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My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) > (Anatomy and Physiology) Respiratory System > Flashcards

(Anatomy and Physiology) Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nose provide?

A

Provides an opening for external air to enter the animal

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2
Q

________ open up in to the _____ cavity, which is divided into sheets of ____ line with __________

A

Nostrils
Nasal
Bone
Epithelium

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3
Q

What covers and acts as a protective covering on the epithelial lining?

A

Mucus

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4
Q

Why is inhaled air warmed?

A

To protect the lower airways

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5
Q

A maximization of surface area allows for what?

A

Allows for air to be exposed to large amounts of epithelium

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6
Q

True or False:
The upper airways also protect the lower airways through a variety of mechanisms

A

True

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7
Q

List the mechanisms through which the upper airways protect the lower airways (3)

A

The mucus lining the epithelium filters the incoming air and dust, dirt, pollen and other particles are trapped by the mucus
Epithelial cilia move the mucus towards the pharynx and causes the mucus to accumulate and eventually become swallowed
If inhaled particles cause irritation, the animal sneezes as a reflexive action where a large amount of air is forced through the nose to remove the irritants

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8
Q

What is the common area shared between the nose and the mouth?

A

The pharynx

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9
Q

As the pharynx helps in both the __________ of food and _________, there are special __________ which prevent ____ from being inhaled

A

Swallowing
Breathing
Structures
Food

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10
Q

What is the cartilage structure at the opening to major airways?

A

The larynx

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11
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The common area shared between the nose and the mouth

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12
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The cartilage structure at the opening to major airways

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13
Q

The larynx contains the _____ _____, which allow for ____________ in animals and humans

A

Vocal folds
Vocalizations

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14
Q

What increases the tension on the vocal folds? What results from this increased tension?

A

Intrinsic muscles in the larynx
Alter the pitch of the sound

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15
Q

What is the opening in the larynx between the vocal folds?

A

The glottis

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16
Q

What is the cartilage flap which protects the opening during the action of swallowing?

A

The epiglottis

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17
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The opening in the larynx between the vocal folds

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18
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A cartilage flap which protects the opening during the action of swallowing

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19
Q

The larynx leads to the _______, which consists of a series of _________ _____ that are joined by __________ tissue

A

Trachea
Cartilage rings
Connective

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20
Q

C shaped cartilage rings provide a firm _______ for movement and the ____ can be abruptly bent without tracheal _________

A

Airway
Neck
Narrowing

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21
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

A smooth epithelium with surface cilia

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22
Q

What coats the epithelium? Where does the cilia move it to?

A

Mucus
Pharynx

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23
Q

The trachea branches into _ major _______ at about the region of the _____

A

2
Bronchi
Heart

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24
Q

Where does each bronchus lead to? What happens after?

A

Each bronchus leads to a lung
These bronchi branch into smaller bronchi which divide and enter different areas of the lung

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25
As the bronchi continually become smaller, what do they become?
Bronchioles, which have smooth muscles within their walls
26
What allows for contraction of the airways to open of close tightly?
Smooth muscle
27
Irritants can cause what in the bronchioles? Explain
Bronchoconstriction, where bronchioles constrict in a reflexive manner vs during physical exertion bronchodilation occurs to allow for greater airflow
28
What do the bronchioles then form?
Alveoli, the smallest openings
29
What do alveoli contain?
These small pouches contain simple squamous epithelium with capillaries surrounding the alveoli
30
Describe the blood delivered in the pulmonary circulation (2)
Low in oxygen Rich in carbon dioxide
31
Lungs produce __________, a product coating the _______
Surfactant Alveoli
32
What is the surfactant composed of? What does it allow?
The surfactant is composed of lipids and proteins, allows for ease of inflation of the alveoli
33
True or False: Animals that are born prematurely make lack needed surfactant levels
True, ultimately creating difficulty inflating the lungs and potentially leading to death
34
What can be done if an animal is born prematurely?
A respirator can be used until the animal matures enough to create adequate amounts of surfactant themselves
35
What lines the lungs? What is it?
The visceral pleura, a type of smooth epithelium
36
What lines the internal thorax?
The parietal pleura
37
A small amount of ___________ fluid is present between the _____ and the walls of the ______ to allow for the lungs to ______ and ________ in the chest cavity
Lubricating Lungs Thorax Expand Contract
38
What does the 2 step breathing process include?
Inspiration (air is taken into the lungs) Expiration (air is forced out)
39
True or False: During inhalation, the chest cavity increases in volume 1 way
False, during inhalation, the chest cavity increases in volume 2 ways
40
What are the 2 ways the chest cavity increases during inhalation?
Movements of the diaphragm Intercostal muscles
41
Describe the movements of the diaphragm during inhalation (2)
In a relaxed state, the diaphragm is arched into the thorax During contraction, it flattens and pushes towards the abdomen
42
What is the diaphragm?
A muscle separating the thorax and abdomen
43
Describe the movements of the intercostal muscles during inhalation
Intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs and expand the chest
44
Inspiration is ______ dependent and expiration can be a _______ process as during relaxation, the process automatically ______ the air out
Energy Passive Forces
45
What controls the normal rate of respiration? What is the rate of respiration influenced by?
The brain Influenced by several factors
46
Give two examples of when stress induced rate increases can occur for an animal
During a trip to the veterinarian The animal being outside on a hot day
47
If oxygen levels decrease to very low levels, what will happen to the blood?
The blood takes on a darker colour and is more bluish
48
What is the bluish colour of blood known as? What does this indicate?
Cyanosis, indicates an inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues
49
Define: Pneumonia
A disease that produces inflammation in the lungs and it is typically caused by bacteria or viral
50
What is the disease that produces inflammation in the lungs and it is typically caused by bacteria or viral called?
Pneumonia
51
Once the infection reaches the lungs, the immune system's _____ _____ cells attempt to attack these microorganisms
White blood
52
In pneumonia, what happens when the white blood cells attempt to attack the microorganisms in the lung?
Cell fluid accumulate in the alveoli, decreasing the amount of lung tissue that can transfer gases effectively
53
In pneumonia, what happens to the animal when cell fluid accumulate in the alveoli and decrease the amount of lung tissue that can transfer gases effectively?
The animal breathes harder and faster to compensate for this
54
Define: Pleural Friction Rub
The abnormal noise observed in the animal that indicates inflammation and irritation in the pleurae, the linings of the lung and chest
55
How is pleural friction rub observed? Why?
With a stethoscope to evaluate breathing
56
True or False: Usually pleural friction rubs are silent
True (stated by HOSA presentation)
57
How is pleural friction rub treated?
Treated with anti-inflammatories and antibiotics
58
Horses have a respiratory system that is ____ _________ but can develop a condition where one of the _____ folds is not able to ____
Well developed Vocal Open
59
What is the condition in horses where one of the vocal folds is not able to open called?
A laryngeal paralysis known as roaring
60
Give the etymology of the condition known as roaring
Named after the noise that is created by the air being forced through a portion of the larynx
61
Why does roaring/laryngeal paralysis occur? How is it treated?
Occurs when the nerve stimulating that part or side of the larynx does not work properly Surgery is required to fix the vocal fold
62
What is the condition in horses where coughing, nasal discharge and laboured breathing are commonly observed?
Heaves
63
What is the main difference between heaves and pneumonia?
Unlike pneumonia, heaves is not infectious in nature
64
What is the speculated cause of heaves?
Speculated to be related to exposure to dusts and molds
65
What is evident in horses with heaves? How is it treated?
An accumulation of white blood cells and mucus in the bronchioles, and the walls of the bronchioles are thickened Bronchodilators are given and decrease the inflammation
66
What are bronchodilators?
Medications that open the airways
67
True or False: There is a large space between the pleura
False, the space between the pleura is a POTENTIAL space (normally shows very little gap but can potentially become much larger)
68
Conditions can cause the _____ to deflate and the potential space between the ______ can become filled with ___ or _____
Lungs Pleura Air Fluid
69
What can a fluid filled pleural space cause? (2)
Pneumothorax Blood accumulation
70
Define: Pneumothorax
A condition where the lungs deflate
71
Define: Hemothorax
Describes the blood that accumulates due to trauma causing bleeding into the pleural space
72
Define: Pyothorax
An accumulation of white blood cells, cellular debris and inflammatory fluid
73
What can cause a pyothorax?
An infection in the pleural space
74
True or False: Pyothorax can be developed secondarily to pneumonia
True, when bacteria escape the lung tissue to the pleura
75
In pyothorax, there is a lessened ability to _________ blood and causes rapid ____________ and eventually, ___________ ________ as the animal struggles to expand the lungs
Oxygenate Respirations Respiratory distress

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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