(Anatomy and Physiology) Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
Substances that are _______ to the body must be identified by the ______ ______. It also has to consider what is _______ to the body to achieve this
A
Foreign
Immune system
Natural
2
Q
Define:
Antigen
A
Any foreign molecule that can induce a response to the immune system
3
Q
What does the expression antigen refer to? What is not considered antigens?
A
The body’s own molecules
Large molecules within the intestinal tract
4
Q
True or False:
Small molecules induce an immune response
A
False, small molecules DO NOT induce an immune response (such as glucose)
5
Q
What are the bulk of antigens?
A
Large proteins or polysaccharides
6
Q
An antigen should not be…
A
A molecule in the body that occurs naturally (i.e. it must be foreign)
7
Q
Antigens are also _______, as well as being _____. This __________ gives a specific _____ to the molecule that the ______ ______ can recognize
A
Complex
Large
Complexity
Shape
Immune system
8
Q
Why do antigens have complexity that is recognizable by the immune system and don’t occur naturally in the body?
A
Prevents the immune system of an animal from destroying itself (also why a transplanted organ will be damaged by the immune system)
9
Q
Large _________ on the cell surface give them a distinct characteristic that the ______ ______ can identify
A
Molecules
Immune system
10
Q
True or False:
Closely related individuals on the surface of the cells have identical antigens
A
True, this makes them ideal donors of organs
11
Q
What is the determinant of the antigen?
A
The identification site of the antigen, a small part of the molecule that allows use to recognize the antigen
12
Q
Describe the determinant of the antigen (2)
A
Has a particular shape that the body’s immune system may identify
Large and complex molecules may have several
13
Q
True or False:
The identification for each antigen is not precise
A
False, the identification for each antigen is VERY precise
14
Q
Why are large and complex molecules considered to be quite antigenic?
A
The immune system is greatly stimulated as the molecule may have several antigenic determinants
15
Q
The body has distributed collections of _____ tissue to quickly detect ________
A
Lymph
Antigens
16
Q
Describe:
Tonsils (2)
A
Collections of lymph tissue within the framework of connective tissue
Located at the back of the pharynx
17
Q
Lymph vessels originate in the tissues as small ___________ and form larger _____ that discharge fluid back to _____ _____ that are spread throughout the body and eventually back to the ___________
A
Capillaries
Veins
Lymph nodes
Bloodstream
18
Q
What is lymph? What does lymph start as?
A
The fluid that lymph vessels bring
Lymph starts as the cell-forming interstitial fluid
19
Q
What happens as blood enters the capillaries?
A
A portion of the water and small molecules are squeezed out of the vessels, the cells are nourished by this fluid
20
Q
What tends to preserve much of the bloodstream fluid? How?
A
The blood protein
The protein’s osmotic pressure keeps the water pulled into the body
21
Q
What will happen in animals that experience conditions in which protein falls to very low levels?
A
They will produce more tissue fluid
22
Q
True or False:
Not all the tissue/bloodstream fluid in the body is reabsorbed
A
True, this blood (then called lymph) is picked up by the lymph vessels
23
Q
Define:
Lacteals
A
Lymphs that absorb lipids from the intestinal tract
24
Q
Every lacteal begins in the small intestine _____. Such lacteals come together in a larger ________ duct that empties into the ______‘_ ___________ ______
A
Villi
Thoracic
Thorax’s circulatory system
25
Describe:
Spleen
A large, reddish brown organ found within the abdomen that alters the blood (just as the lymph nodes modify the lymph)
26
What cells does the spleen contain? (2)
Large number of antigen-scanning immune cells in the blood
Antigen-responding cells
27
What is formed by many of the cells in the spleen?
Antibody, a large protein
28
The spleen also extracts from circulation ____ red blood cells. The spleen for red blood cells acts as a ______. ______ muscles will contract within the spleen to drive red blood cells into the __________
Aged
Buffer
Smooth
Bloodstream
29
True or False:
The spleen is necessary for the animal
False; Even though the spleen performs many important tasks, living for the animal is not necessary
30
Lymph nodes will act to detect ________ and house the __________ producing _____
Antigens
Antibodies
Cells
31
Is the spleen a common site to grow tumours?
Yes
32
The bone marrow is an essential component of the ______ ______. The bone marrow produces _____ _____ cells that are the immune system's _________ cells
Immune system
White blood
Activated
33
When the body first recognizes an antigen, what is done to it? What performs this action?
It is phagocytized
The main cells responsible for this are neutrophils and macrophages
34
What are macrophages caused by?
Blood-borne monocytes entering tissues
35
Describe the process of an antigen getting phagocytized (2)
When phagocytized, the antigens (e.x. Bacterium) is broken down into the cell
Antigen fragments are then moved to the cell surface
36
Why are antigen fragments moved to the cell surface?
These are responsible for inducing the development of many other immune cells
37
The ___________ release _________ that activate the immune system in general
Macrophages
Cytokines
38
What are the roles of cytokines? (2)
They can kill or slow down the replication of viruses
The release of these substances attracts other immune cells to the area and facilitates the phagocytization of antigens
39
Do some factors often destroy cells that have been harmed? State one
Yes
One such factors is the hypothalamus regulating the temperature of the body (results in a fever/high body temperature, which is normal in infectious diseases)
40
What is temperature control of the body an important part of? Explain
Complete physical examination
Recognizing that excitement and high outside temperature and humidity can change the temperature of the animal without an underlying disease is critical
41
_____ makes an animal feel poor, but is specifically designed to help against _________ in the region
Fever
Pathogens
42
What does high temperatures/fever do to an infectious organism and to the body? (4)
Can hinder, or actually kill, the replication of an infectious organism
Helps kill cells that are virally infected
Promote the movements of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies
Activates the sleep centre, allows the animal to conserve energy
43
State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Cats
101.5 degrees
44
State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Cows
101.5 degrees
45
State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Dogs
102 degrees
46
State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Goats
102 degrees
47
State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Horses
100 degrees
48
State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Swines
102.5 degrees
49
State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Sheeps
103 degrees
50
Inflammation can result from: (2)
Physical injury
A reaction to a pathogen's invasion
51
What does the regulation of inflammation include? What do they do?
Numerous factors released by the immune system cells
Causes dilation of local blood vessels and increased permeability of capillaries
52
What is the purpose of the dilation of local blood vessels and increased permeability of capillaries caused by products of immune system cells?
Designed to specifically to provide the region with more white blood cells and antibodies
53
When blood rises, the region often becomes _____ and ______
Moist
Purple
54
The increased ____________ of the capillary allows more _____ to penetrate the _______, causing _____ or ________
Permeability
Fluid
Tissues
Edema
Swelling
55
True or False:
The extra fluid in the tissues results in a higher pressure, compressing the nerves
False, the extra fluid in the tissues results in a higher pressure, compressing the ENDS of the nerves
56
How many classic signs of inflammation are there? What are they?
4
Warmth, redness, edema, and pain
57
As a result, what are edema or swelling symptoms often associated with?
Discomfort
58
Inflammation allows the ____________ area to reach significant number of _____ _____ _____
Contaminated
White blood cells
59
Lymphocytes come into contact with _____ that contain _______
Cells
Antigens
60
How to lymphocytes respond to specific antigens? What happens when the lymphocyte is exposed to antigens?
There are programmed to respond to specific antigens
Antigen exposure drives the cell to repeat mitosis
61
Describe:
The Effect
A large number of lymphocytes designed specifically to respond to this specific antigen
62
What is the rapid growth in cell number (such as the Effect) known as?
Clonal expansion, as all the resulting cells are similar
63
What type of lymphocyte develop and mature in the bone marrow and lymph tissue in the intestine?
Lymphocyte B or B Cell
64
Where do B Cells develop and mature? What do B Cells develop into during clonal expansion?
In the bone marrow and lymph tissue in the intestine
Plasma cells
65
Plasma cells produce a large of _____ ___________ _________ and _____ _________. Why?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
For protein production and secretion
66
Plasma cells secrete a particular type of protein known as:
Antibody
67
Antibody development in response to an antigen is called:
Humoral immunity
68
Describe:
Antibody
Large molecules of protein formed by four chains of polypeptides
A Y shape takes on the resulting molecule
69
What does the antibody bind to?
Binds to the same determinant of antigen that activated the B cell
70
In an antibody Y, the Y's ____ have regions responsible for _______ detection. The region of the receptor ______ between different _________ of antibodies
Arms
Antigen
Varies
Molecules
71
As with all receptors, how does binding occur with antibodies?
Binding occurs when the shape of the antigen fits into the antibody (as in a lock and key)
72
What is the blood protein divided into?
Albumin and globulin
73
Antibodies are large proteins contained in the fraction of _________
Globulins
74
What is the antibody protein also called?
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
75
A ______ cell produces large quantities of identical molecules of __________, all designed to attack the same ________
Plasma
Antibodies
Antigen
76
To stimulate an immune response, a ________ must first overcome the body's general protective ________. Skin creates strong protective _______ preventing the entry of pathogens in to the ____
Pathogen
Defences
Barrier
Body
77
True or False:
Transmitting the pathogen (e.g. a bite wound) involves a painful break in the skin
True
78
Is another possible entry point for antigens provided by superficial mucous membranes?
Yes, such as in the nose, mouth, and eyes
79
_______ (e.g. ________) in secretions together with changes in pH that help prevent infection from occurring
Enzyme
Lysozyme
80
What happens as milk is pushed through the teat sphincter/urine passes through the urethra?
There may be physical elimination of invading pathogens
81
Define:
Nonspecific response
Innate immunity. Phagocytic cells are present to swallow any bacteria that make it through the body's physical defences
82
Neutrophils are involved in ____________ but do not act as _______-presenting cells and therefore do not induce another immune ________
Phagocytosis
Antigen
Response
83
True or False:
Neutrophils provide the initial response
False, neutrophils provide the initial response and are identified by tissue damage
84
What is tissue macrophages derived from?
Derived from monocytes leaving the bloodstream
85
Describe:
Tissue macrophages
React to neutrophil activity and invade the damaged area
86
Explain the role/purpose of cells in phagocytosis
High effective and play a role in controlling the immune response
87
When an animal is first exposed to an _______, it usually takes _ to __ days to produce a substantial amount of ________
Antigen
3
14
Antibody
88
What does the primary response to an antigen trigger? (3)
Lymphocyte recognition, clonal expansion, and antibody production
89
When triggered, ______ cells will generate ________ of molecules of __________ every hour.
Plasma
Millions
Antibodies
90
True or False:
Plasma cells usually survive for just two days with this enormous demand
False, plasma cells usually survive for just four or five days with this enormous demand; Not all clonal expansion cells develop into plasma cells
91
What do some of the clonal cells grow into?
Cells of memory
92
______ cells, unlike plasma cells, do not deliberately generate enormous amounts of ________
Memory
Antibody
93
What is the memory cell's function?
To mount a much faster response when the same antigen if identified next time
94
Much less _______ is needed with the presence of ______ cells to induce the ______ system's reaction. The answer is not only _______, it also generates much higher amounts of ________
Antigen
Memory
Immune
Quicker
Antibody
95
Explain a secondary reaction
It is a secondary reaction that prevents a second time an infectious disease from affecting an animal
96
True or False:
Highly effective in preventing the same disease is the secondary response
True, but the response is very specific
97
What are diseases such as common human cold or flu caused by?
Caused by viruses that have many strains that are sufficiently different to not stimulate secondary response
98
The ______ response requires more than just antibody ___________ supplying _______ immunity. A ____-________ response is also assembled by the immune system
Immune
Development
Humoral
Cell-mediated
99
The body has a large supply of T ___________ as well as the _ ___________
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
100
Where do T cells come from/mature?
T cells come from the bone marrow, but in the thymus gland they mature
101
At _____, a relatively large ________ organ found in the ______ (_______ and _______ region) is the ______ gland
Birth
Lymphoid
Thorax
Cranial
Ventral
Thymus
102
True or False:
T lymphocytes enter the thymus and mature into a cell that can respond to an antigen
True, the cell becomes immunocompetent
103
What is every T cell responsive to? What is the response?
Responsive to a specific determinant of the antigen
All immune cells capable of responding to the animal's own antigens will be killed
104
The T cells leave the ______ when they are ______ and enter other _____ tissues
Thymus
Mature
Lymph
105
True or False:
The thymus in the fetus is very involved and early in life
True
106
Describe the thymus as it matures and in a dog (2)
The thymus shrinks to a small residual structure as the animal matures
In the dog, after 5-6 months of age, the thymus starts losing lymphoid tissue
107
True or False:
Fat is often stored within the organ's tissue system
False, fat is often stored within the organ's connective tissue system
108
Although the ______ may be quite small, even in an _______ animal, remains are often _______
Thymus
Elderly
Visible
109
What typically works in conjunction with humoral immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity
110
What typically works in conjunction with cell-mediated immunity?
Humoral immunity
111
Does the production of antibodies improve immunity that is mediated by cells?
Yes
112
What necessary to destroy infected cells, altered cells, bacteria and any foreign antigen?
T cells and macrophages
113
In the reaction which destroys organ or tissue grafts from other organisms, what plays a critical role?
Cell-mediated immunity
114
As the B cells do, they undergo ______ _________ when the T cells are exposed to a foreign _______
Clonal expansion
Antigen
115
How many types of T cells are there? What are they?
2 types
T-helper cells, and cytotoxic cells
116
What do the T-helper cells do?
To stimulate the immune response, the T-helper cells release cytokines
117
What do the cytotoxic T cells do?
To attack damaged cells, the cytotoxic T cells leave the lymph node
118
Many ______ cells may be identified by T cells because they have different _______ _______
Cancer
Surface antigens
119
What are a small fraction of T lymphocytes also transformed into?
Memory cells
120
How are memory T lymphocytes different from memory B cells?
The lymphocytes are long-lived cells that provide a rapid response to the same antigen with subsequent exposure
121
What does active immunity often depend on to quickly kill that invading pathogen?
Cell-mediated response
122
True or False:
It is easy to measure cell-mediated immunity based on antibodies in the blood
False; Although levels of antibodies can be measured in the blood, it is not easy to measure cell-mediated immunity
123
A large number of cells migrate to the _________ site. To help combat the invading ________, ___________, ___________ and ___________ are all present
Infection
Pathogen
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
124
What is pus? What is it caused by?
A combination of the invading pathogen, tissue cells that are killed and dead, and tissue fluid
Caused by the accumulation of all cells and cell debris
125
What is it called when pus gets trapped in a wound?
An abscess
126
Describe the underlying mechanism for vaccines
The function of memory cells to respond quickly and prevent infection
127
The first _______ in ____ is attributed to ______ ______, and English _______
Vaccine
1796
Edward Jenner
Surgeon
128
Define:
Cowpox
An infectious disease that causes sores in cow teats
129
What can protection from a disease come from? (2)
Natural infection
Vaccination
130
What is vaccination based on? What is vaccination also known as?
Based on memory cell development, preparing the animal to respond quickly to natural disease exposure
Immunization
131
Vaccines can be made from the pathogen's modified _______. The strain is ________, allowing it to ______ but not create clinical _______ after injection
Strains
Weakened
Divide
Illness
132
What are the vaccines made from the pathogen's modified strains referred to as?
Modified live vaccines
133
Other vaccines are made from a pathogen that is ______. The pathogen is no longer going to ______ but still has all its ________ to induce an ______ ________
Killed
Divide
Antigens
Immune response
134
True or False:
The invading bacteria do not cause some diseases, but the toxin they produce
True
135
What is used as a vaccine in the type of disease where a bacteria produces a toxin?
The modified toxin is used as a vaccine in this type of disease
136
The toxoid produced by the bacteria continues to be _________ but is sufficiently modified to cause no clinical _____
Antigenic
Signs
137
True or False:
Researchers have discovered in recent years that certain pathogens share similar antigens
True
138
Similar antigens are shared by a related group of bacteria, called what?
Gram negative
139
________ to these main antigens depends against all of this class' ________. Developing these core antigen ________ enables one _______ to protect against multiple ________
Immunity
Bacteria
Vaccines
Vaccine
Diseases
140
What essential nutrient does another development in vaccines capitalizes on the need for?
Iron, an essential nutrient for gram-negative bacteria
141
True or False:
In living animals, free iron is readily available
False; In living animals, free iron is not readily available, as most are bound within cells
142
There is a significant amount of ____ in the red blood cell __________
Iron
Hemoglobin
143
Gram-negative bacteria has developed an extremely efficient system for transporting what?
Iron into the cell to compensate
144
What is the first dose of a vaccine given for?
For killed vaccines to improve the primary immune response
145
When is the booster dose of a vaccine given? What happens when it is given?
Two to four weeks later
Triggering the secondary response
146
High levels of __________ are produced, and memory of the _______ is established
Antibodies
Antigen
147
True or False:
Only one single vaccination is required for many modified live vaccines to establish a strong level of immunity
True
148
Why does the vaccine provide a high level of antigen? What does this represent?
The pathogen in the vaccine replicates within the patient
A natural infection is simulated without causing clinical signs
149
The use of ________ or _______ infection exposure provides active ________ for the animal. _______ exposure allows the animal to mount an immune ________ and develop a disease ______
Vaccines
Natural
Immunity
Antigen
Response
Memory
150
What is the memory function of the animal rapidly triggered with? What happens in response?
With any subsequent exposure
The disease-causing species are destroyed
151
True or False:
It can last for very long periods of active immunity
True
152
How long does immunity generally last for?
6 months, but often provides long-term or even lifetime protection
153
______ _____________ is recommended for many illnesses. This annual _______ stimulates the immune response and raises the level of the present ________. ______ cells are developed once again, and the animal is prepared for _______ _______ ________
Annual revaccination
Booster
Antibody
Memory
Natural disease exposure
154
List the benefits (1) and disadvantages (1) of:
Passive vaccines
Benefits: Protection is immediate
Disadvantages: Provides only temporary protection
155
List the benefits (3) and disadvantages (3) of:
Modified live vaccine (MLV)
Benefits: High level of protection, longer duration of protection, booster dose not always needed
Disadvantages: Easily inactivated with sunlight and disinfectants, must be handled carefully, some vaccines cannot be used in pregnant animals, may harm the fetus
156
List the benefits (2) and disadvantages (2) of:
Killed vaccine
Benefits: Very safe vaccines (can be used in pregnant animals), good protection
Disadvantages: Must be followed by booster dose, shorter duration of protection compared with MLV
157
When does passive immunity develop?
When transferring antibodies from one animal to another; It usually happens through the first milk produced from the mother to her offspring
158
The first ____ produced by the mother during _________ is very rich in _________
Milk
Pregnancy
Antibodies
159
What is the milk that is rich in antibodies called?
Colostrum
160
True or False:
The newborn's gastrointestinal tract can produce the antibodies of the milk very early in life without killing them
True
161
What type of molecules are antibodies? What happens to them through normal digestion?
Protein molecules
They are digested and inactivated through normal digestion
162
Antibodies are absorbed into the ___________, providing instant immunity to the _______. The ability to absorb antibodies is rapidly _________
Bloodstream
Newborn
Declining
163
What is temporary immunity offered by?
Passive immunity
164
How long does passive immunity last for?
This form of immunity usually lasts for several weeks to months
165
The higher the level of transfers of an antibody, the longer the ________ ________
Immunity duration
166
When vaccinating young animals, _______ ________ must be considered. In the development of a ___________ schedule for _______ and _______, this problem is assessed
Passive immunity
Vaccination
Puppies
Kittens
167
When a modified ____ vaccine is administered to a baby, it may be inactivated _____________ by the mother's __________
Live
Automatically
Antibodies
168
True or False:
The puppy gains very little immunity from this vaccination (MLV) because the pathogen in the vaccine does not replicate
True
169
How is the puppy eventually able to respond to the MLV?
The puppy is eventually able to respond to the vaccine as the maternal antibodies declines
