midterm 1 Flashcards
Integral protein function
Transport, enzymes, receptors
Components of control mechanism
Receptor > afferent pathway > control center > efferent pathway > effector
Peripheral proteins
Cell-cell connection, shape
Glycocalux
Sugar covering at cell surface. Biological marker for cell recognition
Tight junction
Integral proteins fuse adjacent cells, impermeable
Gap junctions
Communicating, transmembrane proteins form pores
Demosomes
Rivets, reduces tearing
Ions move…
Positive to negative passively through membrane channels
Transmembrane potential (Na, K)
3 Na out, 2 K in. Excess sodium outside, potassium inside
Polarization
Separation of charges
Depolarization
Any shift from resting potential toward 0
Repolarization
Restoring normal resting potential after depolarization
Hyperpolarization
Increases negativity of resting potential
Active transportation mediated by…
Sodium potassium pump
Osmolarity
Total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
Toxicity
Ability of a solution to change shape or tone of cells by altering cells internal water volume.
Isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic
The “pump” in sodium potassium pump
ATPase
Phagosome
Vesicles formed during phagocytosis
Amoeboid motion
Movement during phagocytosis. Cytoplasm flows into temporary extensions, allows creeping
Exocytosis activated by…
Cell surface signal or change in membrane voltage
Mitochondria
Double membrane, own DNA RNA and ribosomes, divide by fission, generate ATP
ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Free- soluble proteins for cytosol, mitochondria, organelles
Fixed- attached to ER, proteins for cell membranes or lysosomes or export from cell
Rough ER
Manufactures excrete proteins and membrane proteins and phospholipids. Go to Golgi
Smooth ER
Lipid metabolism, cholesterol and steroid based hormone synthesis, making lipids
Detox, glycogen to glucose (liver), store and release calcium in muscle cells
Golgi
Modifies concentrates and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER. CID to trans
Peroxisomes
Detoxify, neutralize free radicals
Liver and kidney
Lysosomes
Have digestive enzymes, for phagocytosis, degrade mon functional organelles, break down bone for calcium and tissues
Microfilaments
Thinnest, actin, motility and changes in shape, microvilli
Intermediate filaments
Resist pulling, keratin in epidermis, woven rope, most stable and permanent,
Microtubules
Largest, radiate from centrosome, tubulins
Centrioles
Microtubules at center of centrosome
Microvilli
Outfoldings of plasma membrane to increase surface area
Abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac(liver, gallbladder)
Epigastric (stomach)
Left hypochondriac (spleen)
Right lumbar (ascending colon) Umbilical (small intestine, transverse colon)
Left lumbar (descending colon) Right iliac (cecum, appendix)
Hypogastric (bladder)
Left iliac (sigmoid colon)
Parietal serious membrane
Outside layer
Visceral serous membrane
Inside later, closest to organ
4 tissue types
Epithelial connective muscle neural
Lumen
Space inside hollow organ
Gastrulation
Process of forming 3 embryonic tissue layers
Ectoderm
Nerve tissue, epidermis, hair follicles, nails, glands
Mesoderm
Muscle and connective tissue, dermis and hypodermis
Endoderm
Inner lining of digestive system (epithelial all 3)
2 types of epithelial tissue
Covering/lining -protection, permeability, sensation
Glandular - produce secretions
Epithelial cell connections
Tight junctions and desmosomes
Simple squamous epithelium
Diffusion and absorption. Thin
Lining central body cavities and blood vessels, kidney tubules, alveoli
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and absorption
Walls if small ducts and glands
Kidney tubules, Ovary
Simple columnar epithelium
Absorption and secretions, cilia propels mucus
Microvilli on apical surface
Digestive tract, bronchi, uterine tubes
Stratified squamous epithelium
Protection, most widespread
Keratin adds strength and Water resistance
Dead top functional layer
Surface of skin, mouth, throat esophagus, rerun, anus, vagina
Transitional epithelium
Resembles stratified squamous and cuboidal
Stretches.
Ureters, bladder, urethral
Merocrine gland
Exocrine gland that secretes products via exocytosis
Pancreas, swear, salivary
Holocrine gland
Accumulate until rupture
Sebaceous glands of skin
4 classes of connective tissue
CT proper - loose and dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Components of CT ground substance
Interstitial fluid
Cell adhesion proteins
Proteoglycans - trap water, more = more fluid
3 types of connective tissue fibers
Collagen - strongest, most
Elastic -
Reticular - type of collagen, short, fine, branched, more give
Types of loose CT
Areolar - packaging material, stores water salt and far
Adipose - adipocytes
Reticular - soft internal skeleton, lymphoid organs
Types of dense CT
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic
Dense regular CT
Tight parallel collagen fibers
Tendons and ligaments, fascia
Poorly vascularized
Dense irregular CT
Interwoven collagen
Layered in skin
Around bone and cartilage
Capsules around organs
Elastic CT
Dense regular with elastic fibers
Walls of aorta, connect vertebrae
Types of cartilage
Hyaline - most, embryonic skeleton, ends if long bones, costal ribs, nose
Elastic - ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage - thick collagen, absorb shock, intervertebral disks.
3 types of muscle
Skeletal - voluntary striated, multinucleate
Cardiac- involuntary, striated, branched, intercalated disks
Smooth- involuntary, non striated
Tissues that regenerate very well
Epithelial, bone, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, blood
Moderate regeneration
Smooth muscle and dense regular CT
Weak regenerative capacity
Skeletal muscle and cartilage
No regenerative capacity
Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue. Replaced by scar tissue
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to think layer of connective tissue
Mucous membranes
Line cavities open to outside
Serous membrane
Closed ventral cavity
2 ways of tissue repair
Regeneration
Fibrosis - connective tissue replaces, function lost
Repair of skin involves both
Epidermis tissue
Stratified squamous
Dermis tissue
Dense irregular CT
Hypodermis
Adipose tissue, absorbs shock and insulates, anchors skin, mostly muscles, areolar tissue
Epidermis layers
Stratum basale/germanitivum Spinosum Granulosum Lucidum (only thick) Corneum
Epidermis cell types
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells
Tactile cells
Stratum basale
Single row of stem cells, Melanocytes 10-15%, some tactile cells
Stratum spinosum
Prickly layer, pre keratin filaments, melanosomes and dendritic cells
Stratum granulosum
Thin, cell appearance changes, flatten, keratinization begins, cells Accumulate lamellae granules, one this layer die
Stratum lucidum
Only thick skin, thin translucent, dead keratinocytes
Stratum corneum
Horney layer, 3/4 of epidermal thickness, acid mantel Outside layer
Apoptosis
Cellular suicide, cells from basale to corneum. 50,000 cells every minute
Dermis cells
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells. WBC
Layers of dermis
Papillary- areolar CT, collagen and elastic, blood vessels,
Reticular- dense irregular CT, cleavage lines, 80% of thickness
Pigments of skin color
Melanin- made in skin, transferred to keratinocytes , difference is level of activity, not number
Carotene- yellow/orange, corneum and hypodermis
Hemoglobin- pink hue
Jaundice
Failure to excrete broken down hemoglobin pigments, yellow color
Vitiligo
Loss of melanocytes
Cyanosis
Blue color, reduction in tissue blood Flow or oxygenation
Hair bulb
Deep end, hair follicle receptor and sensory nerve endings , hair matrix- dividing area
Arrector pili
smooth muscle attached to follicle, goose bumps
Hair papilla
Dermal tissue blood supply
3 layers of keritonized cells in hair
Medulla, cortex, cuticle
Alopecia
Hair thinning in both sexes after 40
True baldness
Sex influenced, genetic, follicle response to dht
Eponychium
Cuticle
Lunula
Pale crescent at base, thickening area
Hyponychium
Skin beneath free end of nail
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands, myoepithelial cells, all merocrine, eccrine or apocrine
Eccrine sweat glands
Most, palms soles forehead, thermoregulation, 99% water
Apocrine sweat glands
Axillary and anogenital. Sweat fatty substances protein, larger, into hair follicles,
Ceruminous glands
Excrete eat wax, apocrine gland
Mammary glands
Apocrine gland
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands, secrete sebum, Holocrine, Hair folicles
Psoriasis
Genetic auto immune. Overproduction of keratinocytes
Skin cancers
Basal cell- least malignant, most common
Squamous cell- keratinocytes of spinosum
Melanoma- most dangerous, ABCD rule (asymmetry, border, color, diameter) , over production of melanocytes , sun exposure bad
Lanugo coat
Delicate hairs in 5th 6th month
Skeletal cartilage all contains
Chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix
Hyaline cartilage
Support flexibility resilience. Collagen fibers only. Most abundant.
Elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline. Elastic fibers. External ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Thick collagen fibers. Meniscus vertebral disks
Cartilage growth
Appositional- new matrix from surrounding pericardium
Interstitial growth- lacunae bound chondrocytes divide, expand from within.
Growth arrest lines
Horizontal lines on bone. Proof of illness. When bones stop growing
Axial skeleton
Skull vertebral column rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
Upper and lower limbs and girdles connecting
Hydroxyapapite
Calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide. Hardness of bone. 65% of bone by mass
Osteoid
Organic part of matrix.
Osteogenic layer of periosteum
Closest to bone. Osteogenic cells.
Sharpeys fibers
On periosteum. Collagen fibers that extend from fibrous layer to bone matrix
Perforating (volkmann’s ) canals
Right angles to central canal. Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum , medullary cavity, and central canal
Growth hormone
Stimulating epiphyseal plate activity
Thyroid hormone
Modulates activity of growth hormone. Proportions
Parathyroid hormone
Removes calcium from bone
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels temporarily
Osteopenia
Inadequate ossification. 30-40. Osteoblasts activity declines