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My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) > (Anatomy and Physiology) Immune System > Flashcards

(Anatomy and Physiology) Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Substances that are _______ to the body must be identified by the ______ ______. It also has to consider what is _______ to the body to achieve this

A

Foreign
Immune system
Natural

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2
Q

Define:
Antigen

A

Any foreign molecule that can induce a response to the immune system

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3
Q

What does the expression antigen refer to? What is not considered antigens?

A

The body’s own molecules
Large molecules within the intestinal tract

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4
Q

True or False:
Small molecules induce an immune response

A

False, small molecules DO NOT induce an immune response (such as glucose)

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5
Q

What are the bulk of antigens?

A

Large proteins or polysaccharides

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6
Q

An antigen should not be…

A

A molecule in the body that occurs naturally (i.e. it must be foreign)

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7
Q

Antigens are also _______, as well as being _____. This __________ gives a specific _____ to the molecule that the ______ ______ can recognize

A

Complex
Large
Complexity
Shape
Immune system

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8
Q

Why do antigens have complexity that is recognizable by the immune system and don’t occur naturally in the body?

A

Prevents the immune system of an animal from destroying itself (also why a transplanted organ will be damaged by the immune system)

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9
Q

Large _________ on the cell surface give them a distinct characteristic that the ______ ______ can identify

A

Molecules
Immune system

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10
Q

True or False:
Closely related individuals on the surface of the cells have identical antigens

A

True, this makes them ideal donors of organs

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11
Q

What is the determinant of the antigen?

A

The identification site of the antigen, a small part of the molecule that allows use to recognize the antigen

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12
Q

Describe the determinant of the antigen (2)

A

Has a particular shape that the body’s immune system may identify
Large and complex molecules may have several

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13
Q

True or False:
The identification for each antigen is not precise

A

False, the identification for each antigen is VERY precise

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14
Q

Why are large and complex molecules considered to be quite antigenic?

A

The immune system is greatly stimulated as the molecule may have several antigenic determinants

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15
Q

The body has distributed collections of _____ tissue to quickly detect ________

A

Lymph
Antigens

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16
Q

Describe:
Tonsils (2)

A

Collections of lymph tissue within the framework of connective tissue
Located at the back of the pharynx

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17
Q

Lymph vessels originate in the tissues as small ___________ and form larger _____ that discharge fluid back to _____ _____ that are spread throughout the body and eventually back to the ___________

A

Capillaries
Veins
Lymph nodes
Bloodstream

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18
Q

What is lymph? What does lymph start as?

A

The fluid that lymph vessels bring
Lymph starts as the cell-forming interstitial fluid

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19
Q

What happens as blood enters the capillaries?

A

A portion of the water and small molecules are squeezed out of the vessels, the cells are nourished by this fluid

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20
Q

What tends to preserve much of the bloodstream fluid? How?

A

The blood protein
The protein’s osmotic pressure keeps the water pulled into the body

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21
Q

What will happen in animals that experience conditions in which protein falls to very low levels?

A

They will produce more tissue fluid

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22
Q

True or False:
Not all the tissue/bloodstream fluid in the body is reabsorbed

A

True, this blood (then called lymph) is picked up by the lymph vessels

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23
Q

Define:
Lacteals

A

Lymphs that absorb lipids from the intestinal tract

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24
Q

Every lacteal begins in the small intestine _____. Such lacteals come together in a larger ________ duct that empties into the ______‘_ ___________ ______

A

Villi
Thoracic
Thorax’s circulatory system

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25
Q

Describe:
Spleen

A

A large, reddish brown organ found within the abdomen that alters the blood (just as the lymph nodes modify the lymph)

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26
Q

What cells does the spleen contain? (2)

A

Large number of antigen-scanning immune cells in the blood
Antigen-responding cells

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27
Q

What is formed by many of the cells in the spleen?

A

Antibody, a large protein

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28
Q

The spleen also extracts from circulation ____ red blood cells. The spleen for red blood cells acts as a ______. ______ muscles will contract within the spleen to drive red blood cells into the __________

A

Aged
Buffer
Smooth
Bloodstream

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29
Q

True or False:
The spleen is necessary for the animal

A

False; Even though the spleen performs many important tasks, living for the animal is not necessary

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30
Q

Lymph nodes will act to detect ________ and house the __________ producing _____

A

Antigens
Antibodies
Cells

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31
Q

Is the spleen a common site to grow tumours?

A

Yes

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32
Q

The bone marrow is an essential component of the ______ ______. The bone marrow produces _____ _____ cells that are the immune system’s _________ cells

A

Immune system
White blood
Activated

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33
Q

When the body first recognizes an antigen, what is done to it? What performs this action?

A

It is phagocytized
The main cells responsible for this are neutrophils and macrophages

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34
Q

What are macrophages caused by?

A

Blood-borne monocytes entering tissues

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35
Q

Describe the process of an antigen getting phagocytized (2)

A

When phagocytized, the antigens (e.x. Bacterium) is broken down into the cell
Antigen fragments are then moved to the cell surface

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36
Q

Why are antigen fragments moved to the cell surface?

A

These are responsible for inducing the development of many other immune cells

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37
Q

The ___________ release _________ that activate the immune system in general

A

Macrophages
Cytokines

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38
Q

What are the roles of cytokines? (2)

A

They can kill or slow down the replication of viruses
The release of these substances attracts other immune cells to the area and facilitates the phagocytization of antigens

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39
Q

Do some factors often destroy cells that have been harmed? State one

A

Yes
One such factors is the hypothalamus regulating the temperature of the body (results in a fever/high body temperature, which is normal in infectious diseases)

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40
Q

What is temperature control of the body an important part of? Explain

A

Complete physical examination
Recognizing that excitement and high outside temperature and humidity can change the temperature of the animal without an underlying disease is critical

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41
Q

_____ makes an animal feel poor, but is specifically designed to help against _________ in the region

A

Fever
Pathogens

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42
Q

What does high temperatures/fever do to an infectious organism and to the body? (4)

A

Can hinder, or actually kill, the replication of an infectious organism
Helps kill cells that are virally infected
Promote the movements of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies
Activates the sleep centre, allows the animal to conserve energy

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43
Q

State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Cats

A

101.5 degrees

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44
Q

State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Cows

A

101.5 degrees

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45
Q

State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Dogs

A

102 degrees

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46
Q

State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Goats

A

102 degrees

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47
Q

State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Horses

A

100 degrees

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48
Q

State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Swines

A

102.5 degrees

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49
Q

State the normal body temperature (taken rectally) in Fahrenheit of:
Sheeps

A

103 degrees

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50
Q

Inflammation can result from: (2)

A

Physical injury
A reaction to a pathogen’s invasion

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51
Q

What does the regulation of inflammation include? What do they do?

A

Numerous factors released by the immune system cells
Causes dilation of local blood vessels and increased permeability of capillaries

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52
Q

What is the purpose of the dilation of local blood vessels and increased permeability of capillaries caused by products of immune system cells?

A

Designed to specifically to provide the region with more white blood cells and antibodies

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53
Q

When blood rises, the region often becomes _____ and ______

A

Moist
Purple

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54
Q

The increased ____________ of the capillary allows more _____ to penetrate the _______, causing _____ or ________

A

Permeability
Fluid
Tissues
Edema
Swelling

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55
Q

True or False:
The extra fluid in the tissues results in a higher pressure, compressing the nerves

A

False, the extra fluid in the tissues results in a higher pressure, compressing the ENDS of the nerves

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56
Q

How many classic signs of inflammation are there? What are they?

A

4
Warmth, redness, edema, and pain

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57
Q

As a result, what are edema or swelling symptoms often associated with?

A

Discomfort

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58
Q

Inflammation allows the ____________ area to reach significant number of _____ _____ _____

A

Contaminated
White blood cells

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59
Q

Lymphocytes come into contact with _____ that contain _______

A

Cells
Antigens

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60
Q

How to lymphocytes respond to specific antigens? What happens when the lymphocyte is exposed to antigens?

A

There are programmed to respond to specific antigens
Antigen exposure drives the cell to repeat mitosis

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61
Q

Describe:
The Effect

A

A large number of lymphocytes designed specifically to respond to this specific antigen

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62
Q

What is the rapid growth in cell number (such as the Effect) known as?

A

Clonal expansion, as all the resulting cells are similar

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63
Q

What type of lymphocyte develop and mature in the bone marrow and lymph tissue in the intestine?

A

Lymphocyte B or B Cell

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64
Q

Where do B Cells develop and mature? What do B Cells develop into during clonal expansion?

A

In the bone marrow and lymph tissue in the intestine
Plasma cells

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65
Q

Plasma cells produce a large of _____ ___________ _________ and _____ _________. Why?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
For protein production and secretion

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66
Q

Plasma cells secrete a particular type of protein known as:

A

Antibody

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67
Q

Antibody development in response to an antigen is called:

A

Humoral immunity

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68
Q

Describe:
Antibody

A

Large molecules of protein formed by four chains of polypeptides
A Y shape takes on the resulting molecule

69
Q

What does the antibody bind to?

A

Binds to the same determinant of antigen that activated the B cell

70
Q

In an antibody Y, the Y’s ____ have regions responsible for _______ detection. The region of the receptor ______ between different _________ of antibodies

A

Arms
Antigen
Varies
Molecules

71
Q

As with all receptors, how does binding occur with antibodies?

A

Binding occurs when the shape of the antigen fits into the antibody (as in a lock and key)

72
Q

What is the blood protein divided into?

A

Albumin and globulin

73
Q

Antibodies are large proteins contained in the fraction of _________

A

Globulins

74
Q

What is the antibody protein also called?

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig)

75
Q

A ______ cell produces large quantities of identical molecules of __________, all designed to attack the same ________

A

Plasma
Antibodies
Antigen

76
Q

To stimulate an immune response, a ________ must first overcome the body’s general protective ________. Skin creates strong protective _______ preventing the entry of pathogens in to the ____

A

Pathogen
Defences
Barrier
Body

77
Q

True or False:
Transmitting the pathogen (e.g. a bite wound) involves a painful break in the skin

A

True

78
Q

Is another possible entry point for antigens provided by superficial mucous membranes?

A

Yes, such as in the nose, mouth, and eyes

79
Q

_______ (e.g. ________) in secretions together with changes in pH that help prevent infection from occurring

A

Enzyme
Lysozyme

80
Q

What happens as milk is pushed through the teat sphincter/urine passes through the urethra?

A

There may be physical elimination of invading pathogens

81
Q

Define:
Nonspecific response

A

Innate immunity. Phagocytic cells are present to swallow any bacteria that make it through the body’s physical defences

82
Q

Neutrophils are involved in ____________ but do not act as _______-presenting cells and therefore do not induce another immune ________

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen
Response

83
Q

True or False:
Neutrophils provide the initial response

A

False, neutrophils provide the initial response and are identified by tissue damage

84
Q

What is tissue macrophages derived from?

A

Derived from monocytes leaving the bloodstream

85
Q

Describe:
Tissue macrophages

A

React to neutrophil activity and invade the damaged area

86
Q

Explain the role/purpose of cells in phagocytosis

A

High effective and play a role in controlling the immune response

87
Q

When an animal is first exposed to an _______, it usually takes _ to __ days to produce a substantial amount of ________

A

Antigen
3
14
Antibody

88
Q

What does the primary response to an antigen trigger? (3)

A

Lymphocyte recognition, clonal expansion, and antibody production

89
Q

When triggered, ______ cells will generate ________ of molecules of __________ every hour.

A

Plasma
Millions
Antibodies

90
Q

True or False:
Plasma cells usually survive for just two days with this enormous demand

A

False, plasma cells usually survive for just four or five days with this enormous demand; Not all clonal expansion cells develop into plasma cells

91
Q

What do some of the clonal cells grow into?

A

Cells of memory

92
Q

______ cells, unlike plasma cells, do not deliberately generate enormous amounts of ________

A

Memory
Antibody

93
Q

What is the memory cell’s function?

A

To mount a much faster response when the same antigen if identified next time

94
Q

Much less _______ is needed with the presence of ______ cells to induce the ______ system’s reaction. The answer is not only _______, it also generates much higher amounts of ________

A

Antigen
Memory
Immune
Quicker
Antibody

95
Q

Explain a secondary reaction

A

It is a secondary reaction that prevents a second time an infectious disease from affecting an animal

96
Q

True or False:
Highly effective in preventing the same disease is the secondary response

A

True, but the response is very specific

97
Q

What are diseases such as common human cold or flu caused by?

A

Caused by viruses that have many strains that are sufficiently different to not stimulate secondary response

98
Q

The ______ response requires more than just antibody ___________ supplying _______ immunity. A ____-________ response is also assembled by the immune system

A

Immune
Development
Humoral
Cell-mediated

99
Q

The body has a large supply of T ___________ as well as the _ ___________

A

Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

100
Q

Where do T cells come from/mature?

A

T cells come from the bone marrow, but in the thymus gland they mature

101
Q

At _____, a relatively large ________ organ found in the ______ (_______ and _______ region) is the ______ gland

A

Birth
Lymphoid
Thorax
Cranial
Ventral
Thymus

102
Q

True or False:
T lymphocytes enter the thymus and mature into a cell that can respond to an antigen

A

True, the cell becomes immunocompetent

103
Q

What is every T cell responsive to? What is the response?

A

Responsive to a specific determinant of the antigen
All immune cells capable of responding to the animal’s own antigens will be killed

104
Q

The T cells leave the ______ when they are ______ and enter other _____ tissues

A

Thymus
Mature
Lymph

105
Q

True or False:
The thymus in the fetus is very involved and early in life

A

True

106
Q

Describe the thymus as it matures and in a dog (2)

A

The thymus shrinks to a small residual structure as the animal matures
In the dog, after 5-6 months of age, the thymus starts losing lymphoid tissue

107
Q

True or False:
Fat is often stored within the organ’s tissue system

A

False, fat is often stored within the organ’s connective tissue system

108
Q

Although the ______ may be quite small, even in an _______ animal, remains are often _______

A

Thymus
Elderly
Visible

109
Q

What typically works in conjunction with humoral immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

110
Q

What typically works in conjunction with cell-mediated immunity?

A

Humoral immunity

111
Q

Does the production of antibodies improve immunity that is mediated by cells?

A

Yes

112
Q

What necessary to destroy infected cells, altered cells, bacteria and any foreign antigen?

A

T cells and macrophages

113
Q

In the reaction which destroys organ or tissue grafts from other organisms, what plays a critical role?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

114
Q

As the B cells do, they undergo ______ _________ when the T cells are exposed to a foreign _______

A

Clonal expansion
Antigen

115
Q

How many types of T cells are there? What are they?

A

2 types
T-helper cells, and cytotoxic cells

116
Q

What do the T-helper cells do?

A

To stimulate the immune response, the T-helper cells release cytokines

117
Q

What do the cytotoxic T cells do?

A

To attack damaged cells, the cytotoxic T cells leave the lymph node

118
Q

Many ______ cells may be identified by T cells because they have different _______ _______

A

Cancer
Surface antigens

119
Q

What are a small fraction of T lymphocytes also transformed into?

A

Memory cells

120
Q

How are memory T lymphocytes different from memory B cells?

A

The lymphocytes are long-lived cells that provide a rapid response to the same antigen with subsequent exposure

121
Q

What does active immunity often depend on to quickly kill that invading pathogen?

A

Cell-mediated response

122
Q

True or False:
It is easy to measure cell-mediated immunity based on antibodies in the blood

A

False; Although levels of antibodies can be measured in the blood, it is not easy to measure cell-mediated immunity

123
Q

A large number of cells migrate to the _________ site. To help combat the invading ________, ___________, ___________ and ___________ are all present

A

Infection
Pathogen
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Macrophages

124
Q

What is pus? What is it caused by?

A

A combination of the invading pathogen, tissue cells that are killed and dead, and tissue fluid
Caused by the accumulation of all cells and cell debris

125
Q

What is it called when pus gets trapped in a wound?

A

An abscess

126
Q

Describe the underlying mechanism for vaccines

A

The function of memory cells to respond quickly and prevent infection

127
Q

The first _______ in ____ is attributed to ______ ______, and English _______

A

Vaccine
1796
Edward Jenner
Surgeon

128
Q

Define:
Cowpox

A

An infectious disease that causes sores in cow teats

129
Q

What can protection from a disease come from? (2)

A

Natural infection
Vaccination

130
Q

What is vaccination based on? What is vaccination also known as?

A

Based on memory cell development, preparing the animal to respond quickly to natural disease exposure
Immunization

131
Q

Vaccines can be made from the pathogen’s modified _______. The strain is ________, allowing it to ______ but not create clinical _______ after injection

A

Strains
Weakened
Divide
Illness

132
Q

What are the vaccines made from the pathogen’s modified strains referred to as?

A

Modified live vaccines

133
Q

Other vaccines are made from a pathogen that is ______. The pathogen is no longer going to ______ but still has all its ________ to induce an ______ ________

A

Killed
Divide
Antigens
Immune response

134
Q

True or False:
The invading bacteria do not cause some diseases, but the toxin they produce

A

True

135
Q

What is used as a vaccine in the type of disease where a bacteria produces a toxin?

A

The modified toxin is used as a vaccine in this type of disease

136
Q

The toxoid produced by the bacteria continues to be _________ but is sufficiently modified to cause no clinical _____

A

Antigenic
Signs

137
Q

True or False:
Researchers have discovered in recent years that certain pathogens share similar antigens

A

True

138
Q

Similar antigens are shared by a related group of bacteria, called what?

A

Gram negative

139
Q

________ to these main antigens depends against all of this class’ ________. Developing these core antigen ________ enables one _______ to protect against multiple ________

A

Immunity
Bacteria
Vaccines
Vaccine
Diseases

140
Q

What essential nutrient does another development in vaccines capitalizes on the need for?

A

Iron, an essential nutrient for gram-negative bacteria

141
Q

True or False:
In living animals, free iron is readily available

A

False; In living animals, free iron is not readily available, as most are bound within cells

142
Q

There is a significant amount of ____ in the red blood cell __________

A

Iron
Hemoglobin

143
Q

Gram-negative bacteria has developed an extremely efficient system for transporting what?

A

Iron into the cell to compensate

144
Q

What is the first dose of a vaccine given for?

A

For killed vaccines to improve the primary immune response

145
Q

When is the booster dose of a vaccine given? What happens when it is given?

A

Two to four weeks later
Triggering the secondary response

146
Q

High levels of __________ are produced, and memory of the _______ is established

A

Antibodies
Antigen

147
Q

True or False:
Only one single vaccination is required for many modified live vaccines to establish a strong level of immunity

A

True

148
Q

Why does the vaccine provide a high level of antigen? What does this represent?

A

The pathogen in the vaccine replicates within the patient
A natural infection is simulated without causing clinical signs

149
Q

The use of ________ or _______ infection exposure provides active ________ for the animal. _______ exposure allows the animal to mount an immune ________ and develop a disease ______

A

Vaccines
Natural
Immunity
Antigen
Response
Memory

150
Q

What is the memory function of the animal rapidly triggered with? What happens in response?

A

With any subsequent exposure
The disease-causing species are destroyed

151
Q

True or False:
It can last for very long periods of active immunity

A

True

152
Q

How long does immunity generally last for?

A

6 months, but often provides long-term or even lifetime protection

153
Q

______ _____________ is recommended for many illnesses. This annual _______ stimulates the immune response and raises the level of the present ________. ______ cells are developed once again, and the animal is prepared for _______ _______ ________

A

Annual revaccination
Booster
Antibody
Memory
Natural disease exposure

154
Q

List the benefits (1) and disadvantages (1) of:
Passive vaccines

A

Benefits: Protection is immediate
Disadvantages: Provides only temporary protection

155
Q

List the benefits (3) and disadvantages (3) of:
Modified live vaccine (MLV)

A

Benefits: High level of protection, longer duration of protection, booster dose not always needed
Disadvantages: Easily inactivated with sunlight and disinfectants, must be handled carefully, some vaccines cannot be used in pregnant animals, may harm the fetus

156
Q

List the benefits (2) and disadvantages (2) of:
Killed vaccine

A

Benefits: Very safe vaccines (can be used in pregnant animals), good protection
Disadvantages: Must be followed by booster dose, shorter duration of protection compared with MLV

157
Q

When does passive immunity develop?

A

When transferring antibodies from one animal to another; It usually happens through the first milk produced from the mother to her offspring

158
Q

The first ____ produced by the mother during _________ is very rich in _________

A

Milk
Pregnancy
Antibodies

159
Q

What is the milk that is rich in antibodies called?

A

Colostrum

160
Q

True or False:
The newborn’s gastrointestinal tract can produce the antibodies of the milk very early in life without killing them

A

True

161
Q

What type of molecules are antibodies? What happens to them through normal digestion?

A

Protein molecules
They are digested and inactivated through normal digestion

162
Q

Antibodies are absorbed into the ___________, providing instant immunity to the _______. The ability to absorb antibodies is rapidly _________

A

Bloodstream
Newborn
Declining

163
Q

What is temporary immunity offered by?

A

Passive immunity

164
Q

How long does passive immunity last for?

A

This form of immunity usually lasts for several weeks to months

165
Q

The higher the level of transfers of an antibody, the longer the ________ ________

A

Immunity duration

166
Q

When vaccinating young animals, _______ ________ must be considered. In the development of a ___________ schedule for _______ and _______, this problem is assessed

A

Passive immunity
Vaccination
Puppies
Kittens

167
Q

When a modified ____ vaccine is administered to a baby, it may be inactivated _____________ by the mother’s __________

A

Live
Automatically
Antibodies

168
Q

True or False:
The puppy gains very little immunity from this vaccination (MLV) because the pathogen in the vaccine does not replicate

A

True

169
Q

How is the puppy eventually able to respond to the MLV?

A

The puppy is eventually able to respond to the vaccine as the maternal antibodies declines

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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