(Anatomy and Physiology) Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
In the anatomy of the male reproductive system, what does it make and do?
A
Creates sperm cells
Has the means to deliver them to the female’s reproductive tract
2
Q
What does the male reproductive system anatomy include?
A
Includes the output of both organs and structures
3
Q
Describe:
Testes (2)
A
Situated outside the abdomen in the male
Housed in a skin-covered bag called the scrotum
4
Q
What is the singular form of testes?
A
Testis
5
Q
What is the skin-covered bag that contains the testes called?
A
Scrotum
6
Q
What covers the scrotum? Where does it come from?
A
The peritoneum, extending from within the abdomen
7
Q
What allows the testes to be drawn closer to the abdomen? Where is it located?
A
The cremaster muscle
Within the scrotum wall
8
Q
What does the cremaster muscle allow?
A
Allows the testes to be drawn closer to the abdomen
9
Q
True or False:
Scrotal temperature must be higher than body temperature in order for sperm production to occur optimally
A
False, scrotal temperature must be LOWER than body temperature in order for sperm production to occur optimally
10
Q
The testes conform closely to the __________
A
Epididymis
11
Q
Describe:
Epididymis
A
A long (highly folded) tube that is connected to the teste’s outer surface
12
Q
What does the epididymis do? (2)
A
Acts as a storage area within the testes for the sperm produced
The sperm goes through their final maturation in here
13
Q
Why does the sperm go through their final maturation in the epididymis?
A
This final development is required before the sperm can fertilize an egg
14
Q
The sperm cord contains: (3)
A
The artery
The vein
The nerve of the testicular
15
Q
The source of arterial blood originates from the _______ descending _____
A
Abdomen
Aorta
16
Q
Besides the _____ vessels, there is also the ______ ________ in the _____ cord
A
Blood
Ductus deferens
Sperm
17
Q
The sperm cord reaches the abdomen through a slit called and situated in:
A
Injuinal canal
Muscles of the abdomen
18
Q
What do the tissues on either side of the inguinal canal do? (2)
A
Are in close contact with each other
Provide a possible gap through which other structures can protrude
19
Q
Describe:
Ductus deferens
A
Carries sperm to the prostate gland from the epididymis
20
Q
Like many other tubular structures, the ductus deferens has a _______ muscle wall that enables the ______ cells to be transported __________ by ___________
A
Smooth
Sperm
Physically
Peristalsis
21
Q
Where is the prostate gland found?
A
Around the urethra at the base of the urinary bladder
22
Q
True or False:
The prostate is a dog’s supplementary sex organ
A
False, the prostate is the dog’s ONLY supplementary sex organ
23
Q
Where does ductus deferens enter in the prostate?
A
Enters the urethra in the prostate
24
Q
The prostate-produced secretions are important for what?
A
The sperm’s survival and motility
25
The urethra performs the dual function of:
Bearing urine for excretion
Semen for reproduction
26
Describe what the penis is in
Inside a tubular sheath wrapped in the blood
27
Describe:
Prepuce
This defensive sheath lined with mucous membrane
28
What is the penis composed of?
Numerous blood vessels and sensory nerves
29
What are the larger open areas that the veins are bound by called?
Sinuses
30
The highly vascular tissue is housed on either side of the penis in:
Two paired corpora cavernosa
31
What is the smaller region closer to the urethra?
Spongiosum corpus
32
What is the difference between corpora cavernosa and spongiosum corpus? (2)
Spongiosum is:
Closer to the urethra
A smaller region
33
The ____ of _____ out of the penis is limited when what occurs?
Flow
Blood
Sexual excitement occurs
34
As blood passes through the arteries into the penis, what happens?
The sinuses are filled with blood
35
The _____ becomes _____ as the pressure ________, protruding from the _______
Penis
Erect
Increases
Prepuce
36
What is the penis tip referred to as?
The glans
37
The glans are quite large in ______, whereas it is line with _____ ______ in the ___
Horses
Tiny spines
Cat
38
How many parts is the penis divided into?
3
39
What is attached to the two ends of the penis? What joins the penis' body?
The pelvis
The roots
40
Describe:
The penis' body
A region rich in sinuses
41
Sperm cells are produced by:
Precursor cells, that line seminiferous tubules
42
True or False:
Cells are subjected to meiosis throughout the male's life, providing a limited supply of precursor cells
False, cells are subjected to MITOSIS through the male's life, providing an UNLIMITED supply of precursor cells
43
Precursor cells undergo meiosis in order to:
Produce sperm cells
44
True or False:
Meiosis divisions contain half the normal number of chromosomes in sperm cells
True
45
In order to become function sperm cells, the __________ produced by _______ undergo changes
Spermatids
Meiosis
46
Sperm cells have _______ that is mobile but has very little _________
Flagella
Cytoplasm
47
What is the sperm head densely packed with?
Chromosomes
48
At the base of the flagellum, what provides the energy needed for movement?
Mitochondria
49
The testes function as an _________ gland, releasing the _______ ____________
Endocrine
Hormone testosterone
50
List the functions of testosterone (2)
Promotes male genital growth
Produces the distinctive characteristics of a male
51
List the characteristics of a bull that results from testosterone (2)
Powerful musculature
Associated deep bellow
52
True or False:
The development of sperm also includes testosterone
True
53
___ hormones released from the ___________ gland help control the test process. Such ___ hormones are produced by both _____ and _______
Two
Hypophyseal
Two
Males
Females
54
The two hormones released from the hypophyseal gland are named based on what?
Based on the role they play in females
55
What are the two hormones released from the hypophyseal gland?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
56
State the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Promotes testosterone production by research
57
State the function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Encourages the actual production of sperm
58
The _____ leads into the ____, the external opening in the ______ to the __________ tract
Vulva
Womb
Female
Urogenital
59
Where is the urethra's opening in females?
On the vagina's surface
60
Urine reaches the ______ part of the ______ through the _______ and the through the _____
Caudal
Vagina
Urethra
Vulva
61
True or False:
The vagina connects to the cervix as well
True
62
What is the cervix?
A part of the uterus that guards the uterus' opening
63
Describe:
Uterus (2)
Has a short body overlapping the foetus' two horns
Takes the form of a Y, with two horn originating from a normal body and cervix
64
The uterus tapers into a small _______ or _______ channel leading to the _____
Oviduct
Uterine
Ovary
65
What is formed by the ovary?
Eggs
66
The ovary is the female _____
Gonad
67
The _______ takes the ___ to the ______ from the _____
Oviduct
Egg
Uterus
Ovary
68
What is at the end of the oviduct?
A thin membranous infundibulum
69
What does the infundibulum do?
Coils around the ovary to protect the egg during ovulation after it is released from the ovary
70
Ovaries are ______ to the _____
Caudal
Lungs
71
Through _______, ovaries produce ____
Meiosis
Eggs
72
The precursor cells under the first stage of _______ as the _______ form in the ______ and then stop. At this stage, the number of ____ that can be produce is determined
Meiosis
Ovaries
Embryo
Eggs
73
What is the difference between females and males in terms of egg/sperm?
In males, mitosis continues to occur in the sperm precursor cells. The male's supply of sperm cells is practically limitless
74
The number of ____ is determined at an _____ stage of development but allows a supply _______ than the female would use during her reproductive life
Eggs
Early
Greater
75
Females go through the ______ cycle. When does this process start?
Estrous
At a stage in the growth of the animal called puberty
76
Define:
Puberty
The beginning of the reproductive life of the animal and usually only begins after the animal reaches a certain proportion of its adult body weight
77
What will the onset of puberty be delayed by? (2)
Nutritional deficiencies
Diseases that slow growth
78
The cycle of the ______ prepares the ______ for ________
Estrous
Female
Pregnancy
79
What is the estrous cycle regulated by?
Hormones
80
True or False:
Specific details of the estrous cycle differ from species to species
True
81
Describe the estrous cycle of a cow
The cow's average estrous cycle is 21 days, although it can usually be between 17-25 days
82
Define:
Estrus
Describes the animal when in a state of sexual excitement
83
List the hormones of the bovine estrous cycle (5)
GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
Estrogen
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
Progesterone
84
In the bovine estrous cycle, what does FSH do?
Causes follicle to grow in ovary
85
In the bovine estrous cycle, what does Estrogen do?
Brings on heat
86
In the bovine estrous cycle, what does LH do?
Causes follicle rupture, egg released
87
In the bovine estrous cycle, what does Progesterone do?
Prepares cow for pregnancy
88
When does estrus occur in the bovine estrous cycle? Describe the hormone levels at this point
Occurs around the 20th day of estrous cycle
Spike in levels of FSH, LH, and estrogen; progesterone levels have dropped by this point
89
A lot of seasonal breeders are influenced by ________ ____, or ___________
Daylight time
Photoperiod
90
Horses are ____-term breeders. Horses naturally enter the ______ and ______ breeding season as the days are _________
Long
Spring
Summer
Prolonged
91
True or False:
Foals born earlier in the year are less valuable for certain breeds
False, foals born earlier in the year are MORE valuable for certain breeds
92
What was developed to facilitate an earlier start to the breeding season?
Artificial lighting techniques
93
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Cattle
279-292 days
9 months
94
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Goats
145-155 days
5 months
95
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Sheep
144-151 days
5 months
96
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Swine
112-115 days
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
97
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Horses
330-342 days
11 months
98
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Dogs
58-70 days
2 months
99
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Cats
58-65 days
2 months
100
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Rabbits
30-35 days
1 month
101
State the average length of pregnancy in days and months of:
Elephants
600-660 days
20-22 months
102
Why is the pregnancy length often averaged in months?
The length of pregnancy varies significantly with animals and breeds, thus pregnancy length if often averaged in months
103
Even though there are differences between ______, _____ are known as breeders of _____ days. During ____, they begin to have a season of breeding as the days _______
Breeds
Sheep
Short
Fall
Shorten
104
When are lambs born? Why?
Lambs are born after gesturing for five months at a time that maximizes their survival potential, as pasture is typically plentiful in the spring
105
List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Cattle
Age of Puberty: 12-15 months
Cycle Description: Polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 21 days
Estrus Duration: 8-30 hours
Timing of Ovulation: 10-14 hours after estrus
106
List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Sheep
Age of Puberty: 7-12 months
Cycle Description: Seasonal polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 17 days
Estrus Duration: 1 day
Timing of Ovulation: End of estrus
107
List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Goats
Age of Puberty: 6-8 months
Cycle Description: Seasonal polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 21 days
Estrus Duration: 12-24 hours
Timing of Ovulation: End of estrus
108
List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Horse
Age of Puberty: 10-24 months
Cycle Description: Seasonal polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 21 days
Estrus Duration: 6 days
Timing of Ovulation: Day 5 of estrus
109
List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Swine
Age of Puberty: 4-9 months
Cycle Description: Polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 21 days
Estrus Duration: 2-3 days
Timing of Ovulation: Day 2 or 3 of estrus
110
List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Dog
Age of Puberty: 5-24 months
Cycle Description: Monestrous
Cycle Duration: 6-8 months
Estrus Duration: 3-21 days
Timing of Ovulation: Day 2 or 3 of estrus
111
List the Age of Puberty, Cycle Description, Cycle Duration, Estrus Duration, and Timing of Ovulation of:
Cat
Age of Puberty: 4-12 months
Cycle Description: Seasonal polyestrous
Cycle Duration: 15-21 days
Estrus Duration: 10-14 days
Timing of Ovulation: Induced following breeding
112
True or False:
Larger-breed dogs tend to reach puberty at a younger age than smaller breeds
False, larger-breed dogs tend to reach puberty at an OLDER age than smaller breeds
113
Besides sheep, what is also a breed of short days?
Goats, with a breeding season that may run from October to March
114
What can also affect cycling in goats?
The addition of a male
115
If female goats are housed separately from a ____, his reintroduction can begin several weeks _____ in the ________ season
Buck
Early
Breeding
116
Cats are also ___________ in the season, but the season may be quite ____
Polyestrous
Long
117
Polyestrous animals have how many period(s) of estrus in a year?
More than one period of estrus in a year
118
The breeding season for a cat typically begins in _______ as the days start to lengthen and often go on until _________
January
September
119
Cats are _________ that are stimulated. The mating act triggers _________ and a faster ______ period. The period length varies depending on the ________ ______ and __________
Ovulators
Ovulation
Estrus
Breeding timing
Occurence
120
A __ is formed after breeding, and the cycle can last for up to _____ _____. The cat will return to ____ in a much _______ period without ________
CL
Three weeks
Heat
Shorter
Breeding
121
Dogs are exceptional as they are monestrus, what does that mean?
They only experience estrus once a year
122
Usually, during heat cycles there is a delay of ___ to _____ ______. In dogs, the average duration of _________ is _ ____, but it can extend up to __ ____
Six to eight months
Proestrus
9 days
17 days
123
True or False:
The female dogs attracts males during proestrus, but is not responsive to them
True
124
The female dog normally has a ___ discharge from a swollen _____ during _________. The blood flows through the ______ and ______ walls
Red
Vulva
Proestrus
Uterus
Vagina
125
Define:
Pheromone
A distinctive chemical released by the female in estrus is observed by all male domestic animals
126
What is the function of pheromones? (2)
Act as a medium of gender-specific chemical signalling
Increase sexual excitement in males (a nervous reflex, regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system, controls the vessels inside the penis, leading to an erection)
127
What happens when the female is in heat? (3)
The female in heat then stand to accept the male for all domestic animals
The male's penis penetrates the female's vagina
The excitement of the male builds up until there is an ejaculation
128
The ducts in where contract during ejaculation? What does the contraction do?
The ducts in the epididymis and ductus deferens contract during ejaculation
Propels the sperm forward
129
What do accessory sex glands do immediately before ejaculation?
Contribute to the creation of semen
130
________ ____________ allow the _____ to be pushed forward and deposited in the _______ ______. Then the sperm propels with their ________
Urethral contractions
Sperm
Cranial vagina
Flagella
131
The sperm undergoes further maturation once in what? What is this called and what does it do?
Once in the oviduct
This method is known as capacitation, prepares the sperm for fertilization of the egg
132
What does the sperm enter? Where does it attach to? What happens?
Enterse the oviduct's nucleus
Attaches to the egg's cell membrane; Upon releasing enzymes from the acrosome, the first sperm attachment penetrates the membrane
133
True or False:
Once a sperm enters the cell, the membrane shifts to avoid the entry of any other sperm
True
134
The ______ of the ___ and _____ combine to provide a total number of ___________ for the __________ ___
Nuclei
Egg
Sperm
Chromosomes
Fertilized egg
135
The fertilized egg submits to a sequence of _______ _________ and produces an ______
Mitotic divisions
Embryo
136
How long does the embryo live in the oviduct? Where does it go after?
3-4 days
Then passes into the uterus
137
Within the embryo, _______ continues to increase the number of _____
Mitosis
Cells
138
As the number of cells increases within the embryo, in a process called _______________, the major ______ and _______ grow
Differentiation
Organs
Systems
139
What does the involvement of the embryo in the uterus prevent?
Prevents prostaglandin from being released and prevents the cow from returning to estrus
140
The __ remains intact, secreting ____________ that is essential for the _________ to begin
CL
Progesterone
Pregnancy
141
The embryo is bound to the ______ starting on day __ and ending on day __. This is known as ____________
Uterus
28
45
Implantation
142
What do the attachment points provide between the mother and the embryo?
Nutrient and waste transfer sites
143
In a cow, how many of the nutrient and waste transfer sites attachment points are there? What are they known as?
There are 80 to 100 such places in the cow, called placentomes
144
Describe:
Placentome
Has the mother's tightly folded vessels closely related to embryo vessels; Separating these layers creates the impression that two layers of Velcro TM are separated
145
The intertwined vessels provide a large surface area that enables ________, ______ and ______ to be transferred in a process similar to that in the ____ _______
Nutrient
Oxygen
Waste
Lung alveoli
146
True or False:
The fetus and mother's blood match
False, the fetus and mother's blood don't match
147
The placentation theory is _________ to species, but the attachment's ________ and ________ differs between _______
Identical
Location
Position
Species
148
The _______ levels change in the planning for ___________ as the foetus reaches the full term
Hormone
Parturition
149
Define:
Parturition
Delivery of the newborn
150
When does delivery of the newborn normally occur?
Normally occurs at a time when the foetus can survive alone
151
With the end of pregnancy the levels of ____________ start to decrease and the levels of ________ rise
Progesterone
Estrogen
152
The ______ is primed for delivery by the ________. Then the ______ increases the release of the _________ hormone, which triggers the beginning of ___________
Uterus
Estrogen
Foetus
Cortisone
Parturition
