midterm 1 Flashcards
0
Q
Integral protein function
A
Transport, enzymes, receptors
1
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Components of control mechanism
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Receptor > afferent pathway > control center > efferent pathway > effector
2
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Peripheral proteins
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Cell-cell connection, shape
3
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Glycocalux
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Sugar covering at cell surface. Biological marker for cell recognition
4
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Tight junction
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Integral proteins fuse adjacent cells, impermeable
5
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Gap junctions
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Communicating, transmembrane proteins form pores
6
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Demosomes
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Rivets, reduces tearing
7
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Ions move…
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Positive to negative passively through membrane channels
8
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Transmembrane potential (Na, K)
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3 Na out, 2 K in. Excess sodium outside, potassium inside
9
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Polarization
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Separation of charges
10
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Depolarization
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Any shift from resting potential toward 0
11
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Repolarization
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Restoring normal resting potential after depolarization
12
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Hyperpolarization
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Increases negativity of resting potential
13
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Active transportation mediated by…
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Sodium potassium pump
14
Q
Osmolarity
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Total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
15
Q
Toxicity
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Ability of a solution to change shape or tone of cells by altering cells internal water volume.
Isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic
16
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The “pump” in sodium potassium pump
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ATPase
17
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Phagosome
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Vesicles formed during phagocytosis
18
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Amoeboid motion
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Movement during phagocytosis. Cytoplasm flows into temporary extensions, allows creeping
19
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Exocytosis activated by…
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Cell surface signal or change in membrane voltage
20
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Mitochondria
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Double membrane, own DNA RNA and ribosomes, divide by fission, generate ATP
21
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ribosomes
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Protein synthesis
Free- soluble proteins for cytosol, mitochondria, organelles
Fixed- attached to ER, proteins for cell membranes or lysosomes or export from cell
22
Q
Rough ER
A
Manufactures excrete proteins and membrane proteins and phospholipids. Go to Golgi
23
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Smooth ER
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Lipid metabolism, cholesterol and steroid based hormone synthesis, making lipids
Detox, glycogen to glucose (liver), store and release calcium in muscle cells
24
Golgi
Modifies concentrates and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER. CID to trans
25
Peroxisomes
Detoxify, neutralize free radicals
Liver and kidney
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Lysosomes
Have digestive enzymes, for phagocytosis, degrade mon functional organelles, break down bone for calcium and tissues
27
Microfilaments
Thinnest, actin, motility and changes in shape, microvilli
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Intermediate filaments
Resist pulling, keratin in epidermis, woven rope, most stable and permanent,
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Microtubules
Largest, radiate from centrosome, tubulins
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Centrioles
Microtubules at center of centrosome
31
Microvilli
Outfoldings of plasma membrane to increase surface area
32
Abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac(liver, gallbladder)
Epigastric (stomach)
Left hypochondriac (spleen)
Right lumbar (ascending colon) Umbilical (small intestine, transverse colon)
Left lumbar (descending colon) Right iliac (cecum, appendix)
Hypogastric (bladder)
Left iliac (sigmoid colon)
33
Parietal serious membrane
Outside layer
34
Visceral serous membrane
Inside later, closest to organ
35
4 tissue types
Epithelial connective muscle neural
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Lumen
Space inside hollow organ
37
Gastrulation
Process of forming 3 embryonic tissue layers
38
Ectoderm
Nerve tissue, epidermis, hair follicles, nails, glands
39
Mesoderm
Muscle and connective tissue, dermis and hypodermis
40
Endoderm
Inner lining of digestive system (epithelial all 3)
41
2 types of epithelial tissue
Covering/lining -protection, permeability, sensation
Glandular - produce secretions
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Epithelial cell connections
Tight junctions and desmosomes
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Simple squamous epithelium
Diffusion and absorption. Thin
Lining central body cavities and blood vessels, kidney tubules, alveoli
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and absorption
Walls if small ducts and glands
Kidney tubules, Ovary
45
Simple columnar epithelium
Absorption and secretions, cilia propels mucus
Microvilli on apical surface
Digestive tract, bronchi, uterine tubes
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Protection, most widespread
Keratin adds strength and Water resistance
Dead top functional layer
Surface of skin, mouth, throat esophagus, rerun, anus, vagina
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Transitional epithelium
Resembles stratified squamous and cuboidal
Stretches.
Ureters, bladder, urethral
48
Merocrine gland
Exocrine gland that secretes products via exocytosis
Pancreas, swear, salivary
49
Holocrine gland
Accumulate until rupture
Sebaceous glands of skin
50
4 classes of connective tissue
CT proper - loose and dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
51
Components of CT ground substance
Interstitial fluid
Cell adhesion proteins
Proteoglycans - trap water, more = more fluid
52
3 types of connective tissue fibers
Collagen - strongest, most
Elastic -
Reticular - type of collagen, short, fine, branched, more give
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Types of loose CT
Areolar - packaging material, stores water salt and far
Adipose - adipocytes
Reticular - soft internal skeleton, lymphoid organs
54
Types of dense CT
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic
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Dense regular CT
Tight parallel collagen fibers
Tendons and ligaments, fascia
Poorly vascularized
56
Dense irregular CT
Interwoven collagen
Layered in skin
Around bone and cartilage
Capsules around organs
57
Elastic CT
Dense regular with elastic fibers
Walls of aorta, connect vertebrae
58
Types of cartilage
Hyaline - most, embryonic skeleton, ends if long bones, costal ribs, nose
Elastic - ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage - thick collagen, absorb shock, intervertebral disks.
59
3 types of muscle
Skeletal - voluntary striated, multinucleate
Cardiac- involuntary, striated, branched, intercalated disks
Smooth- involuntary, non striated
60
Tissues that regenerate very well
Epithelial, bone, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, blood
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Moderate regeneration
Smooth muscle and dense regular CT
62
Weak regenerative capacity
Skeletal muscle and cartilage
63
No regenerative capacity
Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue. Replaced by scar tissue
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Cutaneous membrane
Skin
| Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to think layer of connective tissue
65
Mucous membranes
Line cavities open to outside
66
Serous membrane
Closed ventral cavity
67
2 ways of tissue repair
Regeneration
Fibrosis - connective tissue replaces, function lost
Repair of skin involves both
68
Epidermis tissue
Stratified squamous
69
Dermis tissue
Dense irregular CT
70
Hypodermis
Adipose tissue, absorbs shock and insulates, anchors skin, mostly muscles, areolar tissue
71
Epidermis layers
```
Stratum basale/germanitivum
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum (only thick)
Corneum
```
72
Epidermis cell types
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells
Tactile cells
73
Stratum basale
Single row of stem cells, Melanocytes 10-15%, some tactile cells
74
Stratum spinosum
Prickly layer, pre keratin filaments, melanosomes and dendritic cells
75
Stratum granulosum
Thin, cell appearance changes, flatten, keratinization begins, cells Accumulate lamellae granules, one this layer die
76
Stratum lucidum
Only thick skin, thin translucent, dead keratinocytes
77
Stratum corneum
Horney layer, 3/4 of epidermal thickness, acid mantel Outside layer
78
Apoptosis
Cellular suicide, cells from basale to corneum. 50,000 cells every minute
79
Dermis cells
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells. WBC
80
Layers of dermis
Papillary- areolar CT, collagen and elastic, blood vessels,
Reticular- dense irregular CT, cleavage lines, 80% of thickness
81
Pigments of skin color
Melanin- made in skin, transferred to keratinocytes , difference is level of activity, not number
Carotene- yellow/orange, corneum and hypodermis
Hemoglobin- pink hue
82
Jaundice
Failure to excrete broken down hemoglobin pigments, yellow color
83
Vitiligo
Loss of melanocytes
84
Cyanosis
Blue color, reduction in tissue blood Flow or oxygenation
85
Hair bulb
Deep end, hair follicle receptor and sensory nerve endings , hair matrix- dividing area
86
Arrector pili
smooth muscle attached to follicle, goose bumps
87
Hair papilla
Dermal tissue blood supply
88
3 layers of keritonized cells in hair
Medulla, cortex, cuticle
89
Alopecia
Hair thinning in both sexes after 40
90
True baldness
Sex influenced, genetic, follicle response to dht
91
Eponychium
Cuticle
92
Lunula
Pale crescent at base, thickening area
93
Hyponychium
Skin beneath free end of nail
94
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands, myoepithelial cells, all merocrine, eccrine or apocrine
95
Eccrine sweat glands
Most, palms soles forehead, thermoregulation, 99% water
96
Apocrine sweat glands
Axillary and anogenital. Sweat fatty substances protein, larger, into hair follicles,
97
Ceruminous glands
Excrete eat wax, apocrine gland
98
Mammary glands
Apocrine gland
99
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands, secrete sebum, Holocrine, Hair folicles
100
Psoriasis
Genetic auto immune. Overproduction of keratinocytes
101
Skin cancers
Basal cell- least malignant, most common
Squamous cell- keratinocytes of spinosum
Melanoma- most dangerous, ABCD rule (asymmetry, border, color, diameter) , over production of melanocytes , sun exposure bad
102
Lanugo coat
Delicate hairs in 5th 6th month
103
Skeletal cartilage all contains
Chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix
104
Hyaline cartilage
Support flexibility resilience. Collagen fibers only. Most abundant.
105
Elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline. Elastic fibers. External ear and epiglottis
106
Fibrocartilage
Thick collagen fibers. Meniscus vertebral disks
107
Cartilage growth
Appositional- new matrix from surrounding pericardium
Interstitial growth- lacunae bound chondrocytes divide, expand from within.
108
Growth arrest lines
Horizontal lines on bone. Proof of illness. When bones stop growing
109
Axial skeleton
Skull vertebral column rib cage
110
Appendicular skeleton
Upper and lower limbs and girdles connecting
111
Hydroxyapapite
Calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide. Hardness of bone. 65% of bone by mass
112
Osteoid
Organic part of matrix.
113
Osteogenic layer of periosteum
Closest to bone. Osteogenic cells.
114
Sharpeys fibers
On periosteum. Collagen fibers that extend from fibrous layer to bone matrix
115
Perforating (volkmann's ) canals
Right angles to central canal. Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum , medullary cavity, and central canal
116
Growth hormone
Stimulating epiphyseal plate activity
117
Thyroid hormone
Modulates activity of growth hormone. Proportions
118
Parathyroid hormone
Removes calcium from bone
119
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels temporarily
120
Osteopenia
Inadequate ossification. 30-40. Osteoblasts activity declines
