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My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) > (Principles of Surgery) > Flashcards

(Principles of Surgery) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define:
Aseptic Technique

A

Describes the practices used to minimize risk of infection following surgical procedure

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2
Q

What do aseptic techniques include? (5)

A

Management of the surgical facility, patient, surgical site, surgeon and equipment

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3
Q

_____________ used to clean __________ in the _________ room, but they do not eliminate ______

A

Disinfectants
Facilities
Operating
Spores

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4
Q

True or False:
Every surgical instrument is a potential source of contamination

A

True

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5
Q

As every surgical instrument is a potential source of contamination, hence the importance of _____________ where all ______________, including ______, are killed

A

Sterilization
Microorganisms
Spores

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6
Q

List means of sterilization (2)

A

Pressurized steam
Chemical

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7
Q

Define:
Autoclave

A

Used to sterilize instruments using pressurized steam, and the instruments are packed in surgical wrap which the steam can penetrate

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8
Q

What are used to distinguish equipment that has been sterilized?

A

Heat sensitive markers

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9
Q

What are surgical packs often composed of? (6)

A

A needle holder
Forceps
Hemostats
Tissue scissors
Draping material
Absorptive gauze sponges

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10
Q

Good quality instruments are made of _________ _____, allowing for __________ and minimizing _________

A

Stainless steel
Durability
Corrosion

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11
Q

State the purpose of:
Scalpel

A

Allowing for incision to the tissues

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12
Q

State the purpose of:
Needle holder

A

Holds the needle for suturing

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13
Q

True or False:
There are several different styles of scissors available

A

True

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14
Q

State the purpose of:
Curved scissors

A

Used for more maneuverability

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15
Q

State the purpose of:
Straight blade scissors

A

Used to cut through tougher tissues

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16
Q

Describe and state the purpose of:
Tissue forceps

A

Have the appearance of tweezers, tip has a serrated end for delicate handling of tissue

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17
Q

State the purpose of:
Hemostatic Forceps

A

Clamp blood vessels so vessel can be ligated to prevent bleeding

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18
Q

State the purpose of:
Retractors

A

Hold tissues to expose surgical area

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19
Q

State the purpose of:
Towel Forceps

A

Surgical drapes to cover animal except for surgical incision region

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20
Q

State the purpose of:
Spay hook

A

To bring uterus through small incision

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21
Q

True or False:
Stainless steel can withstand high temp of autoclave

A

True

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22
Q

True or False:
All surgical instruments can be sterilized with autoclave

A

False; Stainless steel can withstand high temp of autoclave, but other surgical instruments may be damaged

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23
Q

How are other surgical instruments sterilized? What is used?

A

Sterilization via chemical means is used
Ethylene oxide is employed

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24
Q

Ethylene oxide is _____ and requires special ________ for ______________

A

Toxic
Chambers
Administration

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25
Q

True or False:
Surgeons are not a source of contamination

A

False, surgeons ARE ALSO a source of contamination

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26
Q

Surgeons must be dressed with a ____ _____ and ________ ____, _______ ________ ____ and ______

A

Head cover
Surgical mask
Sterile surgical gown
Gloves

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27
Q

Describe:
The scrubbing procedure

A

Surgeons washing their hands and forearms with a surgical scrub

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28
Q

Why do surgeons have to be dressed with all the listed apparel and perform the scrubbing procedure?

A

Greatly decreases the number of bacteria present

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29
Q

_______ ____ with the use of ___________ is important

A

Contact time
Antiseptics

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30
Q

True or False:
Antiseptics kill the bacteria immediately

A

False; Antiseptics DO NOT kill the bacteria immediately, so prolonged contact is necessary

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31
Q

How long does the scrub last? Why?

A

Usually lasts ~5 minutes
So that the antiseptic can greatly reduce the number of bacteria present

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32
Q

State the position(s) during scrubbing and the reason for that position

A

Hands are held the highest (cleanest part is held the highest)
As elbow have higher bacterial count, water does not run from elbows to contaminate the hands

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33
Q

What is used to dry the hands and arms in scrubbing?

A

A sterile towel, dry the hands then the arms

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34
Q

True or False:
Surgical conditions greatly vary and impact the surgery

A

True

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35
Q

Describe and state an example of:
Clean surgeries

A

Involve healthy skin and tissue being removed
E.x. Spay and Castration

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36
Q

Surgeries involving the _____, __________ and ____________ ______ are riskie

A

Mouth
Intestines
Contaminated wounds

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37
Q

What is the relationship between the risk of infection and the degree of contamination?

A

The risk of infection is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the degree of contamination

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38
Q

Surgery creates a _____ and the _______ _______ - which occurs in ______ - is an important step in understanding surgery

A

Wound
Healing Process
Stages

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39
Q

Wound Healing:
What is the phase that begins right after the trauma or incision called?

A

Hemostasis phase

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40
Q

Wound Healing:
In __________ phase, ________ is beneficial in ________ the wound of _____________

A

Hemostasis
Bleeding
Flushing
Contamination

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41
Q

Wound Healing:
In __________ phase, the _____ _______ _________, slowing the ____ of _____

A

Hemostasis
Blood vessels constrict
Flow
Blood

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42
Q

Wound Healing:
In Hemostasis phase, what is signalled? What happens from this?

A

Coagulation factors are signalled
The blood begins to clot, protecting the animal from excess blood loss

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43
Q

Wound Healing:
In __________ phase, ______ ____ ____ the ______ and _____ it, as the ____ _____, a ____ is formed

A

Hemostasis
Fibrin clot fills
Wound
Seals
Clot dries
Scab

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44
Q

Wound Healing:
In Hemostasis phase, what is the purpose of the scab? (2)

A

Protects the damaged area
Allows for healing to happen underneath

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45
Q

Wound Healing:
Describe the Inflammation phase

A

Takes place when the blood vessels eventually dilate and release histamine and prostaglandins

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46
Q

Wound Healing:
What does the dilation and release of histamine and prostaglandins in the Inflammation phase do?

A

Brings more white blood cells to help destroy the damaged tissue and bacteria

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47
Q

Wound Healing:
In ____________ phase, ___________ and _________ protect the _____ from ________ and ______ ______

A

Inflammation
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Wound
Bacteria
Tissue debris

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48
Q

Wound Healing:
What do the monocytes in the Inflammation phase become? When? For what?

A

Macrophages
A few days later
Clear the wound of debris and bacteria

49
Q

Wound Healing:
In ____________ phase, the _________ _____ ____ produced to the area results in… (4)

A

Inflammation
Increased blood flow
Plasma leakage, adding to the swelling, causing pain and possible redness

50
Q

Wound Healing:
Describe the Repair/Proliferation phase

A

Describes fibroblasts entering the damaged area and forming fiber rich connective tissue

51
Q

Wound Healing:
In ______/_____________ phase, there is an _________ _________ of ______ and ______

A

Repair/Proliferation
Increased deposition
Fibers
Matrix

52
Q

Wound Healing:
In ______/_____________ phase, ___________ grow into newly forming ___________ ______, providing ______ and _________ to the new ______

A

Repair/Proliferation
Capillaries
Connective tissue
Oxygen
Nutrients
Tissue

53
Q

Wound Healing:
In Repair/Proliferation phase, what is the healing tissue known as? Why?

A

Granulation tissue
Due to its granular appearance

54
Q

Wound Healing:
In ______/_____________ phase, what cells move across the wound? What does this do? (3)

A

Repair/Proliferation
Epithelial cells
Minimize fluid loss, providing protection

55
Q

Wound Healing:
In Repair/Proliferation phase, _________ ____ ___________ allows the ____ _____ to _______

A

Continued cell replication
Skin layer
Thicken

56
Q

Wound Healing:
In Repair/Proliferation phase, more ________ is deposited after the ______ looks completely ______, allowing for the _____ to ________ in ____ over time

A

Collagen
Wound
Healed
Wound
Decrease
Size

57
Q

Wound Healing:
What brings the skin closer together in Repair/Proliferation phase? For what?

A

Contraction
So that less time is required for epithelial cells to reach across the entirety of the wound

58
Q

In a ________ ________, _________ are brought together with _______, the ____ edges are held close together to minimize the _______ _______

A

Surgical incision
Incisions
Sutures
Skin
Healing process

59
Q

Define:
First intention healing

A

Describes a wound with the edges closely apposed

60
Q

Define:
Golden period

A

Describes the first 6-8 hours where bacterial numbers are modest so the wound can be closed

61
Q

What cannot be done past the “golden period”? Why?

A

Beyond this period, the wound cannot be sutured
Bacterial contamination may be too high to suture the wound

62
Q

Define:
Second intention healing

A

Describes wound healing where granulation tissue is needed to fill the gap between the skin edges for epithelial cells to grow

63
Q

What is Proud Flesh?

A

A condition affecting horses where an overgrowth of granulation tissue prevents epithelial tissue from growing across the wound

64
Q

In Proud Flesh:
It is ideal to ______ ___________ on ______ immediately for _____ _________ _______

A

Suture lacerations
Horses
First intention healing

65
Q

When suturing _________ ______, ____ ______ and ____________ within wound, _______ should be removed

A

Traumatic wounds
Dead tissue
Contaminants
Margins

66
Q

Define:
Debridement

A

Describes the process where damaged and contaminated tissue are removed

67
Q

Define:
Hematoma

A

Describes an accumulation of blood in the dead space

68
Q

______ has fluid similar to _____ with a small number of ___ _____ _____

A

Seroma
Serum
Red blood cells

69
Q

True or False:
Fluid in a seroma may be white (with no red blood cells) or light red

A

False; Fluid in a seroma may STRAW COLOURED (with no red blood cells) or light red

70
Q

In Hematoma/Seroma:
This collection of _____ increases the _______ on the ________, preventing the ____ from ________ to the ______ underneath

A

Fluid
Tension
Incision
Skin
Adhering
Tissue

71
Q

In Hematoma/Seroma:
This fluid needs to be removed for ________ _______, if great amounts of _____ accumulate, a ______ must be used to remove the _____

A

Complete healing
Fluid
Needle
Fluid

72
Q

In Hematoma/Seroma:
If not removed, the excess _____ can cause a ________ buildup and fluid may ____ from the area

A

Fluid
Pressure
Leak

73
Q

Define:
Dehiscence

A

The breaking of wound edges

74
Q

Where may dehiscence occur? Why?

A

Can occur along the length of the suture line
This failure to heal may be due to excess tension of infection

75
Q

How might dehiscence be caused in animals?

A

May be caused by the animal scratching or licking at their wounds

76
Q

True or False:
Suture material varies greatly

A

True

77
Q

Suture material varies greatly and depends on… (2)

A

The strength and type of tissue being sutured

78
Q

How many major classes of suture material are there? What are they?

A

2
Absorbable and Nonabsorbable

79
Q

For absorbable suture material:
It is used within the ____. The body eventually destroys the ________ for it to be completely __________

A

Body
Material
Eliminated

80
Q

What is the primary requirement for absorbable suture material?

A

The material should maintain strength for a long enough time for complete healing to take place

81
Q

_____________ suture material is not destroyed by the ____ and are later _______

A

Nonabsorbable
Body
Removed

82
Q

True or False:
Suture needle type and pattern is the same regardless of surgery

A

False; Suture needle type and pattern DEPEND ON THE SURGERY

83
Q

Define and Describe:
Simple interrupted pattern

A

A suture pattern
Describes the suture passes straight through the 2 sides of the incision, is tied and the ends are cut

84
Q

Define and Describe:
Simple continuous pattern

A

A suture pattern
Describes an initial simple interrupted suture which is then tied, the resulting end is not cut

85
Q

True or False:
Tying knots is a good skill for surgeons

A

False; Tying knots is an ESSENTIAL skill for surgeons

86
Q

Multiple ______ ____ are tied to secure the ______

A

Square knots
Suture

87
Q

The knot ________ of materials varies, so some materials require a _______ number of _____

A

Security
Greater
Knots

88
Q

What is the purpose of the suture? What is not the purpose?

A

To appose the edges, not overtighten the tissues

89
Q

What are endoscopes?

A

A technological advancement that provide a light source and means to see inside a body cavity in surgery

90
Q

On endoscopes:
It is less ________ than ____________ surgery and is ________ for tracking through structures such as the _________

A

Invasive
Conventional
Flexible
Intestine

91
Q

True or False:
Instruments can be placed at the end of the endoscope

A

True

92
Q

What instruments can be placed at the end of the endoscope? (3)

A

Forceps, needle holders, scissors, and others

93
Q

Define:
Recumbent patients

A

Describe animals under anesthesia

94
Q

What can’t animals under anesthesia maintain?

A

Can’t maintain their body temperature

95
Q

Describe what is done to animals under anesthesia to maintain their body temperature

A

A heavy towel or blanket between the animal and table provide minimized heat transfer and supplemental heat

96
Q

What is important to note for surgeries? (2)

A

There is not just one standardized method to performing surgeries
Many variations are possible given the approach or situation

97
Q

What is a common abdominal surgery in pets?

A

Ovariohysterectomy, otherwise known as the Spay

98
Q

In ovariohysterectomy:
The animal is ____________ and secured to the _______ _____. _______ is _______ and _______ prior to surgery

A

Anesthetized
Surgery table
Abdomen
Clipped
Scrubbed

99
Q

In ovariohysterectomy:
A _______ _______ ________ is performed, where the ________ allows for __________ ______ from both sides of the _________ ____ to meet

A

Ventral midline incision
Midlines
Connective tissue
Abdominal well

100
Q

In ovariohysterectomy:
An ________ through the ____ and ____________ ______ to expose the _____ ____

A

Invision
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Linea alba

101
Q

In ovariohysterectomy:
What is used to locate the uterus?

A

A spay hook

102
Q

In ovariohysterectomy:
Once the ______ is locate, the ____ of the uterus is brought to the _______ and the _____ is identified

A

Uterus
Horn
Surface
Ovary

103
Q

In ovariohysterectomy:
A ______ is placed around the _______ _______

A

Suture
Ovarian vessels

104
Q

True or False:
In ovariohysterectomy, the entire uterus and ovaries are removed

A

True

105
Q

What can be closed when the entire uterus and ovaries are removed in ovariohysterectomy?

A

The abdominal incision can be closed

106
Q

Define:
Intestinal Anastomosis

A

Describes the procedure where 2 regions of the intestine are joined

107
Q

How is intestinal anastomosis done?

A

Manually or with stainless steel staples

108
Q

Describe an intestinal anastomosis

A

The damaged section of the intestines is removed and entail that this procedure is used to join the 2 areas of the intestine

109
Q

True or False:
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome is a surgical emergency in cats

A

False; Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome is a surgical emergency in DOGS

110
Q

Who does gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome occur in? (3)

A

Usually occurs in large, deep-chested dogs where:
Dogs have consumed a large meal/volumes of water
Have been physically active following this

111
Q

In Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome:
Factors caused the accumulation of ___ and ________ of the _______

A

Gas
Rotation
Stomach

112
Q

In Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome:
The dogs make attempts to ____ and compromises ___________ to the _______

A

Omit
Circulation
Stomach

113
Q

In Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome:
What can be done to drain the stomach?

A

A ventral midline incision can be made in the cranial region of the abdomen to drain the stomach

114
Q

________ regions of the _____ should _______ during the _______

A

Necrotic
Organ
Removed
Surgery

115
Q

In surgeries involving the lung tissue, what must the anesthetist do??

A

Must breathe regularly for the animal

116
Q

The breaths in surgeries involving lung tissue must be coordinated with who?

A

The surgeon

117
Q

In lung tissue surgeries:
The added challenge of working with the _______ _____ and expanding _____ mean that special care to avoid __________ the ______ with the ______/_____ instrument must be taken

A

Beating heart
Lungs
Puncturing
Tissue
Needle/sharp

118
Q

An ________ ____ must also be created to avoid ________ of ___

A

Airtight seal
Leakage
Air

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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