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333 midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

organs that get a lot of blood

A

liver/digestive tract, skeletal muscle, kidneys

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2
Q

organs that get little blood

A

heart, skin, bone/tissues, brain

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3
Q

blood flow slowest in capillaries because

A

biggest cross-sectional area

most vessels in parallel

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4
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic bp - diastolic bp

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5
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

diastolic bp + 1/3 pulse pressure

average pressure propelling blood to tissues

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6
Q

arterial blood pressure affected by

A

how much elastic arteries can be stretched, volume of blood forced into them (SV)

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7
Q

driving force / resistance =

A

flow (force?)

F = delta P/R = driving force / resistance

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8
Q

R = _____ / _____

A

R = (viscosity x length) / r^4

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9
Q

most important source of resistance in blood vessels

A

vessel diameter - can change very quickly to regulate flow

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10
Q

short term regulation of bp

A

neural control

baroreceptors/chemoreceptors in large arteries to vasomotor center in medulla

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11
Q

intermediate term regulation of bp

A

chemical control (hormones, drugs)

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12
Q

long term regulation of bp

A

kidney regulation of blood volume

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13
Q

Renin - Angiotensin II

A

responds to low BP

leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood volume to increase bp back to normal levels

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14
Q

inactive angiotensinogen released by ___

A

liver

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15
Q

decreased bp leads to release of ____ by ___

A

renin by kidneys

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16
Q

renin and other enzymes lead to convert inactive ___ to active ____

A

convert inactive angiotensinogen to active angiotensin II

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17
Q

ANP to control bp

A

in response to high bp

released by heart

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18
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

force exerted by fluid (blood) pressing against wall

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19
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure created by non-diffusible molecules (plasma proteins)

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20
Q

without plasma proteins…

A

less fluid would enter capillary

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21
Q

opsonization

A

process or priming cells for phagocytosis
coating cells with opsins
receptors on phagocyte recognize opsins –> phagocytosis

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22
Q

steps to phagocyte mobilization

A
  1. leukocytosis - neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
  2. margination - neutrophils cling to capillary wall
  3. diapedesis - neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillary
    4.chemotaxis - neutrophils follow chemical trail diffusing from inflamed site
    neutrophils arrive first, them macrophages
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23
Q

2 chemical defense mechanisms

A

interferons and complement system

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24
Q

interferons

A

interfere with viral replication and protein synthesis

targets all viruses - non specific

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25
complement system
group of plasma proteins that leads to phagocytosis and lysis of microbes
26
MAC
membrane attack complex (part of complement system)
27
2 types of adaptive defense
humoral immunity - antibody mediated | cell mediated
28
immune portion of antigens
determinants
29
stem region of antibodies
determines class of antibody (5 classes)
30
TCR
T - cell receptor | receptors on surface of T cells that bind MHC-antigen complexes
31
cytokines
glycoproteins that serve as chemical messengers stimulate or suppress immune system innate and adaptive immunity ex: interferons
32
what cells participate in cell mediated immunity
T cells (helper and cytotoxic)
33
MHC class I found on
all cells except RBCs
34
MHC class II found on
APCs - macrophage, dendritic cells, B cells
35
MHC class I present ____ antigens
endogenous
36
MHC class II present ____ antigens
exogenous
37
MHC class I presents to
cytotoxic T cells
38
MHC class II presents to
helper T cells
39
helper T cells produce
cytokines
40
pulmonary ventilation
movement of air into and out of lungs
41
external respiration
gas exchange in lungs
42
transport of respiratory gases
between tissues and the lungs
43
internal respiration
gas exchange at tissues
44
2 zones of respiratory system
conducting - cleans, humidifies, and warms air | respiratory- gas exchange
45
respiratory epithelium
PCCE - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
46
_____ part of ethmoid bone
inferior nasal conchae
47
nasopharynx
``` air passage only closed off by uvula PCCE pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) auditory tubes ```
48
oropharynx
food and air stratified squamous epithelium lingual and palatine tonsils
49
laryngopharynx
food and air stratified squamous epithelium continuous with esophagus
50
true vocal cords
vocal fold directly surround glottis length controls pitch white
51
fast vocal cords
vestibular folds
52
tissues in trachea and primary bronchi...
PCCE
53
smooth muscle ____ as move down tree
increases, controls bronchioles
54
Type 1 alveolar cells
simple squamous epithelium no cilia little muscle huge surface area
55
type II alveolar cells
5% septal cells round/cuboidal cells secrete surfactant
56
surfactant
reduces surface tension of alveoli
57
Boyle's Law
P1V1 = P2V2 pressure and volume are inversely proportional increase in volume will reduce pressure
58
intrapleural pressure is always....
less than intrapulmonary pressure | keeps lungs from collapsing
59
forces acting to collapse lung
elasticity of lungs - want to assume smallest position | alveolar surface tension
60
forces resisting lung collapse
elasticity of chest wall | surface tension of serous fluids keep lungs stuck to chest wall
61
intrapulmonary pressure ____ during inspiration and ____ during expiration
decreases during inspiration | increases during expiration
62
atelectasis, caused by
lung collapse | caused by plugged bronchiole or chest wound
63
pneumothorax
entry of air into pleural cavity | result in collapsed lung (atelectasis)
64
inhalation is always ____ because lung must be "pulled open" further
``` inhalation always active diaphragm contracts (moves down) ```
65
IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome premature infant does not produce surfactant until 2 month before birth unable to keep alveoli from collapsing treated with glucocorticoids
66
lung compliance
stretchiness of lung - how easy it is for lung to expand | healthy lungs = high compliance
67
compliance diminished by...
reduced resilience of lung (fibrosis) reduced surfactant production decrease flexibility of thoracic cavity
68
emphysema
lungs lose elasticity and cannot recoil | lungs become overly compliant
69
functional residual capacity
amount of air in lungs following tidal expiration | expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
70
vital capacity
total amount of exchangeable air
71
___ is more soluble in water than ___
CO2 more soluble than O2
72
atmospheric air has more __ and __ but less __ and __ than alveolar air
sea air has more O2 and N2 but less H20 and CO2
73
during exercise you increase tidal volume to include..
inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes
74
2 ways oxygen is transported
bound to hemoglobin in RBCs (98.5%) | dissolved in plasma (1.5%)
75
right shift in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
favors unloading of oxygen | increased temp, increased CO2, decreased pH, presence of BPG (byproduct of glycolysis in RBC)
76
3 ways carbon dioxide is transported
dissolved in plasma (7-10%) bound to hemoglobin (20%) bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%)
77
enzyme that catalyzes CO2 --> H2CO3 -->HCO3
carbonic anhydrase
78
exchange at tissues...
CO2 come into capillary from tissues | O2 leaves capillary, into tissues
79
exchange at lungs..
O2 leaves lungs, into tissues | CO2 leaves tissues, into lungs
80
major chemical determinant of respiration rate
CO2

Anatomy (16 decks)

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