(Basic Nutrients) Basic Nutrients Flashcards
1
Q
How many classes are diets divided into?
A
6
2
Q
What is used for energy and structure? (3)
A
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
3
Q
Carbohydrates supply ______ and provide _________ within the ____
A
Energy
Structure
Cell
4
Q
What is utilized in many functions and structures of the body? (2)
A
Waters
Minerals
5
Q
What has the key role in metabolic functions of the cell?
A
Vitamins
6
Q
What are carbohydrates used for?
A
Used for energy and structure
7
Q
What are proteins used for?
A
Used for energy and structure
8
Q
What are lipids used for?
A
Used for energy and structure
9
Q
What is water used for?
A
Utilized in many functions and structures of the body
10
Q
What are minerals used for?
A
Utilized in many functions and structures of the body
11
Q
What are vitamins used for?
A
The key role is in metabolic functions of the cell
12
Q
The nutrients/diet provide the body with _____ essential elements for life
A
Three
13
Q
What are the three essential elements for life? (3)
A
Energy to do its work
Building materials to maintain its form and function
Control agents to regulate these processes efficiently
14
Q
What is the primary source of nutrients?
A
Carbohydrates
15
Q
______ found in the form of ________ bonds ___________ within the cell
A
Energy
Chemical
Metabolized
16
Q
True or False:
Animals utilizes much of the energy
A
True; some released as heat which maintains the normal body temperature
17
Q
What is the unit of measurement that defines the energy within food?
A
Calorie
18
Q
What is a calorie measured as?
A
The amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius
19
Q
Vast resources from the ___ enable ______ through ______________, to transform _____ energy into carbohydrate, the human body can rapidly break down the carbohydrates back into ______
A
Sun
Plants
Photosynthesis
Solar
Energy
20
Q
Energy is used interchangeably with _______, ___________, and ____
A
Calorie
Kilocalorie
Kcal
21
Q
True or False:
Both voluntary and involuntary movements require energy
A
True
22
Q
Where is energy derived from?
A
Derived from the digestion and metabolism of food
23
Q
How many things must be done to produce energy from a fuel source? What are they?
A
3
Change the basic fuel to a refined fuel that the machine is designed to use
Carry this refined fuel to the places that need it
Burn this refined fuel in the special equipment set up at these places
24
Q
What are practical reasons that carbohydrates are found in diets all over the world? (_)
A
3
Carbohydrates are widely available
Carbohydrates are relatively low cost
Carbohydrate foods are easily stored
25
What is a carbohydrate composed of? (3)
A Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
26
What are the simple carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
27
Describe a monosaccharide
One sugar unit
28
Describe a disaccharide
Two sugar units, simple double sugars
29
What is the complex carbohydrate?
Polysaccharides
30
Describe a polysaccharide
Chain of many sugar units
31
What are the three single sugars (monosaccharides)? State at least one example for each
Glucose (corn syrup etc.)
Fructose (fruits, honey etc.)
Galactose (lactose/milk etc.)
32
Monosaccharides are ________ ______ for all carbohydrates
Building blocks
33
True or False:
Monosaccharides require digestion to be absorbed into the body
False; Monosaccharides require NO digestion
34
Monosaccharides are quickly absorbed from the _________ into the _____ ______ and transferred to the _____
Intestine
Blood stream
Liver
35
What determines if the monosaccharides are then used for immediate energy or stored as glycogen for later use?
Energy demands
36
What three disaccharides are important in human nutrition? State the single sugar units of each double sugar and give an example of each
Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) (table sugar etc.)
Lactose (Glucose + Galactose) (sugar in milk etc.)
Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
37
Does maltose usually exist?
Not usually found as maltose but rather is an intermediate between starch and glucose
38
What are important polysaccharides in nutrition?
Starch
Cellulose
Dietary Fiber
39
Describe the structure of starch
A chain of glucose molecules joined by alpha bonds
40
What can break starch down? What can digest starch?
Amylase enzyme can break it down
All of the domestic species can easily digest starch
41
What is cellulose? Describe the structure
Plant fibre
Structured like starch, however it has beta bonds instead of alpha bonds
42
True or False:
All species can easily digest cellulose
False, has varying digestibility in animals
43
What does adding more fibre to the diet help with?
Can be very helpful in both diarrhoea and constipation
44
What will owners note when their pets are placed on a high-fibre diet?
They will have much larger stools than before the dietary change
45
High fibre levels can increase what? Define
Flatulence: Accumulation of gas in the intestinal tract
46
All proteins are composed of _____ _____; they join into a unique _____ sequence
Amino acids
Chain
47
What is a dipeptide? What is a polypeptide?
Dipeptide: Two amino acids
Polypeptide: Chains of up to 100 amino acids
48
Foods high in protein are broken down into _____ _____, which are then reassemble in a ________ order to form a variety of important ____ ________
Amino acids
Specific
Body proteins
49
Protein is __% _________
Protein is the primary source of ________ in the diet
Also contains some minerals ______, __________, ____, and ______
16% Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Iron
Iodine
50
True or False:
Protein is the fundamental structural material of every cell in the body
True; The largest dry weight portion of the human body is protein
51
What does the deficiency of protein often show as?
Poor growth or low body weight
52
What is excess protein used for?
Used as an energy source or converted to fat
53
Metabolism of protein produces _______ which is converted in the _____ to ____. ____ released into the blood and must be cleared by the ______
Ammonia
Liver
Urea
Urea
Kidney
54
With decreased kidney function, what can happen?
There can be an increase in nitrogenous waste
55
Protein makes up the bulk of the _______, ________ ______, _____, ______, ____, ____, and _____, and it is a vital part of __________ substances such as _______, ________, and _____ ______
Muscles
Internal organs
Brain
Nerves
Skin
Hair
Nails
Regulatory
Enzymes
Hormones
Blood plasma
56
What will a lack of protein result in?
Poor appearance to their coats and are more susceptible to disease
57
_________ amino acids must be supplied from the ____
Essential
Diet
58
___-_________ amino acids can be synthesized from other _____ _____
Non-essential
Amino acids
59
True or False:
All species has the same essential amino acid requirements
False; Each species has its own essential amino acid requirements
60
State the essential amino acids of the dog (10)
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
61
What is the difference between the essential amino acids of the dog and the cats?
Cats have all the same essential amino acids as dogs, plus Taurine
62
Lipids are composed of ___ elements. List and describe them
Two
Fats: Solid at room temperature
Oils: Liquid at room temperature
63
Fats are _________ ____, oils are ___________ ____
Saturated fats
Unsaturated fats
64
What can fats be used for?
Can be used as an immediate supply of energy or stored in the fat reserves of the animal
65
Lipids are a source of _____ _____. Certain of these are required to supplied in the ____; Similar to with _____ _____
Fatty acids
Diet
Amino acids
66
What is the most critical nutrient for the animal diet?
Water
67
An animal can survive without almost ___ __ ___ and about ____ __ _______, but cannot survive without _____
All of fat
Half of protein
Water
68
Loss of __% of body's water becomes very _______ and losses above __% are generally ____ ___________
10
Serious
15
Life threatening
69
Water requirement of an animal is an ____________ of the _______ and is based on: (5)
Accumulation
Demands
Size and weight of animal
Activity level
Temperature
Humidity
Production losses (e.g. milk production)
70
Some water can be consumed in the ____
Feed
71
How much of the body is water?
2/3 of the body
72
What happens with water within cells? (3)
Water provides a medium for chemical reactions to occur
Hydrolysis adds water to the molecule to cleave it into smaller parts
Transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones in the blood and lymph
73
How does water provide heat control?
During panting and sweating, evaporation of water helps control body temperature
74
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds necessary in relatively small amounts to maintain the health and function of the animal
75
What is used in the metabolism of vitamins?
Enzymes and coenzymes
76
Where are coenzymes derived from? How are they important?
Coenzymes are derived from vitamins, and are very important as without them, enzymes cannot catalyse their metabolic reactions
77
True or False:
Vitamins are precursors of enzyme
True
78
Some vitamins are involved in ______ or ____ building
Tissue
Bone
79
Besides metabolism (enzymes and coenzymes), tissue structure and protection, what other function does vitamins have?
Prevention of deficiency disease
80
What are the two groups of vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water soluble vitamins
81
Fat soluble vitamins are enhanced by _______ ____. They can be stored in the _____ and _______ tissue for long periods of time; body uses this in reserve.
Dietary fats
Liver
Adipose
82
State the fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, and K
83
Where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Absorbed in intestinal tract with fat
84
True or False:
Too much fat-soluble vitamins can cause toxicity
True (E.x. Rodenticide is poison for mice and rats - it uses high levels of vitamin D to cause toxic effect. Excessive intake creates severe hypercalcemia)
85
Water soluble vitamins are ______ absorbed. They do not require assistance of _______ _______
Easily
Carrier protein
86
State the water soluble vitamins
8 B-Vitamins and Vitamin C
87
True or False:
Water soluble vitamins can be stored in the body
False; Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, and any excess is excrete in the urine
88
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin A (3)
Essential in the pigments of the retina, especially low light vision
Necessary for health cell division, bone growth, blood cell formation
Aids in the health of epithelial tissues; important in reproduction
89
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin D (3)
Synthesized in skin with exposure to UV light from the sun
Maintenance and formation of bone and teeth
Affects calcium and phosphorus metabolism (through kidneys, bone, and intestine)
90
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin E (3)
Closely associated with selenium
Antioxidant - protects lipids and cell membranes; stabilizes red blood cells
Important role in immune and reproductive systems
91
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin K
Essential for blood clotting
92
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Carbohydrate and energy metabolism; maintenance of the nervous system
93
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) (2)
Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; involved in many enzymes
Important in growth, maintaining healthy skin, and nervous system
94
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; necessary for antibody production
95
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; healthy oral tissues
96
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) (2)
Amino acid and energy metabolism; necessary for growth
Maintenance of health nervous and immune system; important in hemoglobin formation
97
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid/Folic) (2)
Necessary for nucleic acid synthesis and cell division
Closely associated with B12 in red blood cell formation
98
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B7 (Biotin) (2)
Synthesis of glucose and energy metabolism; growth
Necessary for healthy skin and hooves
99
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B12 (Cobolamin) (2)
Closely associated with folic acid in red blood cell production
Nervous system function; fat, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism
100
State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin C (2)
Important in wound healing and collagen formation
Maintain strength of capillaries and mucosa
101
Minerals are involved in the __________ of the animal, but unlike _________, they are _________ compounds
Metabolism
Vitamins
Inorganic
102
What are minerals divided into?
Microminerals
Macrominerals
103
How are macrominerals measured?
Measured as a percentage of dry matter
104
Microminerals are commonly involved in ______ reactions, helping to _____ chemical reactions
Enzyme
Speed
105
True or False:
Feeding in excess of one micromineral can result in deficiency of another one
True
106
How microminerals measured?
Measured as as-fed or dry matter basis
107
List some of the macrominerals (7)
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
108
List some of the microminerals (8)
Cobalt
Copper
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Selenium
Zinc
Molybdenum
109
List the functions of:
Calcium (2)
Development of bone and teeth, muscle, and nerve function
Activates many enzymes, necessary in blood clotting
110
List the functions of:
Chloride
Essential for acid/base, osmotic pressure, and fluid control in the blood
111
List the functions of:
Magnesium (2)
Development of bone and teeth, necessary for hemoglobin production
Important in energy metabolism and many enzymes
112
List the functions of:
Phosphorus (2)
Development of bone and teeth, structure of cell membranes (phospholipids)
Involved in nucleic acid production, energy utilization, and many enzymes
113
List the functions of:
Potassium (2)
Necessary for the function of nerve and muscle, important in protein synthesis
Essential for acid/base, osmotic pressure, and fluid control in the blood
114
List the functions of:
Sodium (2)
Necessary for the function of nerve and muscle
Essential for acid/base, osmotic pressure, and fluid control in the blood
115
List the functions of:
Sulfur (2)
Is in the amino acids methionine and cystine
Involved in many enzymes and hormone production
116
List the functions of:
Cobalt
Involved in many enzyme reactions
117
List the functions of:
Copper (2)
Involved in bone and hemoglobin formation, necessary for proper iron metabolism
Included in many enzymes - especially those of protein production
118
List the functions of:
Iodine
Portion of thyroid hormone, necessary for proper reproductive cycle
119
List the functions of:
Iron
Portion of hemoglobin and oxygen metabolism, many enzymes
120
List the functions of:
Manganese (2)
Activates many enzymes, involved in bone and connective tissue development
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism
121
List the functions of:
Selenium
Antioxidant, necessary for healthy immune system
122
List the functions of:
Zinc (3)
Many enzyme systems, especially protein synthesis
Necessary for healthy skin, hooves, and immune system
Important role in blood cell formation and wound healing
123
List the functions of:
Molybdenum
Involved in many enzyme reactions
124
True or False:
Copper is an essential mineral in diet of animals, species can develop toxicity if excess is fed
True; Some species (i.e. sheep) are very sensitive to excess copper
125
Copper is stored in the _____. When the animal is put under ______, large amounts of copper are released into the ___________. This causes the ___ _____ cells to begin to break down in the _______ (_________). The animal becomes ______ and large amounts of __________ spill into the _____, which can damage the _______
Liver
Stress
Bloodstream
Red blood
Vessels
Hemolysis
Anemic
Hemoglobin
Urine
Kidneys
126
What are clinical signs of excess copper in an animal? (3 stages, 7 signs)
Begin with depression, weakness, and a loss of appetite
As it progresses, the animal often develops diarrhea, has difficulty breathing and becomes ataxic
Death usually occurs quickly after the animal begins hemolysis
127
True or False:
Cattles are allowed free access to salt, as they can regulate intake based on their need
True
128
What excretes excess salt?
Kidneys
129
Cattles are allowed free access to salt. This works as long as the cattle have free access to _____. If this is restricted, then the concentration of ______ and ________ becomes elevated to _________ level
Water
Sodium
Chloride
Dangerous
130
What animal is salt toxicity much more common in?
Swine, but does occasionally occur in ruminants
131
True or False:
High sodium levels stimulate animals to drink water
True
132
What does the osmotic force of the sodium in the the brain cause? What does this result in?
Draws large amounts of water into the brain tissue, causing swelling (edema)
The swelling results in clinical signs of ataxia, inability to rise, muscle twitching and death
133
True or False:
Water will lighten salt toxicity symptoms
False, adding water can actually worsen the clinical symptoms
134
How does polio occur in ruminants?
Occurs with a lack of thiamine in ruminants
135
True or False:
Polio in ruminants is not the same as the infectious disease in humans
True
136
Ruminants do not require a large source of ________ in the diet, because the organisms in a normally functioning _____ produce adequate amounts
Thiamine
Rumen
137
With certain ____ changes, such as a ____ _____ ____, certain organisms that produce __________ can flourish in the _____
Feed
High grain diet
Thiaminase
Rumen
138
What does thiaminase destroy? What is the destroyed content involved in?
Thiamine, leaving the animals deficient
Involved in the chemical reactions that produce energy for the cells
139
When thiamine deficiency occurs, what happens? State the signs exhibited and why this happens
The cells become starved for energy as there is a lack of energy
The lack of energy to the cells of the central nervous system to these animals leads to the classic signs that these animals exhibit: ataxia, inability to rise, and blindness
140
What is the treatment for PEM?
Straightforward, involves injection of high levels of thiamine; If caught early enough in the disease, it can be cured
141
What does PEM stand for?
Polioencephalomalcia (also known as polio)
142
A cat eating dog food would be very deficient in what?
Taurine, an essential amino acid in cats
143
What are possible outcomes of taurine deficiency? (4)
Blindness (retina of the eye becomes damaged)
Female cats will be unable to maintain a pregnancy
Young animals will have growth problems
Disease condition of the heart muscle
144
Describe the disease condition of the heart muscle caused by taurine deficiency
The heart becomes weakened and damaged, leaving the heart functioning poorly
145
True or False:
The disease condition of the heart muscle can be fatal
True; Although it is reversible if taurine is supplied early enough in the course of the disease
146
What is are monosaccharides stored as for later use?
Glycogen
147
Herbivores depend on __________ to break _________ down through _________ ____________
Herbivores
Cellulose
Microbial Fermentation
148
True or False:
Amino acids have a role as building blocks
True
149
What is the largest dry weight portion of the human body made up of?
Protein
150
How many essential amino acids do dogs have?
10
151
How many essential amino acids do cats have?
11
152
State the essential amino acids of cats (11)
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Taurine
153
____ have more ______ per ____ than all other nutrients
Fat
Energy
Gram
154
State the number of essential fatty acids and the essential fatty acids for dogs
2
Linolenic
Linoleic
155
State the number of essential fatty acids and the essential fatty acids for cats
3
Linolenic
Linoleic
Arachidonic
156
State how rodenticide works and the effects that it causes
Rodenticide uses high levels of vitamin D to cause toxic effect. Excessive intake creates severe hypercalcemia
157
What is rodenticide?
A poison for mice and rats
158
State a species that is very sensitive to excess copper
Sheep
