecules of protein (albumin, etc.)
Blood cells
54
A large amount of ____________ and _________ performed in the nephron tubules regulates the _____ released
Reabsorption
Secretion
Urine
55
Describe the structure of the nephron
A tubular structure closing at one end and an opening at the other end
56
What is the nephron's closed end in the cortex folded into?
The capsule called Bowman's structure
57
The capsule of Bowman is wrapped around what?
A capillary ring called the glomerulus
58
What are the three parts of the nephron? (3)
The proximal convoluted tubule
The Henle's loop
The distal tubule
59
Describe:
Henle's Loop
A long, thin loop extending into the renal medulla; Makes a sharp turn and returns to the capsule in the cortex of Bowman's field
60
What does the nephron produce in a complicated process?
Urine
61
Where does the process of urine production occur in the nephron?
The glomerulus
62
The process begins in the glomerulus, where _____ is delivered to the glomerular ___________ by the afferent _________. Within these capillaries, the ______ pushes _____ and small _________ into the capsule of ______
Blood
Capillaries
Arteriole
Strain
Water
Molecules
Bowman
63
What must the filtrate pass through? (2)
Bowman's capsule's capillary endothelium and basement membrane
64
What is the driving force for filtrating in the afferent arterioles?
Blood pressure
65
Define:
Oncotic pressure within the blood
Osmotic pressure caused by the large protein cells
66
_______ pressure within the blood and pressure within the capsule of ______ alleviate some of that ________
Oncotic
Bowman
Pressure
67
True or False:
The difference between the forces/pressures controls the glomerular filtration rate
True
68
Where does the filtered fluid move through?
The proximal tubule
69
What are the proximal tubular epithelial cells abundant with? What do they do?
Mitochondria, consume many of the basic molecules (thus the proximal tubule consumes many of the basic molecules)
70
True or False:
In the active transport cycle, the proximal tubular epithelial cells use a large amount of energy
True
71
The proximal tubule consumes much of the ____, _____ _____, ________ and ____ in the filtrate
Food
Amino acids
Vitamins
Ions
72
What is the renin-angiotensin system?
A mechanism to help control blood pressure
73
Describe the renin-angiotensin system (2)
The kidney releases renin as blood pressure drops
It contributes to the production of angiotensin and release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands
74
Give an example of when blood pressure could drop
Could occur with dehydration
75
The release of renin with the drop of blood pressure contributes to the production/release of what? (2)
Production of angiotensin
Release of aldosterone
76
What is urinalysis?
Using urine to determine certain aspects of an animal health
77
True or False:
Veterinarians can use urine to determine certain aspects of an animal's health
True
78
Define:
Specific gravity (2)
The concentration of urine
Theoretically a liquid's weight relative to that of distilled water
79
The more concentrated the urine becomes, the ______ the specific gravity (i.e., the more ______ in the urine)
Higher
Solute
80
What is used to calculate the specific gravity?
A refractometer
81
True or False:
Urine collection method doesn't influence the number of cells in the urine
False, the urine collection method can influence the number of cells in the urine
82
Free capture urine will easily contain what?
Increased numbers of bacteria
83
When is free capture urine collected?
Collected while the animal is urinating
84
List the common tests of urine test strips (7)
Urobilinogen
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin
Protein
Blood
pH
85
State the significance of urine test strip for:
Urobilinogen (2)
Used more commonly in human medicine to evaluate liver disease or the breakdown of red blood cells
Less useful in veterinary medicine (as test strips used as designed for human urinalysis)
86
State the significance of urine test strip for:
Glucose (2)
Used to screen for diabetes (diabetic animals have elevated blood sugar as the kidneys are unable to conserve all the sugar once the level becomes too high)
Also used to monitor control of blood sugar once treatment has begun
87
State the significance of urine test strip for:
Ketones (2)
In dogs and cats, the presence of ketones is typical of an animal with uncontrolled diabetes
Ketones result when metabolism is shifted from carbohydrates to lipids
88
State the significance of urine test strip for:
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is found in the urine of animals with liver disease or excessive blood cell breakdown
89
How is bilirubin formed in the body? How is bilirubin normally cleared from the blood?
Formed in the breakdown process of hemoglobin
Normally cleared from the blood by the liver and excreted in bile
90
True or False:
Aged red blood cells are removed from the circulation in organs such as the liver
False, aged red blood cells are removed from the circulation in organs such as the spleen
91
State the significance of urine test strip for:
Protein
Protein in the urine can be present with a disease of the glomerulus (making it leaky) or with inflammation of the urinary tract (such as bladder infection)
92
Why is protein usually not in urine?
Proteins are large molecules that are not normally filtered into the urine
93
True or False:
A small amount of protein may normally be detected in very concentrated urine
True
94
State the significance of urine test strip for:
Blood (2)
Blood can be present in diseases that cause inflammation of the urinary tract, much like protein (bladder infections, stones, tumors, and trauma can all cause blood to be present in the urine)
Bleeding disorders may also cause the test to be positive
95
What blood does the urine test strip detect?
Occult blood (Blood that cannot be visibly seen in the urine)
96
State the significance of urine test strip for:
pH (3)
Urine pH is influenced by diet and disease states in the body:
Acidic pH is typical of animals with a meat diet or with acidosis (the kidney attempting to rid the body of excess acid)
Basic/alkaline pH is typical of animals with a cereal grain diet, some urinary tract infections, and alkalosis in the body
97
Estimate the percent dehydration based on the clinical presentation:
Eyes slightly sunken, skin turgor slightly slower, moist membranes
6-7
98
Estimate the percent dehydration based on the clinical presentation:
Eyes obviously sunken, skin turgor obviously slower, membrane tacky
8-9
99
Estimate the percent dehydration based on the clinical presentation:
Eyes deeply sunken, skin very slow to return to normal position, membranes dry
10-12
100
List the prerenal cause(s) resulting in decrease blood flow to the kidney causing acute renal failure (4)
Severe blood loss
Dehydration
Heat stroke
Shock
101
List the renal cause(s) of acute renal failure (5)
Toxins
Autoimmune diseases
Trauma
Infection
Tumours
102
What are toxins that may cause acute renal failure? (8)
Certain antibiotics
Cancer drugs
Acetaminophen
Lead
Mercury
Ethylene glycol
Solvents
Snake venom
103
List the postrenal cause(s) of acute renal failure
Urinary outflow obstructions (e.g., bladder stones preventing urination)
