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My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) > (Anatomy and Physiology) Reproductive System > Flashcards

(Anatomy and Physiology) Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

In the anatomy of the male reproductive system, what does it make and do?

A

Creates sperm cells
Has the means to deliver them to the female’s reproductive tract

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2
Q

What does the male reproductive system anatomy include?

A

Includes the output of both organs and structures

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3
Q

Describe:
Testes (2)

A

Situated outside the abdomen in the male
Housed in a skin-covered bag called the scrotum

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4
Q

What is the singular form of testes?

A

Testis

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5
Q

What is the skin-covered bag that contains the testes called?

A

Scrotum

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6
Q

What covers the scrotum? Where does it come from?

A

The peritoneum, extending from within the abdomen

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7
Q

What allows the testes to be drawn closer to the abdomen? Where is it located?

A

The cremaster muscle
Within the scrotum wall

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8
Q

What does the cremaster muscle allow?

A

Allows the testes to be drawn closer to the abdomen

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9
Q

True or False:
Scrotal temperature must be higher than body temperature in order for sperm production to occur optimally

A

False, scrotal temperature must be LOWER than body temperature in order for sperm production to occur optimally

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10
Q

The testes conform closely to the __________

A

Epididymis

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11
Q

Describe:
Epididymis

A

A long (highly folded) tube that is connected to the teste’s outer surface

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12
Q

What does the epididymis do? (2)

A

Acts as a storage area within the testes for the sperm produced
The sperm goes through their final maturation in here

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13
Q

Why does the sperm go through their final maturation in the epididymis?

A

This final development is required before the sperm can fertilize an egg

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14
Q

The sperm cord contains: (3)

A

The artery
The vein
The nerve of the testicular

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15
Q

The source of arterial blood originates from the _______ descending _____

A

Abdomen
Aorta

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16
Q

Besides the _____ vessels, there is also the ______ ________ in the _____ cord

A

Blood
Ductus deferens
Sperm

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17
Q

The sperm cord reaches the abdomen through a slit called and situated in:

A

Injuinal canal
Muscles of the abdomen

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18
Q

What do the tissues on either side of the inguinal canal do? (2)

A

Are in close contact with each other
Provide a possible gap through which other structures can protrude

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19
Q

Describe:
Ductus deferens

A

Carries sperm to the prostate gland from the epididymis

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20
Q

Like many other tubular structures, the ductus deferens has a _______ muscle wall that enables the ______ cells to be transported __________ by ___________

A

Smooth
Sperm
Physically
Peristalsis

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21
Q

Where is the prostate gland found?

A

Around the urethra at the base of the urinary bladder

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22
Q

True or False:
The prostate is a dog’s supplementary sex organ

A

False, the prostate is the dog’s ONLY supplementary sex organ

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23
Q

Where does ductus deferens enter in the prostate?

A

Enters the urethra in the prostate

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24
Q

The prostate-produced secretions are important for what?

A

The sperm’s survival and motility

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25
Q

The urethra performs the dual function of:

A

Bearing urine for excretion
Semen for reproduction

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26
Q

Describe what the penis is in

A

Inside a tubular sheath wrapped in the blood

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27
Q

Describe:
Prepuce

A

This defensive sheath lined with mucous membrane

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28
Q

What is the penis composed of?

A

Numerous blood vessels and sensory nerves

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29
Q

What are the larger open areas that the veins are bound by called?

A

Sinuses

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30
Q

The highly vascular tissue is housed on either side of the penis in:

A

Two paired corpora cavernosa

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31
Q

What is the smaller region closer to the urethra?

A

Spongiosum corpus

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32
Q

What is the difference between corpora cavernosa and spongiosum corpus? (2)

A

Spongiosum is:
Closer to the urethra
A smaller region

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33
Q

The ____ of _____ out of the penis is limited when what occurs?

A

Flow
Blood
Sexual excitement occurs

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34
Q

As blood passes through the arteries into the penis, what happens?

A

The sinuses are filled with blood

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35
Q

The _____ becomes _____ as the pressure ________, protruding from the _______

A

Penis
Erect
Increases
Prepuce

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36
Q

What is the penis tip referred to as?

A

The glans

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37
Q

The glans are quite large in ______, whereas it is line with _____ ______ in the ___

A

Horses
Tiny spines
Cat

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38
Q

How many parts is the penis divided into?

A

3

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39
Q

What is attached to the two ends of the penis? What joins the penis’ body?

A

The pelvis
The roots

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40
Q

Describe:
The penis’ body

A

A region rich in sinuses

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41
Q

Sperm cells are produced by:

A

Precursor cells, that line seminiferous tubules

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42
Q

True or False:
Cells are subjected to meiosis throughout the male’s life, providing a limited supply of precursor cells

A

False, cells are subjected to MITOSIS through the male’s life, providing an UNLIMITED supply of precursor cells

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43
Q

Precursor cells undergo meiosis in order to:

A

Produce sperm cells

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44
Q

True or False:
Meiosis divisions contain half the normal number of chromosomes in sperm cells

A

True

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45
Q

In order to become function sperm cells, the __________ produced by _______ undergo changes

A

Spermatids
Meiosis

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46
Q

Sperm cells have _______ that is mobile but has very little _________

A

Flagella
Cytoplasm

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47
Q

What is the sperm head densely packed with?

A

Chromosomes

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48
Q

At the base of the flagellum, what provides the energy needed for movement?

A

Mitochondria

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49
Q

The testes function as an _________ gland, releasing the _______ ____________

A

Endocrine
Hormone testosterone

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50
Q

List the functions of testosterone (2)

A

Promotes male genital growth
Produces the distinctive characteristics of a male

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51
Q

List the characteristics of a bull that results from testosterone (2)

A

Powerful musculature
Associated deep bellow

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52
Q

True or False:
The development of sperm also includes testosterone

A

True

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53
Q

___ hormones released from the ___________ gland help control the test process. Such ___ hormones are produced by both _____ and _______

A

Two
Hypophyseal
Two
Males
Females

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54
Q

The two hormones released from the hypophyseal gland are named based on what?

A

Based on the role they play in females

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55
Q

What are the two hormones released from the hypophyseal gland?

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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56
Q

State the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Promotes testosterone production by research

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57
Q

State the function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Encourages the actual production of sperm

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58
Q

The _____ leads into the ____, the external opening in the ______ to the __________ tract

A

Vulva
Womb
Female
Urogenital

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59
Q

Where is the urethra’s opening in females?

A

On the vagina’s surface

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60
Q

Urine reaches the ______ part of the ______ through the _______ and the through the _____

A

Caudal
Vagina
Urethra
Vulva

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61
Q

True or False:
The vagina connects to the cervix as well

A

True

62
Q

What is the cervix?

A

A part of the uterus that guards the uterus’ opening

63
Q

Describe:
Uterus (2)

A

Has a short body overlapping the foetus’ two horns
Takes the form of a Y, with two horn originating from a normal body and cervix

64
Q

The uterus tapers into a small _______ or _______ channel leading to the _____

A

Oviduct
Uterine
Ovary

65
Q

What is formed by the ovary?

A

Eggs

66
Q

The ovary is the female _____

A

Gonad

67
Q

The _______ takes the ___ to the ______ from the _____

A

Oviduct
Egg
Uterus
Ovary

68
Q

What is at the end of the oviduct?

A

A thin membranous infundibulum

69
Q

What does the infundibulum do?

A

Coils around the ovary to protect the egg during ovulation after it is released from the ovary

70
Q

Ovaries are ______ to the _____

A

Caudal
Lungs

71
Q

Through _______, ovaries produce ____

A

Meiosis
Eggs

72
Q

The precursor cells under the first stage of _______ as the _______ form in the ______ and then stop. At this stage, the number of ____ that can be produce is determined

A

Meiosis
Ovaries
Embryo
Eggs

73
Q

What is the difference between females and males in terms of egg/sperm?

A

In males, mitosis continues to occur in the sperm precursor cells. The male’s supply of sperm cells is practically limitless

74
Q

The number of ____ is determined at an _____ stage of development but allows a supply _______ than the female would use during her reproductive life

A

Eggs
Early
Greater

75
Q

Females go through the ______ cycle. When does this process start?

A

Estrous
At a stage in the growth of the animal called puberty

76
Q

Define:
Puberty

A

The beginning of the reproductive life of the animal and usually only begins after the animal reaches a certain proportion of its adult body weight

77
Q

What will the onset of puberty be delayed by? (2)

A

Nutritional deficiencies
Diseases that slow growth

78
Q

The cycle of the ______ prepares the ______ for ________

A

Estrous
Female
Pregnancy

79
Q

What is the estrous cycle regulated by?

A

Hormones

80
Q

True or False:
Specific details of the estrous cycle differ from species to species

A

True

81
Q

Describe the estrous cycle of a cow

A

The cow’s average estrous cycle is 21 days, although it can usually be between 17-25 days

82
Q

Define:
Estrus

A

Describes the animal when in a state of sexual excitement

83
Q

List the hormones of the bovine estrous cycle (5)

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
Estrogen
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
Progesterone

84
Q

In the bovine estrous cycle, what does FSH do?

A

Causes follicle to grow in ovary

85
Q

In the bovine estrous cycle, what does Estrogen do?

A

Brings on heat

86
Q

In the bovine estrous cycle, what does LH do?

A

Causes follicle rupture, egg released

87
Q

In the bovine estrous cycle, what does Progesterone do?

A

Prepares cow for pregnancy

88
Q

When does estrus occur in the bovine estrous cycle? Describe the hormone levels at this point

A

Occurs around the 20th day of estrous cycle
Spike in levels of FSH, LH, and estrogen; progesterone levels have dropped by this point

89
Q

A lot of seasonal breeders are influenced by ________ ____, or ___________

A

Daylight time
Photoperiod

90
Q

Horses are ____-term breeders. Horses naturally enter the ______ and ______ breeding season as the days are _________

A

Long
Spring
Summer
Prolonged

91
Q

True or False:
Foals born earlier in the year are less valuable for certain breeds

A

False, foals born earlier in the year are MORE valuable for certain breeds

92
Q

What was developed to facilitate an earlier start to the breeding season?

A

Artificial lighting techniques

93
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Cattle

A

279-292 days
9 months

94
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Goats

A

145-155 days
5 months

95
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Sheep

A

144-151 days
5 months

96
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Swine

A

112-115 days
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

97
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Horses

A

330-342 days
11 months

98
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Dogs

A

58-70 days
2 months

99
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Cats

A

58-65 days
2 months

100
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Rabbits

A

30-35 days
1 month

101
Q

State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Elephants

A

600-660 days
20-22 months

102
Q

Why is the pregnancy length often averaged in months?

A

The length of pregnancy varies significantly with animals and breeds, thus pregnancy length if often averaged in months

103
Q

Even though there are differences between ______, _____ are known as breeders of _____ days. During ____, they begin to have a season of breeding as the days _______

A

Breeds
Sheep
Short
Fall
Shorten

104
Q

When are lambs born? Why?

A

Lambs are born after gesturing for five months at a time that maximizes their survival potential, as pasture is typically plentiful in the spring

105
Q

List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Cattle

A

Age of Puberty: 12-15 months
Cycle Description: Polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 21 days
Estrus Duration: 8-30 hours
Timing of Ovulation: 10-14 hours after estrus

106
Q

List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Sheep

A

Age of Puberty: 7-12 months
Cycle Description: Seasonal polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 17 days
Estrus Duration: 1 day
Timing of Ovulation: End of estrus

107
Q

List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Goats

A

Age of Puberty: 6-8 months
Cycle Description: Seasonal polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 21 days
Estrus Duration: 12-24 hours
Timing of Ovulation: End of estrus

108
Q

List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Horse

A

Age of Puberty: 10-24 months
Cycle Description: Seasonal polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 21 days
Estrus Duration: 6 days
Timing of Ovulation: Day 5 of estrus

109
Q

List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Swine

A

Age of Puberty: 4-9 months
Cycle Description: Polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 21 days
Estrus Duration: 2-3 days
Timing of Ovulation: Day 2 or 3 of estrus

110
Q

List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Dog

A

Age of Puberty: 5-24 months
Cycle Description: Monestrous
Cycle Duration: 6-8 months
Estrus Duration: 3-21 days
Timing of Ovulation: Day 2 or 3 of estrus

111
Q

List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Cat

A

Age of Puberty: 4-12 months
Cycle Description: Seasonal polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 15-21 days
Estrus Duration: 10-14 days
Timing of Ovulation: Induced following breeding

112
Q

True or False:
Larger-breed dogs tend to reach puberty at a younger age than smaller breeds

A

False, larger-breed dogs tend to reach puberty at an OLDER age than smaller breeds

113
Q

Besides sheep, what is also a breed of short days?

A

Goats, with a breeding season that may run from October to March

114
Q

What can also affect cycling in goats?

A

The addition of a male

115
Q

If female goats are housed separately from a ____, his reintroduction can begin several weeks _____ in the ________ season

A

Buck
Early
Breeding

116
Q

Cats are also ___________ in the season, but the season may be quite ____

A

Polyestrous
Long

117
Q

Polyestrous animals have how many period(s) of estrus in a year?

A

More than one period of estrus in a year

118
Q

The breeding season for a cat typically begins in _______ as the days start to lengthen and often go on until _________

A

January
September

119
Q

Cats are _________ that are stimulated. The mating act triggers _________ and a faster ______ period. The period length varies depending on the ________ ______ and __________

A

Ovulators
Ovulation
Estrus
Breeding timing
Occurence

120
Q

A __ is formed after breeding, and the cycle can last for up to _____ _____. The cat will return to ____ in a much _______ period without ________

A

CL
Three weeks
Heat
Shorter
Breeding

121
Q

Dogs are exceptional as they are monestrus, what does that mean?

A

They only experience estrus once a year

122
Q

Usually, during heat cycles there is a delay of ___ to _____ ______. In dogs, the average duration of _________ is _ ____, but it can extend up to __ ____

A

Six to eight months
Proestrus
9 days
17 days

123
Q

True or False:
The female dogs attracts males during proestrus, but is not responsive to them

A

True

124
Q

The female dog normally has a ___ discharge from a swollen _____ during _________. The blood flows through the ______ and ______ walls

A

Red
Vulva
Proestrus
Uterus
Vagina

125
Q

Define:
Pheromone

A

A distinctive chemical released by the female in estrus is observed by all male domestic animals

126
Q

What is the function of pheromones? (2)

A

Act as a medium of gender-specific chemical signalling
Increase sexual excitement in males (a nervous reflex, regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system, controls the vessels inside the penis, leading to an erection)

127
Q

What happens when the female is in heat? (3)

A

The female in heat then stand to accept the male for all domestic animals
The male’s penis penetrates the female’s vagina
The excitement of the male builds up until there is an ejaculation

128
Q

The ducts in where contract during ejaculation? What does the contraction do?

A

The ducts in the epididymis and ductus deferens contract during ejaculation
Propels the sperm forward

129
Q

What do accessory sex glands do immediately before ejaculation?

A

Contribute to the creation of semen

130
Q

________ ____________ allow the _____ to be pushed forward and deposited in the _______ ______. Then the sperm propels with their ________

A

Urethral contractions
Sperm
Cranial vagina
Flagella

131
Q

The sperm undergoes further maturation once in what? What is this called and what does it do?

A

Once in the oviduct
This method is known as capacitation, prepares the sperm for fertilization of the egg

132
Q

What does the sperm enter? Where does it attach to? What happens?

A

Enterse the oviduct’s nucleus
Attaches to the egg’s cell membrane; Upon releasing enzymes from the acrosome, the first sperm attachment penetrates the membrane

133
Q

True or False:
Once a sperm enters the cell, the membrane shifts to avoid the entry of any other sperm

A

True

134
Q

The ______ of the ___ and _____ combine to provide a total number of ___________ for the __________ ___

A

Nuclei
Egg
Sperm
Chromosomes
Fertilized egg

135
Q

The fertilized egg submits to a sequence of _______ _________ and produces an ______

A

Mitotic divisions
Embryo

136
Q

How long does the embryo live in the oviduct? Where does it go after?

A

3-4 days
Then passes into the uterus

137
Q

Within the embryo, _______ continues to increase the number of _____

A

Mitosis
Cells

138
Q

As the number of cells increases within the embryo, in a process called _______________, the major ______ and _______ grow

A

Differentiation
Organs
Systems

139
Q

What does the involvement of the embryo in the uterus prevent?

A

Prevents prostaglandin from being released and prevents the cow from returning to estrus

140
Q

The __ remains intact, secreting ____________ that is essential for the _________ to begin

A

CL
Progesterone
Pregnancy

141
Q

The embryo is bound to the ______ starting on day __ and ending on day __. This is known as ____________

A

Uterus
28
45
Implantation

142
Q

What do the attachment points provide between the mother and the embryo?

A

Nutrient and waste transfer sites

143
Q

In a cow, how many of the nutrient and waste transfer sites attachment points are there? What are they known as?

A

There are 80 to 100 such places in the cow, called placentomes

144
Q

Describe:
Placentome

A

Has the mother’s tightly folded vessels closely related to embryo vessels; Separating these layers creates the impression that two layers of Velcro TM are separated

145
Q

The intertwined vessels provide a large surface area that enables ________, ______ and ______ to be transferred in a process similar to that in the ____ _______

A

Nutrient
Oxygen
Waste
Lung alveoli

146
Q

True or False:
The fetus and mother’s blood match

A

False, the fetus and mother’s blood don’t match

147
Q

The placentation theory is _________ to species, but the attachment’s ________ and ________ differs between _______

A

Identical
Location
Position
Species

148
Q

The _______ levels change in the planning for ___________ as the foetus reaches the full term

A

Hormone
Parturition

149
Q

Define:
Parturition

A

Delivery of the newborn

150
Q

When does delivery of the newborn normally occur?

A

Normally occurs at a time when the foetus can survive alone

151
Q

With the end of pregnancy the levels of ____________ start to decrease and the levels of ________ rise

A

Progesterone
Estrogen

152
Q

The ______ is primed for delivery by the ________. Then the ______ increases the release of the _________ hormone, which triggers the beginning of ___________

A

Uterus
Estrogen
Foetus
Cortisone
Parturition

My Packs: HOSA (Veterinary Science) (18 decks)

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