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Anatomy > Z332 midterm 2 > Flashcards

Z332 midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

membrane permeability due to

A

number and type of channels that are open

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2
Q

gated channels

A

let specific ions through in respone to stimulus; change permeability to that ion, chages membrane potential

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3
Q

transduction

A

changing signal from one form to another ; converstion of a signal into a change of potential in a sensory neuron

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4
Q

exteroreceptors

A

at/near body surface, signals outside body

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5
Q

interoreceptors

A

signals inside body

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6
Q

proprioceptors

A

skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, connective tissues

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7
Q

electromagnetic energy receptors

A

photoreceptors, electroreceptors, magnetoreceptors

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8
Q

rods and cons

A

photoreceptors

rods: gray scale
cones: red, gree, blue

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9
Q

transduction of specific color info…

A

activation of different receptor combinations which are then interpreted as the color in the visual association cortex of the cerebrum

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10
Q

photoreception elctromagnetic to chemical messenger

A

photon collides with cis retinal –> trans retinal

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11
Q

photoreception chemical signal –> change in membrane potential

A

trans retinal activates enzyme that effects membrane potential

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12
Q

rhodopsin

A

opsin + retinal

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13
Q

chemoreceptors

A

olfaction, gustatory, vomerolfaction

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14
Q

olfaction

A

odorant molecule binds to receptor portein that causes chemical cascade. causes change in membrane potential.

several chemical signlas transduced into change in potential

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15
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

hair cells (vestibular - acceleration, cochlear organs - sound waves)

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16
Q

mechanial energy transduction

A

acceleration imposed on hair cell, kinocilium shif causes mechanically gated ion channels to open and change in potential

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17
Q

proprioception

A

relative positon of body parts (mechanoreception)

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18
Q

muscle stretch transduced into

A

change in membrane potential

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19
Q

touch, vibration, pressure sensations of skin

A

meissner, merkel, hair root plexus, pacinian, ruffini

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20
Q

sensory receptor adaptation

A

reduction in amplitude of graded potentail of sensory receptor during maintained, constant stimulus

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21
Q

rapid adaptation

A

registers chaange in stimulus

meissner, hair root plexus, pacinian

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22
Q

slow adaptation

A

monitor stimulus, sustained response (pain, tension, chemical comp of blood)

merkel disc, ruffini

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23
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to noxious or painful stimuli, free nerve ending

chemical: cytokines released from damaged tissue
thermal: increaes frequency of nerve impulses in resposne to cold,

mechanical:

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24
Q

osmoreceptors

A

chemoreceptors that respond to osmotic pressure of body fluids (in hypothalamus)

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25
Q

baroreceptors

A

mechanical receptors that sense blood pressure

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26
Q

graded potential

A

localized, dendrites an cell bodies, decremental ,short lived, no refractory period

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27
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

results in depolarization

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28
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

results in hyperpolarization

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29
Q

gradations

A

graded potentiall vary in amplitude

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30
Q

polarity (depolarization/hyperpolarization) depends on

A

which ions move (depends on receptor/channel)

Cl in and/or K out = hyperpolarization/inhibitory

Na and/or Ca in = depolarization/excitatory

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31
Q

intensity depends on

A

strenth of stimulus (# of open channels, time channels are open)

summation (spatail or temporal)

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32
Q

spatial summation

A

summing of postsynaptic potential that occur at different locations at same time

make bigger or cancle eachother out

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33
Q

temporal summation

A

summing of postsynaptic potential that occur at different times in same location

more time channels are open = greater stimulus strength

more ions come in, increase amp of signal synaptic transmission, increase probabilty another stimulus will occur

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34
Q

action potentail threshold

A

~-55mV

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35
Q

graded potentail last

A

~10-20 sec

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36
Q

3 states of voltage gated Na channels

A

closed, open, inactivated

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37
Q

states of K channels

A

closed or open

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38
Q

for replarization, voltage gated Na channels are

A

inactivated

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39
Q

most important info (vision, balance, motor) carries by

A

lare diameter myelinated axons

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40
Q

CIDP

A

chronic inflammatory demyelianting polyneuropathy

tingling and numbness, weakness of arms and legs, loss of deep tendon reflexes, abnormal sensations

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41
Q

chemical synapse steps

A

action potential arrives at terminal

voltage gated Ca channels open and Ca enters axon terminal

Ca entry causes synaptic vesicles to release NT

NT diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on postsynaptic membrane

binding of NT opens ion channels resulting in membrane potential

NT effects termianted by reuptake, enzymatic degradation, or diffuse away

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42
Q

synaptic delay time

A

.3-.5ms

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43
Q

excitatory

A

increase likelihood of action potential

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44
Q

inhibitory

A

decrease likelihood of action potential

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45
Q

types of neurotransmitter receptors

A

channel linked (ionotropic)

G-protein linked (metabotropic)

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46
Q

channel linked receptors (ionotropic)

A

ligand binds to channel subunit, changes its shape

excitatory receptors : cation channels (Na most for depolarization)

inhibitory receptors: anion channels or K channels; hyperpolarization

47
Q

G-protein linked receptors (metabotopic)

A

2nd messenger system

tend to bring about widespread metabolic changes

slower, prolonges

indirect action

48
Q

antagonists

A

substances that inhibit a process

49
Q

agonists

A

substances that enhance a process

50
Q

NT classified as

A

excitatory (depolarize) or inhibitory (hyperpolarize)

some can be both, effect of NT is determined by receptor

51
Q

Acetylcholine

A

released by somatic motor neurons and some ANS neurons

cholinergic synapses

52
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory amino acid NT, mot important in brain

53
Q

asparate

A

excitatory NT

54
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory

mostly PNS- spinal cord, ganglia, motor neurons

55
Q

strychnine

A

antagonist of glycine (1904 olympics)

56
Q

Gamma AminoButyric Acid (GABA)

A

inhibitory NT

muscle tone, reduces anxiety

57
Q

norepinephrine

A

monoamine, catecholamines, biogenic amine

awaking from sleep, dreaming, reg. moods

memories of single events, adrenergic synapses

58
Q

dopamine (DA)

A

emotional responses, reward, addictive behavior and pleasurable experiences

inhibitory effects aid precise motor control

Parkinson’s disease - damaged neurons that produce DA

cocaine inhibits reuptake –> high

59
Q

Schizophrenia

A

hypothesized to be due to dopamine overactivity

60
Q

cocaine and methamphetamines…

A

can cause psychosis and antipsychotic drugs act to block DA activity

61
Q

Positrom emission tomography (PET)

A

radio labeled tracer with metabolic property injected into blood stream. radiation detector can see where labeled molecules accumulate.

62
Q

Serotonin

A

Role in moods and attention; SSRIs = slective sertotonin reuptake inhibitors; activity blockedby LSD, enhancedby ecstacy

63
Q

nitric oxide

A

neurotransmitter; viagra, too unstable to be stored, produced on demand by enzymatic reaction, vasodilation, lipid soluble –> diffusion, second messegner with cells

64
Q

neuropeptides

A

endorphins: natural opiates, reduce perception of pain under stressful siuations

65
Q

drug affects on synaptic transmission

A

stimulates release of AGO; inhibits release of ANT; stimulates AGO receptors, blocks ANT receptors; blocks AGO reuptake, inactivates AGO

66
Q

integration center

A

collection of neurons tht coordinates particular function

67
Q

neuronal pool

A

function group of neurons

68
Q

circuits

A

patterns of synaptic connections

69
Q

serial processing

A

ex: spinal relexes: chain of neurons

70
Q

parallel processing

A

input segregated into many pathways; one stimulus can promote many responses

71
Q

diverging circuit

A

one input, many outputs; signal amplification

72
Q

converging circuit

A

many inputs one output; effective inhibition or stimulus; concentrating circuit

73
Q

reverberating circuit

A

signal travels through a chain of neurons, each feeding back to previous neurons, oscillating circuit; breathing , muscular coordination, waking up, short term memory; rhythmic activity, prolonged output

74
Q

parallel after discharge curcuit

A

production of multiple IPSPs and EPSPs; signal stimulates neurons arranged in parallel arrays that eventually converge on a single output cell, impulses reach output cell at different times causing burst of impulses after discharge, prolonged output

75
Q

epilepsy

A

recurrent seizures; durgs include antagonists of voltage gated sodum channels and agonists of GABA receptors, allow Cl into cell

76
Q

4 classifications of reflexes

A

early development: innate, acquired ; type of motor response: somatic, visceral ; site of info integration: spinal or cranial ; complexity of neural circuit

77
Q

innate reflexes

A

born, basic neural reflexes, formed before birth

78
Q

acquired reflexes

A

learned, rapid automatic, learned motor patterns

79
Q

somatic reflexes

A

involuntary control of nervous system; superficial relfexes of skin, mucous membranes, stretch reflexes

80
Q

visceral reflexes

A

autonomic reflexes, control systems other than muscular system; effectors: glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

81
Q

monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

1 afferent, 1 synapse, 1 efferent, simplest and fastest

82
Q

gamma efferents

A

control sensitivity of muscle spindle by keeping tension on intrafusal fibers

83
Q

crossed extensor reflexes

A

contralateral reflex arc, coordinated with flexor reflex

84
Q

first order neuron

A

conduct impulses from somatic receptors to spinal cord or brain stem

85
Q

second order receptors

A

conduct imulses from spinal cord and brain stem to thalamus (decussate - crossover oppositeside of body, usualy at medulla)

86
Q

third order neuron

A

conduct impulses from thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex

87
Q

4 major somatosensory pathways

A

posterior column-lateral lemniscus pathway; spinothalamic tracts (anteror lateral); spinocerebellar (unconcious), trigeminothalamic

88
Q

motor and descending efferent pathways

A

pyramidal tracts - lateral and anterior corticospinal tract

89
Q

sensory and ascending afferent pathways

A

dorsal colmn medial lemniscus system - gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus

90
Q

posterior colmn-medial lemniscus pathway

A

somatic sensory, nerve impulses from: touch, pressure, proprioception, vibration; in limbs and trunk; lowe limbs and trunk : gracile fasciculus, upper: cuneate fasciculus; 1st 2nd and3rd order neurons

91
Q

anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

A

nerve impulses from: pain, cold, warmth, itch; in libs, trunk, neck, and back of head; pathway: 1st order to posterior horn of spinal cord, 2nd order crossover in spinal cord; ascends via spinothalamic tract of thalamus, 3rd order to cortex

92
Q

local circuit neurons

A

interneurons receive input from proprioceptors, maintain rhythmic activity andrefelxes without input form cerebrum; ex: cat still walks without brain

93
Q

direct somatic motor pathways

A

lateral corticospinal pathway: digital, precise, skilled movements; anterior : trunk and proximal parts of limbs

94
Q

direct somatic motor pathways

A

descend from brain to spinal cord w/o snyapsing; lateral and anterior corticospinal

95
Q

delta waves in awake adult =

A

brain damage

96
Q

consciousness

A

clinically defined on continuum: altertness, drowsiness/lethargy/ stupor, coma; involes large areas of cerebral cortex acting simultaneously

97
Q

loss of consciousness

A

fainting : brief, restricted blood flow to brain; coma: prolonges, oxygen use below normal, drain damage, tumors, infections , drugs ,etc

98
Q

sleep

A

state of partial unconciousness from which a person can be aroused, brain function continue

99
Q

carcadian rhythm

A

sleep/awake cycles, controlledby hypothalamus

100
Q

stages of sleep

A

awake: alpha and beta; REM: theta and beta, body paralysis, dreaming, 20-30 mins; stage 1: theta, transition phase, 15 mins. stage 2: theta and k complexes ( short bursts of neural activity), 15 mins; stage 3: 20-50% delta, stage 4: >50% delta

101
Q

most slow wave deep sleep occurs

A

in first half of night

102
Q

during REM

A

brain activity increases, slowed heart rate and ventilation rate, vaginal secretion and penile erection, dreaming occurs

103
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden lapse into REM sleep, triggered by pleasurable event; also have cataplexy (loss of voluntary muscle control), orexins (wake up chemicals) destroyed

104
Q

insomnia

A

inability to get sufficient sleep, deficiency of orexins

105
Q

memory consolidation =

A

reinforcement due to frquent retreval of info

106
Q

influences transfer from STM to LTM

A

emotional state: alert and motivated, traumatic events; rehearsal, association, automatic memory: not all long term memories consciously formed

107
Q

declarative memory

A

facts, assiciated with contex in LTM

108
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

less consious/unconsious learning, acquired through experience, procedural, motor, emotional

109
Q

declarative memory circuits

A

temporal lobe areas important, ACh primes brain for memory formation, alzheimers = reduced ACh

110
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

consolidated memories retained, new inputs lost, can still learn new skills (procedural)

111
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories from past

112
Q

procedural memory circuits

A

basal nuclei are important, dopamine is necessary (parkinson’s interferes with procedural memory)

113
Q

long term potentiation

A

persistent strengthening of synaptic connections, essential for memory formation, binding of glutamate, results in Ca influx into postsynaptic cell

Anatomy (16 decks)

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