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(Basic Nutrients) Basic Nutrients Flashcards

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1
Q

How many classes are diets divided into?

A

6

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2
Q

What is used for energy and structure? (3)

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

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3
Q

Carbohydrates supply ______ and provide _________ within the ____

A

Energy
Structure
Cell

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4
Q

What is utilized in many functions and structures of the body? (2)

A

Waters
Minerals

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5
Q

What has the key role in metabolic functions of the cell?

A

Vitamins

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Used for energy and structure

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7
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Used for energy and structure

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8
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Used for energy and structure

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9
Q

What is water used for?

A

Utilized in many functions and structures of the body

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10
Q

What are minerals used for?

A

Utilized in many functions and structures of the body

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11
Q

What are vitamins used for?

A

The key role is in metabolic functions of the cell

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12
Q

The nutrients/diet provide the body with _____ essential elements for life

A

Three

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13
Q

What are the three essential elements for life? (3)

A

Energy to do its work
Building materials to maintain its form and function
Control agents to regulate these processes efficiently

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14
Q

What is the primary source of nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

______ found in the form of ________ bonds ___________ within the cell

A

Energy
Chemical
Metabolized

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16
Q

True or False:
Animals utilizes much of the energy

A

True; some released as heat which maintains the normal body temperature

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17
Q

What is the unit of measurement that defines the energy within food?

A

Calorie

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18
Q

What is a calorie measured as?

A

The amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius

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19
Q

Vast resources from the ___ enable ______ through ______________, to transform _____ energy into carbohydrate, the human body can rapidly break down the carbohydrates back into ______

A

Sun
Plants
Photosynthesis
Solar
Energy

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20
Q

Energy is used interchangeably with _______, ___________, and ____

A

Calorie
Kilocalorie
Kcal

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21
Q

True or False:
Both voluntary and involuntary movements require energy

A

True

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22
Q

Where is energy derived from?

A

Derived from the digestion and metabolism of food

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23
Q

How many things must be done to produce energy from a fuel source? What are they?

A

3
Change the basic fuel to a refined fuel that the machine is designed to use
Carry this refined fuel to the places that need it
Burn this refined fuel in the special equipment set up at these places

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24
Q

What are practical reasons that carbohydrates are found in diets all over the world? (_)

A

3
Carbohydrates are widely available
Carbohydrates are relatively low cost
Carbohydrate foods are easily stored

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25
Q

What is a carbohydrate composed of? (3)

A

A Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)

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26
Q

What are the simple carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides

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27
Q

Describe a monosaccharide

A

One sugar unit

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28
Q

Describe a disaccharide

A

Two sugar units, simple double sugars

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29
Q

What is the complex carbohydrate?

A

Polysaccharides

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30
Q

Describe a polysaccharide

A

Chain of many sugar units

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31
Q

What are the three single sugars (monosaccharides)? State at least one example for each

A

Glucose (corn syrup etc.)
Fructose (fruits, honey etc.)
Galactose (lactose/milk etc.)

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32
Q

Monosaccharides are ________ ______ for all carbohydrates

A

Building blocks

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33
Q

True or False:
Monosaccharides require digestion to be absorbed into the body

A

False; Monosaccharides require NO digestion

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34
Q

Monosaccharides are quickly absorbed from the _________ into the _____ ______ and transferred to the _____

A

Intestine
Blood stream
Liver

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35
Q

What determines if the monosaccharides are then used for immediate energy or stored as glycogen for later use?

A

Energy demands

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36
Q

What three disaccharides are important in human nutrition? State the single sugar units of each double sugar and give an example of each

A

Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) (table sugar etc.)
Lactose (Glucose + Galactose) (sugar in milk etc.)
Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)

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37
Q

Does maltose usually exist?

A

Not usually found as maltose but rather is an intermediate between starch and glucose

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38
Q

What are important polysaccharides in nutrition?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Dietary Fiber

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39
Q

Describe the structure of starch

A

A chain of glucose molecules joined by alpha bonds

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40
Q

What can break starch down? What can digest starch?

A

Amylase enzyme can break it down
All of the domestic species can easily digest starch

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41
Q

What is cellulose? Describe the structure

A

Plant fibre
Structured like starch, however it has beta bonds instead of alpha bonds

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42
Q

True or False:
All species can easily digest cellulose

A

False, has varying digestibility in animals

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43
Q

What does adding more fibre to the diet help with?

A

Can be very helpful in both diarrhoea and constipation

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44
Q

What will owners note when their pets are placed on a high-fibre diet?

A

They will have much larger stools than before the dietary change

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45
Q

High fibre levels can increase what? Define

A

Flatulence: Accumulation of gas in the intestinal tract

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46
Q

All proteins are composed of _____ _____; they join into a unique _____ sequence

A

Amino acids
Chain

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47
Q

What is a dipeptide? What is a polypeptide?

A

Dipeptide: Two amino acids
Polypeptide: Chains of up to 100 amino acids

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48
Q

Foods high in protein are broken down into _____ _____, which are then reassemble in a ________ order to form a variety of important ____ ________

A

Amino acids
Specific
Body proteins

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49
Q

Protein is __% _________
Protein is the primary source of ________ in the diet
Also contains some minerals ______, __________, ____, and ______

A

16% Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Iron
Iodine

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50
Q

True or False:
Protein is the fundamental structural material of every cell in the body

A

True; The largest dry weight portion of the human body is protein

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51
Q

What does the deficiency of protein often show as?

A

Poor growth or low body weight

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52
Q

What is excess protein used for?

A

Used as an energy source or converted to fat

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53
Q

Metabolism of protein produces _______ which is converted in the _____ to ____. ____ released into the blood and must be cleared by the ______

A

Ammonia
Liver
Urea
Urea
Kidney

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54
Q

With decreased kidney function, what can happen?

A

There can be an increase in nitrogenous waste

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55
Q

Protein makes up the bulk of the _______, ________ ______, _____, ______, ____, ____, and _____, and it is a vital part of __________ substances such as _______, ________, and _____ ______

A

Muscles
Internal organs
Brain
Nerves
Skin
Hair
Nails
Regulatory
Enzymes
Hormones
Blood plasma

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56
Q

What will a lack of protein result in?

A

Poor appearance to their coats and are more susceptible to disease

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57
Q

_________ amino acids must be supplied from the ____

A

Essential
Diet

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58
Q

___-_________ amino acids can be synthesized from other _____ _____

A

Non-essential
Amino acids

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59
Q

True or False:
All species has the same essential amino acid requirements

A

False; Each species has its own essential amino acid requirements

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60
Q

State the essential amino acids of the dog (10)

A

Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine

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61
Q

What is the difference between the essential amino acids of the dog and the cats?

A

Cats have all the same essential amino acids as dogs, plus Taurine

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62
Q

Lipids are composed of ___ elements. List and describe them

A

Two
Fats: Solid at room temperature
Oils: Liquid at room temperature

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63
Q

Fats are _________ ____, oils are ___________ ____

A

Saturated fats
Unsaturated fats

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64
Q

What can fats be used for?

A

Can be used as an immediate supply of energy or stored in the fat reserves of the animal

65
Q

Lipids are a source of _____ _____. Certain of these are required to supplied in the ____; Similar to with _____ _____

A

Fatty acids
Diet
Amino acids

66
Q

What is the most critical nutrient for the animal diet?

A

Water

67
Q

An animal can survive without almost ___ __ ___ and about ____ __ _______, but cannot survive without _____

A

All of fat
Half of protein
Water

68
Q

Loss of __% of body’s water becomes very _______ and losses above __% are generally ____ ___________

A

10
Serious
15
Life threatening

69
Q

Water requirement of an animal is an ____________ of the _______ and is based on: (5)

A

Accumulation
Demands

Size and weight of animal
Activity level
Temperature
Humidity
Production losses (e.g. milk production)

70
Q

Some water can be consumed in the ____

A

Feed

71
Q

How much of the body is water?

A

2/3 of the body

72
Q

What happens with water within cells? (3)

A

Water provides a medium for chemical reactions to occur
Hydrolysis adds water to the molecule to cleave it into smaller parts
Transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones in the blood and lymph

73
Q

How does water provide heat control?

A

During panting and sweating, evaporation of water helps control body temperature

74
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds necessary in relatively small amounts to maintain the health and function of the animal

75
Q

What is used in the metabolism of vitamins?

A

Enzymes and coenzymes

76
Q

Where are coenzymes derived from? How are they important?

A

Coenzymes are derived from vitamins, and are very important as without them, enzymes cannot catalyse their metabolic reactions

77
Q

True or False:
Vitamins are precursors of enzyme

A

True

78
Q

Some vitamins are involved in ______ or ____ building

A

Tissue
Bone

79
Q

Besides metabolism (enzymes and coenzymes), tissue structure and protection, what other function does vitamins have?

A

Prevention of deficiency disease

80
Q

What are the two groups of vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins
Water soluble vitamins

81
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are enhanced by _______ ____. They can be stored in the _____ and _______ tissue for long periods of time; body uses this in reserve.

A

Dietary fats
Liver
Adipose

82
Q

State the fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, and K

83
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Absorbed in intestinal tract with fat

84
Q

True or False:
Too much fat-soluble vitamins can cause toxicity

A

True (E.x. Rodenticide is poison for mice and rats - it uses high levels of vitamin D to cause toxic effect. Excessive intake creates severe hypercalcemia)

85
Q

Water soluble vitamins are ______ absorbed. They do not require assistance of _______ _______

A

Easily
Carrier protein

86
Q

State the water soluble vitamins

A

8 B-Vitamins and Vitamin C

87
Q

True or False:
Water soluble vitamins can be stored in the body

A

False; Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, and any excess is excrete in the urine

88
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin A (3)

A

Essential in the pigments of the retina, especially low light vision
Necessary for health cell division, bone growth, blood cell formation
Aids in the health of epithelial tissues; important in reproduction

89
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin D (3)

A

Synthesized in skin with exposure to UV light from the sun
Maintenance and formation of bone and teeth
Affects calcium and phosphorus metabolism (through kidneys, bone, and intestine)

90
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin E (3)

A

Closely associated with selenium
Antioxidant - protects lipids and cell membranes; stabilizes red blood cells
Important role in immune and reproductive systems

91
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin K

A

Essential for blood clotting

92
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

A

Carbohydrate and energy metabolism; maintenance of the nervous system

93
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) (2)

A

Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; involved in many enzymes
Important in growth, maintaining healthy skin, and nervous system

94
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

A

Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; necessary for antibody production

95
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

A

Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; healthy oral tissues

96
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) (2)

A

Amino acid and energy metabolism; necessary for growth
Maintenance of health nervous and immune system; important in hemoglobin formation

97
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid/Folic) (2)

A

Necessary for nucleic acid synthesis and cell division
Closely associated with B12 in red blood cell formation

98
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B7 (Biotin) (2)

A

Synthesis of glucose and energy metabolism; growth
Necessary for healthy skin and hooves

99
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin B12 (Cobolamin) (2)

A

Closely associated with folic acid in red blood cell production
Nervous system function; fat, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism

100
Q

State the Functions/Required for of:
Vitamin C (2)

A

Important in wound healing and collagen formation
Maintain strength of capillaries and mucosa

101
Q

Minerals are involved in the __________ of the animal, but unlike _________, they are _________ compounds

A

Metabolism
Vitamins
Inorganic

102
Q

What are minerals divided into?

A

Microminerals
Macrominerals

103
Q

How are macrominerals measured?

A

Measured as a percentage of dry matter

104
Q

Microminerals are commonly involved in ______ reactions, helping to _____ chemical reactions

A

Enzyme
Speed

105
Q

True or False:
Feeding in excess of one micromineral can result in deficiency of another one

A

True

106
Q

How microminerals measured?

A

Measured as as-fed or dry matter basis

107
Q

List some of the macrominerals (7)

A

Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur

108
Q

List some of the microminerals (8)

A

Cobalt
Copper
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Selenium
Zinc
Molybdenum

109
Q

List the functions of:
Calcium (2)

A

Development of bone and teeth, muscle, and nerve function
Activates many enzymes, necessary in blood clotting

110
Q

List the functions of:
Chloride

A

Essential for acid/base, osmotic pressure, and fluid control in the blood

111
Q

List the functions of:
Magnesium (2)

A

Development of bone and teeth, necessary for hemoglobin production
Important in energy metabolism and many enzymes

112
Q

List the functions of:
Phosphorus (2)

A

Development of bone and teeth, structure of cell membranes (phospholipids)
Involved in nucleic acid production, energy utilization, and many enzymes

113
Q

List the functions of:
Potassium (2)

A

Necessary for the function of nerve and muscle, important in protein synthesis
Essential for acid/base, osmotic pressure, and fluid control in the blood

114
Q

List the functions of:
Sodium (2)

A

Necessary for the function of nerve and muscle
Essential for acid/base, osmotic pressure, and fluid control in the blood

115
Q

List the functions of:
Sulfur (2)

A

Is in the amino acids methionine and cystine
Involved in many enzymes and hormone production

116
Q

List the functions of:
Cobalt

A

Involved in many enzyme reactions

117
Q

List the functions of:
Copper (2)

A

Involved in bone and hemoglobin formation, necessary for proper iron metabolism
Included in many enzymes - especially those of protein production

118
Q

List the functions of:
Iodine

A

Portion of thyroid hormone, necessary for proper reproductive cycle

119
Q

List the functions of:
Iron

A

Portion of hemoglobin and oxygen metabolism, many enzymes

120
Q

List the functions of:
Manganese (2)

A

Activates many enzymes, involved in bone and connective tissue development
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism

121
Q

List the functions of:
Selenium

A

Antioxidant, necessary for healthy immune system

122
Q

List the functions of:
Zinc (3)

A

Many enzyme systems, especially protein synthesis
Necessary for healthy skin, hooves, and immune system
Important role in blood cell formation and wound healing

123
Q

List the functions of:
Molybdenum

A

Involved in many enzyme reactions

124
Q

True or False:
Copper is an essential mineral in diet of animals, species can develop toxicity if excess is fed

A

True; Some species (i.e. sheep) are very sensitive to excess copper

125
Q

Copper is stored in the _____. When the animal is put under ______, large amounts of copper are released into the ___________. This causes the ___ _____ cells to begin to break down in the _______ (_________). The animal becomes ______ and large amounts of __________ spill into the _____, which can damage the _______

A

Liver
Stress
Bloodstream
Red blood
Vessels
Hemolysis
Anemic
Hemoglobin
Urine
Kidneys

126
Q

What are clinical signs of excess copper in an animal? (3 stages, 7 signs)

A

Begin with depression, weakness, and a loss of appetite
As it progresses, the animal often develops diarrhea, has difficulty breathing and becomes ataxic
Death usually occurs quickly after the animal begins hemolysis

127
Q

True or False:
Cattles are allowed free access to salt, as they can regulate intake based on their need

A

True

128
Q

What excretes excess salt?

A

Kidneys

129
Q

Cattles are allowed free access to salt. This works as long as the cattle have free access to _____. If this is restricted, then the concentration of ______ and ________ becomes elevated to _________ level

A

Water
Sodium
Chloride
Dangerous

130
Q

What animal is salt toxicity much more common in?

A

Swine, but does occasionally occur in ruminants

131
Q

True or False:
High sodium levels stimulate animals to drink water

A

True

132
Q

What does the osmotic force of the sodium in the the brain cause? What does this result in?

A

Draws large amounts of water into the brain tissue, causing swelling (edema)
The swelling results in clinical signs of ataxia, inability to rise, muscle twitching and death

133
Q

True or False:
Water will lighten salt toxicity symptoms

A

False, adding water can actually worsen the clinical symptoms

134
Q

How does polio occur in ruminants?

A

Occurs with a lack of thiamine in ruminants

135
Q

True or False:
Polio in ruminants is not the same as the infectious disease in humans

A

True

136
Q

Ruminants do not require a large source of ________ in the diet, because the organisms in a normally functioning _____ produce adequate amounts

A

Thiamine
Rumen

137
Q

With certain ____ changes, such as a ____ _____ ____, certain organisms that produce __________ can flourish in the _____

A

Feed
High grain diet
Thiaminase
Rumen

138
Q

What does thiaminase destroy? What is the destroyed content involved in?

A

Thiamine, leaving the animals deficient
Involved in the chemical reactions that produce energy for the cells

139
Q

When thiamine deficiency occurs, what happens? State the signs exhibited and why this happens

A

The cells become starved for energy as there is a lack of energy
The lack of energy to the cells of the central nervous system to these animals leads to the classic signs that these animals exhibit: ataxia, inability to rise, and blindness

140
Q

What is the treatment for PEM?

A

Straightforward, involves injection of high levels of thiamine; If caught early enough in the disease, it can be cured

141
Q

What does PEM stand for?

A

Polioencephalomalcia (also known as polio)

142
Q

A cat eating dog food would be very deficient in what?

A

Taurine, an essential amino acid in cats

143
Q

What are possible outcomes of taurine deficiency? (4)

A

Blindness (retina of the eye becomes damaged)
Female cats will be unable to maintain a pregnancy
Young animals will have growth problems
Disease condition of the heart muscle

144
Q

Describe the disease condition of the heart muscle caused by taurine deficiency

A

The heart becomes weakened and damaged, leaving the heart functioning poorly

145
Q

True or False:
The disease condition of the heart muscle can be fatal

A

True; Although it is reversible if taurine is supplied early enough in the course of the disease

146
Q

What is are monosaccharides stored as for later use?

A

Glycogen

147
Q

Herbivores depend on __________ to break _________ down through _________ ____________

A

Herbivores
Cellulose
Microbial Fermentation

148
Q

True or False:
Amino acids have a role as building blocks

A

True

149
Q

What is the largest dry weight portion of the human body made up of?

A

Protein

150
Q

How many essential amino acids do dogs have?

A

10

151
Q

How many essential amino acids do cats have?

A

11

152
Q

State the essential amino acids of cats (11)

A

Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Taurine

153
Q

____ have more ______ per ____ than all other nutrients

A

Fat
Energy
Gram

154
Q

State the number of essential fatty acids and the essential fatty acids for dogs

A

2
Linolenic
Linoleic

155
Q

State the number of essential fatty acids and the essential fatty acids for cats

A

3
Linolenic
Linoleic
Arachidonic

156
Q

State how rodenticide works and the effects that it causes

A

Rodenticide uses high levels of vitamin D to cause toxic effect. Excessive intake creates severe hypercalcemia

157
Q

What is rodenticide?

A

A poison for mice and rats

158
Q

State a species that is very sensitive to excess copper

A

Sheep

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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