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Anatomy > 333 midterm 2 > Flashcards

333 midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

organs that get a lot of blood

A

liver/digestive tract, skeletal muscle, kidneys

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2
Q

organs that get little blood

A

heart, skin, bone/tissues, brain

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3
Q

blood flow slowest in capillaries because

A

biggest cross-sectional area

most vessels in parallel

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4
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic bp - diastolic bp

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5
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

diastolic bp + 1/3 pulse pressure

average pressure propelling blood to tissues

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6
Q

arterial blood pressure affected by

A

how much elastic arteries can be stretched, volume of blood forced into them (SV)

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7
Q

driving force / resistance =

A

flow (force?)

F = delta P/R = driving force / resistance

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8
Q

R = _____ / _____

A

R = (viscosity x length) / r^4

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9
Q

most important source of resistance in blood vessels

A

vessel diameter - can change very quickly to regulate flow

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10
Q

short term regulation of bp

A

neural control

baroreceptors/chemoreceptors in large arteries to vasomotor center in medulla

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11
Q

intermediate term regulation of bp

A

chemical control (hormones, drugs)

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12
Q

long term regulation of bp

A

kidney regulation of blood volume

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13
Q

Renin - Angiotensin II

A

responds to low BP

leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood volume to increase bp back to normal levels

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14
Q

inactive angiotensinogen released by ___

A

liver

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15
Q

decreased bp leads to release of ____ by ___

A

renin by kidneys

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16
Q

renin and other enzymes lead to convert inactive ___ to active ____

A

convert inactive angiotensinogen to active angiotensin II

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17
Q

ANP to control bp

A

in response to high bp

released by heart

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18
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

force exerted by fluid (blood) pressing against wall

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19
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure created by non-diffusible molecules (plasma proteins)

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20
Q

without plasma proteins…

A

less fluid would enter capillary

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21
Q

opsonization

A

process or priming cells for phagocytosis
coating cells with opsins
receptors on phagocyte recognize opsins –> phagocytosis

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22
Q

steps to phagocyte mobilization

A
  1. leukocytosis - neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
  2. margination - neutrophils cling to capillary wall
  3. diapedesis - neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillary
    4.chemotaxis - neutrophils follow chemical trail diffusing from inflamed site
    neutrophils arrive first, them macrophages
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23
Q

2 chemical defense mechanisms

A

interferons and complement system

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24
Q

interferons

A

interfere with viral replication and protein synthesis

targets all viruses - non specific

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25
Q

complement system

A

group of plasma proteins that leads to phagocytosis and lysis of microbes

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26
Q

MAC

A

membrane attack complex (part of complement system)

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27
Q

2 types of adaptive defense

A

humoral immunity - antibody mediated

cell mediated

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28
Q

immune portion of antigens

A

determinants

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29
Q

stem region of antibodies

A

determines class of antibody (5 classes)

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30
Q

TCR

A

T - cell receptor

receptors on surface of T cells that bind MHC-antigen complexes

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31
Q

cytokines

A

glycoproteins that serve as chemical messengers
stimulate or suppress immune system
innate and adaptive immunity
ex: interferons

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32
Q

what cells participate in cell mediated immunity

A

T cells (helper and cytotoxic)

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33
Q

MHC class I found on

A

all cells except RBCs

34
Q

MHC class II found on

A

APCs - macrophage, dendritic cells, B cells

35
Q

MHC class I present ____ antigens

A

endogenous

36
Q

MHC class II present ____ antigens

A

exogenous

37
Q

MHC class I presents to

A

cytotoxic T cells

38
Q

MHC class II presents to

A

helper T cells

39
Q

helper T cells produce

A

cytokines

40
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of lungs

41
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange in lungs

42
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

between tissues and the lungs

43
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange at tissues

44
Q

2 zones of respiratory system

A

conducting - cleans, humidifies, and warms air

respiratory- gas exchange

45
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

PCCE - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

46
Q

_____ part of ethmoid bone

A

inferior nasal conchae

47
Q

nasopharynx

A 
air passage only
closed off by uvula
PCCE
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
auditory tubes
48
Q

oropharynx

A

food and air
stratified squamous epithelium
lingual and palatine tonsils

49
Q

laryngopharynx

A

food and air
stratified squamous epithelium
continuous with esophagus

50
Q

true vocal cords

A

vocal fold
directly surround glottis
length controls pitch
white

51
Q

fast vocal cords

A

vestibular folds

52
Q

tissues in trachea and primary bronchi…

A

PCCE

53
Q

smooth muscle ____ as move down tree

A

increases, controls bronchioles

54
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

simple squamous epithelium
no cilia
little muscle
huge surface area

55
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

5%
septal cells
round/cuboidal cells
secrete surfactant

56
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension of alveoli

57
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2
pressure and volume are inversely proportional
increase in volume will reduce pressure

58
Q

intrapleural pressure is always….

A

less than intrapulmonary pressure

keeps lungs from collapsing

59
Q

forces acting to collapse lung

A

elasticity of lungs - want to assume smallest position

alveolar surface tension

60
Q

forces resisting lung collapse

A

elasticity of chest wall

surface tension of serous fluids keep lungs stuck to chest wall

61
Q

intrapulmonary pressure ____ during inspiration and ____ during expiration

A

decreases during inspiration

increases during expiration

62
Q

atelectasis, caused by

A

lung collapse

caused by plugged bronchiole or chest wound

63
Q

pneumothorax

A

entry of air into pleural cavity

result in collapsed lung (atelectasis)

64
Q

inhalation is always ____ because lung must be “pulled open” further

A 
inhalation always active 
diaphragm contracts (moves down)
65
Q

IRDS

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome
premature infant does not produce surfactant until 2 month before birth
unable to keep alveoli from collapsing
treated with glucocorticoids

66
Q

lung compliance

A

stretchiness of lung - how easy it is for lung to expand

healthy lungs = high compliance

67
Q

compliance diminished by…

A

reduced resilience of lung (fibrosis)
reduced surfactant production
decrease flexibility of thoracic cavity

68
Q

emphysema

A

lungs lose elasticity and cannot recoil

lungs become overly compliant

69
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount of air in lungs following tidal expiration

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

70
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of exchangeable air

71
Q

___ is more soluble in water than ___

A

CO2 more soluble than O2

72
Q

atmospheric air has more __ and __ but less __ and __ than alveolar air

A

sea air has more O2 and N2 but less H20 and CO2

73
Q

during exercise you increase tidal volume to include..

A

inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes

74
Q

2 ways oxygen is transported

A

bound to hemoglobin in RBCs (98.5%)

dissolved in plasma (1.5%)

75
Q

right shift in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

favors unloading of oxygen

increased temp, increased CO2, decreased pH, presence of BPG (byproduct of glycolysis in RBC)

76
Q

3 ways carbon dioxide is transported

A

dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
bound to hemoglobin (20%)
bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%)

77
Q

enzyme that catalyzes CO2 –> H2CO3 –>HCO3

A

carbonic anhydrase

78
Q

exchange at tissues…

A

CO2 come into capillary from tissues

O2 leaves capillary, into tissues

79
Q

exchange at lungs..

A

O2 leaves lungs, into tissues

CO2 leaves tissues, into lungs

80
Q

major chemical determinant of respiration rate

A

CO2

Anatomy (16 decks)

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