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My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) > (Anatomy and Physiology) Renal System > Flashcards

(Anatomy and Physiology) Renal System Flashcards

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1
Q

The _______ produce urine and are just ventral to and on either side of the _____ in the dorsal part of the abdomen

A

Kidneys
Spine

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2
Q

What lines the entire abdominal cavity?

A

The peritoneum, a thin sheet of connective tissue

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3
Q

The peritoneum has a similar structure to the:

A

Pleura, forms the thoracic cavity and lungs

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4
Q

The kidneys lie between the __________ and the adjacent _______ of the _____

A

Peritoneum
Muscles
Spine

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5
Q

True or False:
Kidneys are located in the abdomen

A

Not necessarily located in the abdomen, but in the retroperitoneal area

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6
Q

The kidneys are organs in the form of _______ _____ _____. In most species, the kidney surface is very ______

A

Reddish brown beans
Smooth

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7
Q

What are present in the central region of the kidneys? (3)

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter

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8
Q

What provides the kidney with blood?

A

The abdominal aorta branching the renal artery

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9
Q

Every minute, as much as __% to __% of the blood pumped from the heart travels through the kidney

A

20
25

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10
Q

The renal vein returns the blood to the ______ ____ ____ that has passed through the kidney

A

Caudal vena cava

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11
Q

Define:
Ureter

A

The tubular structure that carries urine to the urinary bladder, emerges from each kidney

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12
Q

The ureter is filled by ____________ __________, allowing changes in _______ ________

A

Transitional epithelium
Opening diameter

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13
Q

True or False:
The urinary bladder’s wall irrespective of the animal’s place

A

True

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14
Q

At a sharp angle, the ureters enter the ________ and at the opening have a _____ _________

A

Bladder
Rigid sphincter

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15
Q

True or False:
There is no reverse flow from the kidneys to bladder

A

True, the mixture means that from the bladder to the kidneys there is no reverse flow

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16
Q

A ______ organ, the urinary bladder has a great ability to ______ in order to store _____

A

Hollow
Expand
Urine

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17
Q

What is the bladder filled by?

A

Intermediate epithelium

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18
Q

What does the epithelium in an empty bladder look like compared to a fully distended bladder?

A

The epithelium appears to be thick at least six or seven layers of cells in the empty bladder.
It appears to be only a few cells thick in the fully distended bladder

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19
Q

How is the prevention of reverse flow between kidneys and bladder useful?

A

Very useful in preserving the kidneys when there is a bacterial infection in the bladder

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20
Q

What are the functions of the bladder? (3)

A

Urine collection
Urine storage
Controls urine release

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21
Q

As it reaches the urethra, the bladder _______

A

Narrows

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22
Q

What protects the neck of the bladder? What does it create?

A

A band of skeletal muscle in the wall
Creates a sphincter

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23
Q

Is the sphincter of the bladder controlled autonomously or consciously?

A

Both; As pressure within the bladder increases, stretch receptors indicate urination

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24
Q

The ______ muscle in the bladder ____ contracts simultaneously driving _____ into the ________

A

Smooth
Wall
Urine
Urethra

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25
Q

What is the external urine release process called? (2)

A

Urination or Micturition

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26
Q

What does the urethra do? How does it function?

A

Takes urine out of the body, has a muscle wall that enables urethra to be controlled

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27
Q

True or False:
A male’s urethra is much shorter than a female’s

A

False, a male’s urethra is much longer than a female’s

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28
Q

The rate of urinary ____________ in females is higher. Inappropriate moments, animals with this disorder spill _____

A

Incontinence
Urine

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29
Q

What does it mean for an animal to be “spayed”?

A

Having the ovaries and uterus removed

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30
Q

Give an example of urinary incontinence and the reason why

A

Spayed older female dogs, these dogs frequently leak urine while they sleep because they are reacting to an estrogen supplement (a hormone that the ovaries normally produce)

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31
Q

Males are ____ likely to have bladder infections with their ______ and ________ urethra

A

Less
Longer
Narrower

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32
Q

What is a more common problem in male urinary pathways?

A

Small bladder stones that cause urinary obstruction

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33
Q

Male dogs have a _____ bone (called the __ _____) that passes through the _______

A

Penis
Os penis
Urethra

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34
Q

True or False:
The part of the urethra where the penis bone passes through is the widest part of the urethra

A

False, it is the narrowest part of the urethra

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35
Q

Where can a small stone pass through before getting trapped? What happens when the stone gets trapped?

A

Pass from the bladder and through the urethra before the os penis bone area
Makes it impossible for the dog to drain the bladder

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36
Q

What is the primary function of the renal system?

A

To eliminate nitrogen-containing waste from the body

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37
Q

Where do most of the nitrogen-containing wastes come from?

A

Most of these wastes are caused by protein and amino acid breakdowns

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38
Q

With the metabolization of the amino acids, what is formed?

A

Ammonia (NH3)

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39
Q

Ammonia is particularly ______-toxic. The _____ converts ammonia into ____ that is far less harmful to the animal. In this process, ammonia is mixed to produce ____ with ______ _______

A

Tissue
Liver
Urea
Urea
Carbon dioxide

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40
Q

___________ are also compounds that contain nitrogen. Their breakdown results in ____ ____ _________

A

Nucleotides
Uric acid formation

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41
Q

What do mammals have that breaks the uric acid further? What happens from this?

A

An enzyme
Higher amounts of uric acid are excreted by the kidney

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42
Q

The kidneys are also important to control the ___________ levels of ______, ________, and _________

A

Bloodstream
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

43
Q

What can increase the loss of electrolytes? What works to preserve the blood’s electrolytes?

A

Vomiting and diarrhoea can increase the loss of electrolytes
The kidneys work to preserve the blood’s electrolytes

44
Q

When the intake of electrolytes become inadequate, the kidneys permit the _________ of ______ amounts in the _____

A

Excretion
Higher
Burin

45
Q

The kidneys, together with the ___________ system, help control __ in the _____

A

Respiratory
pH
Blood

46
Q

What do the kidneys do when the blood pH drops (becomes more acidic)?

A

The kidneys excrete a higher amount of hydrogen ions

47
Q

The urine pH may vary from ______ to _______, as the kidneys help maintain a normal range of pH in the blood

A

Acidic
Neutral

48
Q

How many regions does kidney sectioning reveal?

A

3 different regions

49
Q

What does the kidney divide externally into? (3)

A

The outer cortex
The medulla
The innermost kidney pelvis

50
Q

The kidney’s ______ and _______ are microscopic ________

A

Cortex
Medulla
Nephrons

51
Q

What is the actual urine produced by? What is it?

A

Nephron, a structural unit

52
Q

How is urine produced by the kidney?

A

The kidney produces urine by collecting the nephron’s blood. Large molecules are pushed into the filtrate by passive force

53
Q

What doesn’t enter the filtrate? (2)

A

Large molecules of protein (albumin, etc.)
Blood cells

54
Q

A large amount of ____________ and _________ performed in the nephron tubules regulates the _____ released

A

Reabsorption
Secretion
Urine

55
Q

Describe the structure of the nephron

A

A tubular structure closing at one end and an opening at the other end

56
Q

What is the nephron’s closed end in the cortex folded into?

A

The capsule called Bowman’s structure

57
Q

The capsule of Bowman is wrapped around what?

A

A capillary ring called the glomerulus

58
Q

What are the three parts of the nephron? (3)

A

The proximal convoluted tubule
The Henle’s loop
The distal tubule

59
Q

Describe:
Henle’s Loop

A

A long, thin loop extending into the renal medulla; Makes a sharp turn and returns to the capsule in the cortex of Bowman’s field

60
Q

What does the nephron produce in a complicated process?

A

Urine

61
Q

Where does the process of urine production occur in the nephron?

A

The glomerulus

62
Q

The process begins in the glomerulus, where _____ is delivered to the glomerular ___________ by the afferent _________. Within these capillaries, the ______ pushes _____ and small _________ into the capsule of ______

A

Blood
Capillaries
Arteriole
Strain
Water
Molecules
Bowman

63
Q

What must the filtrate pass through? (2)

A

Bowman’s capsule’s capillary endothelium and basement membrane

64
Q

What is the driving force for filtrating in the afferent arterioles?

A

Blood pressure

65
Q

Define:
Oncotic pressure within the blood

A

Osmotic pressure caused by the large protein cells

66
Q

_______ pressure within the blood and pressure within the capsule of ______ alleviate some of that ________

A

Oncotic
Bowman
Pressure

67
Q

True or False:
The difference between the forces/pressures controls the glomerular filtration rate

A

True

68
Q

Where does the filtered fluid move through?

A

The proximal tubule

69
Q

What are the proximal tubular epithelial cells abundant with? What do they do?

A

Mitochondria, consume many of the basic molecules (thus the proximal tubule consumes many of the basic molecules)

70
Q

True or False:
In the active transport cycle, the proximal tubular epithelial cells use a large amount of energy

A

True

71
Q

The proximal tubule consumes much of the ____, _____ _____, ________ and ____ in the filtrate

A

Food
Amino acids
Vitamins
Ions

72
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin system?

A

A mechanism to help control blood pressure

73
Q

Describe the renin-angiotensin system (2)

A

The kidney releases renin as blood pressure drops
It contributes to the production of angiotensin and release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands

74
Q

Give an example of when blood pressure could drop

A

Could occur with dehydration

75
Q

The release of renin with the drop of blood pressure contributes to the production/release of what? (2)

A

Production of angiotensin
Release of aldosterone

76
Q

What is urinalysis?

A

Using urine to determine certain aspects of an animal health

77
Q

True or False:
Veterinarians can use urine to determine certain aspects of an animal’s health

A

True

78
Q

Define:
Specific gravity (2)

A

The concentration of urine
Theoretically a liquid’s weight relative to that of distilled water

79
Q

The more concentrated the urine becomes, the ______ the specific gravity (i.e., the more ______ in the urine)

A

Higher
Solute

80
Q

What is used to calculate the specific gravity?

A

A refractometer

81
Q

True or False:
Urine collection method doesn’t influence the number of cells in the urine

A

False, the urine collection method can influence the number of cells in the urine

82
Q

Free capture urine will easily contain what?

A

Increased numbers of bacteria

83
Q

When is free capture urine collected?

A

Collected while the animal is urinating

84
Q

List the common tests of urine test strips (7)

A

Urobilinogen
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin
Protein
Blood
pH

85
Q

State the significance of urine test strip for:
Urobilinogen (2)

A

Used more commonly in human medicine to evaluate liver disease or the breakdown of red blood cells
Less useful in veterinary medicine (as test strips used as designed for human urinalysis)

86
Q

State the significance of urine test strip for:
Glucose (2)

A

Used to screen for diabetes (diabetic animals have elevated blood sugar as the kidneys are unable to conserve all the sugar once the level becomes too high)
Also used to monitor control of blood sugar once treatment has begun

87
Q

State the significance of urine test strip for:
Ketones (2)

A

In dogs and cats, the presence of ketones is typical of an animal with uncontrolled diabetes
Ketones result when metabolism is shifted from carbohydrates to lipids

88
Q

State the significance of urine test strip for:
Bilirubin

A

Bilirubin is found in the urine of animals with liver disease or excessive blood cell breakdown

89
Q

How is bilirubin formed in the body? How is bilirubin normally cleared from the blood?

A

Formed in the breakdown process of hemoglobin
Normally cleared from the blood by the liver and excreted in bile

90
Q

True or False:
Aged red blood cells are removed from the circulation in organs such as the liver

A

False, aged red blood cells are removed from the circulation in organs such as the spleen

91
Q

State the significance of urine test strip for:
Protein

A

Protein in the urine can be present with a disease of the glomerulus (making it leaky) or with inflammation of the urinary tract (such as bladder infection)

92
Q

Why is protein usually not in urine?

A

Proteins are large molecules that are not normally filtered into the urine

93
Q

True or False:
A small amount of protein may normally be detected in very concentrated urine

A

True

94
Q

State the significance of urine test strip for:
Blood (2)

A

Blood can be present in diseases that cause inflammation of the urinary tract, much like protein (bladder infections, stones, tumors, and trauma can all cause blood to be present in the urine)
Bleeding disorders may also cause the test to be positive

95
Q

What blood does the urine test strip detect?

A

Occult blood (Blood that cannot be visibly seen in the urine)

96
Q

State the significance of urine test strip for:
pH (3)

A

Urine pH is influenced by diet and disease states in the body:
Acidic pH is typical of animals with a meat diet or with acidosis (the kidney attempting to rid the body of excess acid)
Basic/alkaline pH is typical of animals with a cereal grain diet, some urinary tract infections, and alkalosis in the body

97
Q

Estimate the percent dehydration based on the clinical presentation:
Eyes slightly sunken, skin turgor slightly slower, moist membranes

A

6-7

98
Q

Estimate the percent dehydration based on the clinical presentation:
Eyes obviously sunken, skin turgor obviously slower, membrane tacky

A

8-9

99
Q

Estimate the percent dehydration based on the clinical presentation:
Eyes deeply sunken, skin very slow to return to normal position, membranes dry

A

10-12

100
Q

List the prerenal cause(s) resulting in decrease blood flow to the kidney causing acute renal failure (4)

A

Severe blood loss
Dehydration
Heat stroke
Shock

101
Q

List the renal cause(s) of acute renal failure (5)

A

Toxins
Autoimmune diseases
Trauma
Infection
Tumours

102
Q

What are toxins that may cause acute renal failure? (8)

A

Certain antibiotics
Cancer drugs
Acetaminophen
Lead
Mercury
Ethylene glycol
Solvents
Snake venom

103
Q

List the postrenal cause(s) of acute renal failure

A

Urinary outflow obstructions (e.g., bladder stones preventing urination)

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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