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Anatomy > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Integral protein function

A

Transport, enzymes, receptors

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1
Q

Components of control mechanism

A

Receptor > afferent pathway > control center > efferent pathway > effector

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2
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Cell-cell connection, shape

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3
Q

Glycocalux

A

Sugar covering at cell surface. Biological marker for cell recognition

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4
Q

Tight junction

A

Integral proteins fuse adjacent cells, impermeable

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5
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating, transmembrane proteins form pores

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6
Q

Demosomes

A

Rivets, reduces tearing

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7
Q

Ions move…

A

Positive to negative passively through membrane channels

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8
Q

Transmembrane potential (Na, K)

A

3 Na out, 2 K in. Excess sodium outside, potassium inside

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9
Q

Polarization

A

Separation of charges

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10
Q

Depolarization

A

Any shift from resting potential toward 0

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11
Q

Repolarization

A

Restoring normal resting potential after depolarization

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12
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Increases negativity of resting potential

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13
Q

Active transportation mediated by…

A

Sodium potassium pump

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14
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

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15
Q

Toxicity

A

Ability of a solution to change shape or tone of cells by altering cells internal water volume.

Isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic

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16
Q

The “pump” in sodium potassium pump

A

ATPase

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17
Q

Phagosome

A

Vesicles formed during phagocytosis

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18
Q

Amoeboid motion

A

Movement during phagocytosis. Cytoplasm flows into temporary extensions, allows creeping

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19
Q

Exocytosis activated by…

A

Cell surface signal or change in membrane voltage

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane, own DNA RNA and ribosomes, divide by fission, generate ATP

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21
Q

ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

Free- soluble proteins for cytosol, mitochondria, organelles

Fixed- attached to ER, proteins for cell membranes or lysosomes or export from cell

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22
Q

Rough ER

A

Manufactures excrete proteins and membrane proteins and phospholipids. Go to Golgi

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23
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid metabolism, cholesterol and steroid based hormone synthesis, making lipids

Detox, glycogen to glucose (liver), store and release calcium in muscle cells

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24
Q

Golgi

A

Modifies concentrates and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER. CID to trans

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25
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detoxify, neutralize free radicals

Liver and kidney

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26
Q

Lysosomes

A

Have digestive enzymes, for phagocytosis, degrade mon functional organelles, break down bone for calcium and tissues

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27
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest, actin, motility and changes in shape, microvilli

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28
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Resist pulling, keratin in epidermis, woven rope, most stable and permanent,

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29
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest, radiate from centrosome, tubulins

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30
Q

Centrioles

A

Microtubules at center of centrosome

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31
Q

Microvilli

A

Outfoldings of plasma membrane to increase surface area

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32
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A

Right hypochondriac(liver, gallbladder)
Epigastric (stomach)
Left hypochondriac (spleen)
Right lumbar (ascending colon) Umbilical (small intestine, transverse colon)
Left lumbar (descending colon) Right iliac (cecum, appendix)
Hypogastric (bladder)
Left iliac (sigmoid colon)

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33
Q

Parietal serious membrane

A

Outside layer

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34
Q

Visceral serous membrane

A

Inside later, closest to organ

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35
Q

4 tissue types

A

Epithelial connective muscle neural

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36
Q

Lumen

A

Space inside hollow organ

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37
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process of forming 3 embryonic tissue layers

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38
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nerve tissue, epidermis, hair follicles, nails, glands

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39
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle and connective tissue, dermis and hypodermis

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40
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner lining of digestive system (epithelial all 3)

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41
Q

2 types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering/lining -protection, permeability, sensation

Glandular - produce secretions

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42
Q

Epithelial cell connections

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes

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43
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Diffusion and absorption. Thin

Lining central body cavities and blood vessels, kidney tubules, alveoli

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44
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

Walls if small ducts and glands

Kidney tubules, Ovary

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45
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Absorption and secretions, cilia propels mucus

Microvilli on apical surface

Digestive tract, bronchi, uterine tubes

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46
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Protection, most widespread

Keratin adds strength and Water resistance

Dead top functional layer

Surface of skin, mouth, throat esophagus, rerun, anus, vagina

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47
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Resembles stratified squamous and cuboidal

Stretches.

Ureters, bladder, urethral

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48
Q

Merocrine gland

A

Exocrine gland that secretes products via exocytosis

Pancreas, swear, salivary

49
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Accumulate until rupture

Sebaceous glands of skin

50
Q

4 classes of connective tissue

A

CT proper - loose and dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

51
Q

Components of CT ground substance

A

Interstitial fluid
Cell adhesion proteins
Proteoglycans - trap water, more = more fluid

52
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagen - strongest, most
Elastic -
Reticular - type of collagen, short, fine, branched, more give

53
Q

Types of loose CT

A

Areolar - packaging material, stores water salt and far
Adipose - adipocytes
Reticular - soft internal skeleton, lymphoid organs

54
Q

Types of dense CT

A

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

55
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Tight parallel collagen fibers
Tendons and ligaments, fascia
Poorly vascularized

56
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

Interwoven collagen
Layered in skin
Around bone and cartilage
Capsules around organs

57
Q

Elastic CT

A

Dense regular with elastic fibers

Walls of aorta, connect vertebrae

58
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline - most, embryonic skeleton, ends if long bones, costal ribs, nose
Elastic - ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage - thick collagen, absorb shock, intervertebral disks.

59
Q

3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal - voluntary striated, multinucleate
Cardiac- involuntary, striated, branched, intercalated disks
Smooth- involuntary, non striated

60
Q

Tissues that regenerate very well

A

Epithelial, bone, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, blood

61
Q

Moderate regeneration

A

Smooth muscle and dense regular CT

62
Q

Weak regenerative capacity

A

Skeletal muscle and cartilage

63
Q

No regenerative capacity

A

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue. Replaced by scar tissue

64
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to think layer of connective tissue

65
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line cavities open to outside

66
Q

Serous membrane

A

Closed ventral cavity

67
Q

2 ways of tissue repair

A

Regeneration
Fibrosis - connective tissue replaces, function lost

Repair of skin involves both

68
Q

Epidermis tissue

A

Stratified squamous

69
Q

Dermis tissue

A

Dense irregular CT

70
Q

Hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue, absorbs shock and insulates, anchors skin, mostly muscles, areolar tissue

71
Q

Epidermis layers

A 
Stratum basale/germanitivum 
Spinosum 
Granulosum
Lucidum (only thick)
Corneum
72
Q

Epidermis cell types

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells
Tactile cells

73
Q

Stratum basale

A

Single row of stem cells, Melanocytes 10-15%, some tactile cells

74
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Prickly layer, pre keratin filaments, melanosomes and dendritic cells

75
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Thin, cell appearance changes, flatten, keratinization begins, cells Accumulate lamellae granules, one this layer die

76
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only thick skin, thin translucent, dead keratinocytes

77
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Horney layer, 3/4 of epidermal thickness, acid mantel Outside layer

78
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cellular suicide, cells from basale to corneum. 50,000 cells every minute

79
Q

Dermis cells

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells. WBC

80
Q

Layers of dermis

A

Papillary- areolar CT, collagen and elastic, blood vessels,

Reticular- dense irregular CT, cleavage lines, 80% of thickness

81
Q

Pigments of skin color

A

Melanin- made in skin, transferred to keratinocytes , difference is level of activity, not number

Carotene- yellow/orange, corneum and hypodermis

Hemoglobin- pink hue

82
Q

Jaundice

A

Failure to excrete broken down hemoglobin pigments, yellow color

83
Q

Vitiligo

A

Loss of melanocytes

84
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue color, reduction in tissue blood Flow or oxygenation

85
Q

Hair bulb

A

Deep end, hair follicle receptor and sensory nerve endings , hair matrix- dividing area

86
Q

Arrector pili

A

smooth muscle attached to follicle, goose bumps

87
Q

Hair papilla

A

Dermal tissue blood supply

88
Q

3 layers of keritonized cells in hair

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

89
Q

Alopecia

A

Hair thinning in both sexes after 40

90
Q

True baldness

A

Sex influenced, genetic, follicle response to dht

91
Q

Eponychium

92
Q

Lunula

A

Pale crescent at base, thickening area

93
Q

Hyponychium

A

Skin beneath free end of nail

94
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands, myoepithelial cells, all merocrine, eccrine or apocrine

95
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Most, palms soles forehead, thermoregulation, 99% water

96
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Axillary and anogenital. Sweat fatty substances protein, larger, into hair follicles,

97
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Excrete eat wax, apocrine gland

98
Q

Mammary glands

A

Apocrine gland

99
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands, secrete sebum, Holocrine, Hair folicles

100
Q

Psoriasis

A

Genetic auto immune. Overproduction of keratinocytes

101
Q

Skin cancers

A

Basal cell- least malignant, most common

Squamous cell- keratinocytes of spinosum

Melanoma- most dangerous, ABCD rule (asymmetry, border, color, diameter) , over production of melanocytes , sun exposure bad

102
Q

Lanugo coat

A

Delicate hairs in 5th 6th month

103
Q

Skeletal cartilage all contains

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix

104
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Support flexibility resilience. Collagen fibers only. Most abundant.

105
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline. Elastic fibers. External ear and epiglottis

106
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Thick collagen fibers. Meniscus vertebral disks

107
Q

Cartilage growth

A

Appositional- new matrix from surrounding pericardium

Interstitial growth- lacunae bound chondrocytes divide, expand from within.

108
Q

Growth arrest lines

A

Horizontal lines on bone. Proof of illness. When bones stop growing

109
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull vertebral column rib cage

110
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Upper and lower limbs and girdles connecting

111
Q

Hydroxyapapite

A

Calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide. Hardness of bone. 65% of bone by mass

112
Q

Osteoid

A

Organic part of matrix.

113
Q

Osteogenic layer of periosteum

A

Closest to bone. Osteogenic cells.

114
Q

Sharpeys fibers

A

On periosteum. Collagen fibers that extend from fibrous layer to bone matrix

115
Q

Perforating (volkmann’s ) canals

A

Right angles to central canal. Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum , medullary cavity, and central canal

116
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulating epiphyseal plate activity

117
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Modulates activity of growth hormone. Proportions

118
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Removes calcium from bone

119
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lowers blood calcium levels temporarily

120
Q

Osteopenia

A

Inadequate ossification. 30-40. Osteoblasts activity declines

Anatomy (16 decks)

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