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My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) > (Anatomy and Physiology) Respiratory System > Flashcards

(Anatomy and Physiology) Respiratory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the nose provide?

A

Provides an opening for external air to enter the animal

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2
Q

________ open up in to the _____ cavity, which is divided into sheets of ____ line with __________

A

Nostrils
Nasal
Bone
Epithelium

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3
Q

What covers and acts as a protective covering on the epithelial lining?

A

Mucus

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4
Q

Why is inhaled air warmed?

A

To protect the lower airways

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5
Q

A maximization of surface area allows for what?

A

Allows for air to be exposed to large amounts of epithelium

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6
Q

True or False:
The upper airways also protect the lower airways through a variety of mechanisms

A

True

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7
Q

List the mechanisms through which the upper airways protect the lower airways (3)

A

The mucus lining the epithelium filters the incoming air and dust, dirt, pollen and other particles are trapped by the mucus
Epithelial cilia move the mucus towards the pharynx and causes the mucus to accumulate and eventually become swallowed
If inhaled particles cause irritation, the animal sneezes as a reflexive action where a large amount of air is forced through the nose to remove the irritants

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8
Q

What is the common area shared between the nose and the mouth?

A

The pharynx

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9
Q

As the pharynx helps in both the __________ of food and _________, there are special __________ which prevent ____ from being inhaled

A

Swallowing
Breathing
Structures
Food

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10
Q

What is the cartilage structure at the opening to major airways?

A

The larynx

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11
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The common area shared between the nose and the mouth

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12
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The cartilage structure at the opening to major airways

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13
Q

The larynx contains the _____ _____, which allow for ____________ in animals and humans

A

Vocal folds
Vocalizations

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14
Q

What increases the tension on the vocal folds? What results from this increased tension?

A

Intrinsic muscles in the larynx
Alter the pitch of the sound

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15
Q

What is the opening in the larynx between the vocal folds?

A

The glottis

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16
Q

What is the cartilage flap which protects the opening during the action of swallowing?

A

The epiglottis

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17
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The opening in the larynx between the vocal folds

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18
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A cartilage flap which protects the opening during the action of swallowing

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19
Q

The larynx leads to the _______, which consists of a series of _________ _____ that are joined by __________ tissue

A

Trachea
Cartilage rings
Connective

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20
Q

C shaped cartilage rings provide a firm _______ for movement and the ____ can be abruptly bent without tracheal _________

A

Airway
Neck
Narrowing

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21
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

A smooth epithelium with surface cilia

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22
Q

What coats the epithelium? Where does the cilia move it to?

A

Mucus
Pharynx

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23
Q

The trachea branches into _ major _______ at about the region of the _____

A

2
Bronchi
Heart

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24
Q

Where does each bronchus lead to? What happens after?

A

Each bronchus leads to a lung
These bronchi branch into smaller bronchi which divide and enter different areas of the lung

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25
Q

As the bronchi continually become smaller, what do they become?

A

Bronchioles, which have smooth muscles within their walls

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26
Q

What allows for contraction of the airways to open of close tightly?

A

Smooth muscle

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27
Q

Irritants can cause what in the bronchioles? Explain

A

Bronchoconstriction, where bronchioles constrict in a reflexive manner vs during physical exertion bronchodilation occurs to allow for greater airflow

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28
Q

What do the bronchioles then form?

A

Alveoli, the smallest openings

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29
Q

What do alveoli contain?

A

These small pouches contain simple squamous epithelium with capillaries surrounding the alveoli

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30
Q

Describe the blood delivered in the pulmonary circulation (2)

A

Low in oxygen
Rich in carbon dioxide

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31
Q

Lungs produce __________, a product coating the _______

A

Surfactant
Alveoli

32
Q

What is the surfactant composed of? What does it allow?

A

The surfactant is composed of lipids and proteins, allows for ease of inflation of the alveoli

33
Q

True or False:
Animals that are born prematurely make lack needed surfactant levels

A

True, ultimately creating difficulty inflating the lungs and potentially leading to death

34
Q

What can be done if an animal is born prematurely?

A

A respirator can be used until the animal matures enough to create adequate amounts of surfactant themselves

35
Q

What lines the lungs? What is it?

A

The visceral pleura, a type of smooth epithelium

36
Q

What lines the internal thorax?

A

The parietal pleura

37
Q

A small amount of ___________ fluid is present between the _____ and the walls of the ______ to allow for the lungs to ______ and ________ in the chest cavity

A

Lubricating
Lungs
Thorax
Expand
Contract

38
Q

What does the 2 step breathing process include?

A

Inspiration (air is taken into the lungs)
Expiration (air is forced out)

39
Q

True or False:
During inhalation, the chest cavity increases in volume 1 way

A

False, during inhalation, the chest cavity increases in volume 2 ways

40
Q

What are the 2 ways the chest cavity increases during inhalation?

A

Movements of the diaphragm
Intercostal muscles

41
Q

Describe the movements of the diaphragm during inhalation (2)

A

In a relaxed state, the diaphragm is arched into the thorax
During contraction, it flattens and pushes towards the abdomen

42
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A muscle separating the thorax and abdomen

43
Q

Describe the movements of the intercostal muscles during inhalation

A

Intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs and expand the chest

44
Q

Inspiration is ______ dependent and expiration can be a _______ process as during relaxation, the process automatically ______ the air out

A

Energy
Passive
Forces

45
Q

What controls the normal rate of respiration? What is the rate of respiration influenced by?

A

The brain
Influenced by several factors

46
Q

Give two examples of when stress induced rate increases can occur for an animal

A

During a trip to the veterinarian
The animal being outside on a hot day

47
Q

If oxygen levels decrease to very low levels, what will happen to the blood?

A

The blood takes on a darker colour and is more bluish

48
Q

What is the bluish colour of blood known as? What does this indicate?

A

Cyanosis, indicates an inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues

49
Q

Define:
Pneumonia

A

A disease that produces inflammation in the lungs and it is typically caused by bacteria or viral

50
Q

What is the disease that produces inflammation in the lungs and it is typically caused by bacteria or viral called?

A

Pneumonia

51
Q

Once the infection reaches the lungs, the immune system’s _____ _____ cells attempt to attack these microorganisms

A

White blood

52
Q

In pneumonia, what happens when the white blood cells attempt to attack the microorganisms in the lung?

A

Cell fluid accumulate in the alveoli, decreasing the amount of lung tissue that can transfer gases effectively

53
Q

In pneumonia, what happens to the animal when cell fluid accumulate in the alveoli and decrease the amount of lung tissue that can transfer gases effectively?

A

The animal breathes harder and faster to compensate for this

54
Q

Define:
Pleural Friction Rub

A

The abnormal noise observed in the animal that indicates inflammation and irritation in the pleurae, the linings of the lung and chest

55
Q

How is pleural friction rub observed? Why?

A

With a stethoscope to evaluate breathing

56
Q

True or False:
Usually pleural friction rubs are silent

A

True (stated by HOSA presentation)

57
Q

How is pleural friction rub treated?

A

Treated with anti-inflammatories and antibiotics

58
Q

Horses have a respiratory system that is ____ _________ but can develop a condition where one of the _____ folds is not able to ____

A

Well developed
Vocal
Open

59
Q

What is the condition in horses where one of the vocal folds is not able to open called?

A

A laryngeal paralysis known as roaring

60
Q

Give the etymology of the condition known as roaring

A

Named after the noise that is created by the air being forced through a portion of the larynx

61
Q

Why does roaring/laryngeal paralysis occur? How is it treated?

A

Occurs when the nerve stimulating that part or side of the larynx does not work properly
Surgery is required to fix the vocal fold

62
Q

What is the condition in horses where coughing, nasal discharge and laboured breathing are commonly observed?

A

Heaves

63
Q

What is the main difference between heaves and pneumonia?

A

Unlike pneumonia, heaves is not infectious in nature

64
Q

What is the speculated cause of heaves?

A

Speculated to be related to exposure to dusts and molds

65
Q

What is evident in horses with heaves? How is it treated?

A

An accumulation of white blood cells and mucus in the bronchioles, and the walls of the bronchioles are thickened
Bronchodilators are given and decrease the inflammation

66
Q

What are bronchodilators?

A

Medications that open the airways

67
Q

True or False:
There is a large space between the pleura

A

False, the space between the pleura is a POTENTIAL space (normally shows very little gap but can potentially become much larger)

68
Q

Conditions can cause the _____ to deflate and the potential space between the ______ can become filled with ___ or _____

A

Lungs
Pleura
Air
Fluid

69
Q

What can a fluid filled pleural space cause? (2)

A

Pneumothorax
Blood accumulation

70
Q

Define:
Pneumothorax

A

A condition where the lungs deflate

71
Q

Define:
Hemothorax

A

Describes the blood that accumulates due to trauma causing bleeding into the pleural space

72
Q

Define:
Pyothorax

A

An accumulation of white blood cells, cellular debris and inflammatory fluid

73
Q

What can cause a pyothorax?

A

An infection in the pleural space

74
Q

True or False:
Pyothorax can be developed secondarily to pneumonia

A

True, when bacteria escape the lung tissue to the pleura

75
Q

In pyothorax, there is a lessened ability to _________ blood and causes rapid ____________ and eventually, ___________ ________ as the animal struggles to expand the lungs

A

Oxygenate
Respirations
Respiratory distress

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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