Nervous system (lab) Flashcards by Emily Bauer

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord, processes info

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Peripheral Nervous System

cranial and spinal nerves, transmits info

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PNS divided into

Sensory (afferent, input), motor (efferent, output)

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Motor neurons divide into

autonomic (organs and glands) and somatic (to skeletal muscles)

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Sensory neurons divide into

somatic (from skin) and visceral (from organs and glands)

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Autonomic motor neurons divide into

sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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Neural tissue derived form

ectoderm

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cell body contains

nucleus, rough ER (Nissl bodies), organelles, neurotransmitter synthesis

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dendrites

projections from cell body or at end of axon, receive signal,

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axon

long extension, ions for signal transmission, electrically insulated by myelin

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nodes of Ranvier

intervals where myelin is interrupted on along axon, regular intervals

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myelin

fatty sheath that insulates

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synaptic vesicles

on axonal terminals, release neurotransmitter

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axon hillock

where axon meets cell body

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nerve

bundle of axons in PNS

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white matter

bundles of axons in the CNS

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appears white due to

myelin around axons

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gray matter

clusters of cell bodies in CNS (unmyelinated)

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ganglia

clusters of cell bodies in PNS

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biggest part of brain

cerebrum

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cerebral cortex

outer bark of folded gray matter (clusters of cell bodies)

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subcortical gray matter nuclei

islands of gray matter deep within brain

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cells of neural tube become

CNS

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neural crest cells

some cells break away from neural folds, will form portions of PNS

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organization similar

muscles: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

multipolar neuron

dendrites on cell body, axon at end of process, abundant in CNS

bipolar neuron

cell body in center, flat, dendrites and axons at end of processes on either side, special senses, receptive zone until other side of cell body

unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron

cell body in center, raised, axons and dendrites at ends, conductive some length of projections, abundant in PNS

astrocytes

CNS, blood/brain barrier, provides nutrients and support to neurons, most abundant, guide neural development, damage repair, 3D framework, recycle neurotransmitters

oligodendrocytes

CNS, myeliantes neurons of CNS, multiple per oligodendrocyte

microglia

CNS, immune cells of CNS, attack pathogens, remove neuronal debris, migrate through neural tissue

ependymal cells

CNS, make cerebrospinal fluid, lines CNS cavities, moves CSF (some ciliated/microvilli

schwann cells

PNS, myelinates neurons of PNS, one neuron per schwann cell

satellite cells

PNS, surrounds neuron, provides nutrients, controls environment

neural plate becomes

neural groove

neural folds

raised edges of neural plate

neural fold meet to form

neural tube

notochord

rod of mesodermal tissue under neural plate, will become vertebral column

3 primary brain vesicles from anterior neural tube

prosencephalon (forebrain) mesencephalon (midbrain) rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

secondary brain vesicles from prosencephalon

telencephalon, diencephalon

secondary brain vesicles from mesencephalon

mesencephalon

secondary brain vesicles from rhombencephalon

metencephalon, myelencephalon

adult brain structures from telencephalon

cerebrum, lateral ventricles

adult brain structures from diencephalon

diencephalon (thalamus), third ventricle

adult brain structures from mesencephalon

brain stem: midbrain; cerebral aqueduct

adult brain structures from metencephalon

brain stem: pons, cerebellum; fourth ventricle

adult brain structures from myelencephalon

brain stem: medulla oblongata; fourth ventricle

spina bifida

incomplete closure of neural tube

Dura mater

Outer layer of spinal cord

Arachnoid mater

Middle layer of spinal column protection

Pia mater

Inner layer of spinal cord protection

Graded membrane potential

Due to ionic movement across cell, dies out as it spreads away from initial site

Action potential

Predictable change in transmembrane potential due to opening of specific voltage gates channels

Threshold

Membrane potential value that opens voltage gates channel

2 factors that affect velocity of action potential

Diameter, myelinated or not

As diameter of axon increases

Velocity of action potential increases

Saltatory conduction

Jumping effect of AP from nodes of ranvier

A fibers

Largest diameter, myelinated, fastest

B fibers

Medium diameter, myelinated

C fibers

Smallest diameter, unmyelinated, slowest

Inhibitory signal

Generate hyperpolarizing graded potentials

Excitatory signal

Generate depolarizing graded potentials

Spatial summation

Single post synaptic neuron receives signal from many pre synaptic. Transmembrane is combination of all

Temporal summation

Only 2 neurons communicate, release neurotransmitter repeatedly and builds