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Anatomy > Z332 midterm 1 > Flashcards

Z332 midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neo-cortex

A

most of cerebral cortex in mammals

6 layers

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2
Q

Neuronal migration

A

cns neurons originate from progenitor cells in ventricular zone, remain in neural tube structures, cerebral cortex neurons travel several mm

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3
Q

neural tube defects associated with

A

folic acid deficiency

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4
Q

spina bifida

A

failure of neural tube to close at posterior end, mental retardation

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5
Q

anencephaly

A

failure of neural tube to close at rostral end, most die

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6
Q

PNS develops from

A

neural crest cells

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7
Q

contains trigger zone where action potentials are initiated

A

axon initial segment (AIS)

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8
Q

synapse

A

junction between two neurons or neuron and effector cell; transmits nerve impulse

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9
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory, carry nerve impulses toward CNS

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10
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor, cause effect, carry impulse away from CNS

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11
Q

interneuron

A

between neurons, integrate information

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12
Q

multipolar neurons

A

most common, found in CNS and autonomic ganglia, interneurons, motor neurons

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13
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one axon one dendrite, rare, special senses

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14
Q

unipolar neurons

A

sensory, PNS, trigger zone at junction of dendrites and axon

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15
Q

sciatic nerve

A

longest and thickest nerve, spinal cord to bottom of foot, over 1 meter long, formed by 5 spinal nerves (L4-S3)

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16
Q

anterograde transport

A

cell body to axon synapse, slow and fast, pre-peptide precursors

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17
Q

retrograde transport

A

recycling proteins and neurotransmitters, mitochondria, fast only

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18
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/ Lou Gehrig’s disease, progressive lethal degenerative disorder of motor neurons, paralysis of voluntary muscles

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19
Q

concus medullaris

A

end of spinal cord ~L1-L2

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20
Q

epidural space between

A

dura mater and bone

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21
Q

CSF in space between

A

arachnoid mater and pia mater

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22
Q

lumbar puncture in

A

subarachnoid space

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23
Q

lumbar puncture measures

A

CSF pressure

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24
Q

high CSF pressure

A

cerebral edema, subarachoid hemorrhage, meningeal inflammation, meningitis

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25
Q

low CSF pressure

A

subarachnoid blockage, leaks, dehydration

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26
Q

spinal cord smaller caudally because

A

less sensory and motor tracts

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27
Q

more white matter cranially because

A

more sensory tracts cranially, more motor tracts caudally

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28
Q

posterior/dorsal horn

A

afferent neurons, ascending

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29
Q

anterior/ventral horn

A

efferent neurons, descending

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30
Q

epineurium continuous with

A

dura mater

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31
Q

spinal nerves emerge through

A

intervertebral foramina

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32
Q

mixed nerves

A

all spinal nerves, sensory and motor info

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33
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C5; neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragm; phrenic nerve

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34
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1; pectoral girdle and upper limb

nerves: musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar, radial

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35
Q

lumbar plexus

A

T12-L4; pelvic girdle and lower limb

nerves: femoral, obtruator

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36
Q

sacral plexus

A

L4-S4, pelvic girdle and lower limb

nerves: sciatic, tibial, common fibular

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37
Q

components of relex

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

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38
Q

cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

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39
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

optic, vision/visual pathway

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40
Q

cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor, eye movement, 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles; control pupil diameter of iris

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41
Q

pupil constriction

A

circular muscles, parasympathetic innervation

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42
Q

pupil dilation

A

radial muscles, sympathetic innervation

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43
Q

Rest, Relax, aRousal, digest

A

parasympathetic

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44
Q

fight, fright, flight, fuck

A

sympathetic

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45
Q

reflex

A

stereotyped, involuntary unconscious response to stimuli

receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector

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46
Q

pupillary reflex

A

sensory nerve = optic (II)

motor nerve = oculomotor (III)

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47
Q

4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles for oculomotor

A

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique

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48
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear, eye movement superior oblique

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49
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal, 3 branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

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50
Q

ophthalmic branch of V

A

sensory of upper face (and cornea)

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51
Q

corneal reflex

A

sensory nerve = ophthalmic branch of trigeminal

motor = facial (VII)

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52
Q

maxillary branch of V

A

sensory to face (over mandible)

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53
Q

mandibular branch of V

A

sensory over mandible, tongue (tactile), muscles of mastication

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54
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens, eye movement - lateral rectus

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55
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial; sensory: face and taste; motor: secretion of tears and saliva (parasympathetic), facial, scalp, and neck muscles

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56
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear, hearing and balance

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57
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal; sensory: taste (posterior 1/3), blood pressure, CO2; motor: swallowing and speech

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58
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus; 75-80% of parasympathetic ANS; sensory: blood pressure, breathing rate and depth, touch in throat; motor: swallowing, coughing, voice production

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59
Q

gag reflex

A 
sensory = glossophyrangeal 
motor = vagus
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60
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory; mediated head movement and pectoral girdle

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61
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal; swallowing, tongue movement during speech,

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62
Q

acoustic startle response

A 
sensory= bestibulocochlear
motor = accessory (trapezius and sternocledomastoid)
63
Q

somatic motor division does not have

A

ganglia

64
Q

heavily myelated axons in ______ nervous system

A

somatic

65
Q

sympathetic neurons release

A

norepinephrine ( and acetylcholine)

66
Q

parasympathetic neurons release

A

acetylcholine

67
Q

in autonomic, sensory inputs from

A

interoceptors (sensory receptors in viscera)

68
Q

outputs of autonomic nervous system

A

limbic system, hypothalamus, spinal cord, brain stem, ganglia

69
Q

effectors of autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

70
Q

ANS pathways have

A

2 neurons, preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

71
Q

craniosacral

A

parasympathetic nerves

72
Q

thoracolumbar

A

sympathetic neurons

73
Q

long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic

A

parasympathetic

74
Q

short preglandlionic fibers, long postganglionic

A

sympathetic

75
Q

ganglia in parasympathetic

A

in visceral effectors

76
Q

ganglia in sympathetic

A

near spinal cord

77
Q

postganglionic synapse of sympathetic release

A

ACh and NE

78
Q

postganglionic synapse of parasympathetic release

A

ACh

79
Q

all preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic cells release

A

ACh

80
Q

cholinergic

A

fibers that release ACh

81
Q

adrenergic

A

fibers that release NE

82
Q

location of preganglionic neurons in parasympathetic

A

nuclei of cranial nerves, lateral gray horn sacral segments

83
Q

1 kind of ganglia in parasympathetic

A

terminal ganglia, post ganglionic fibers go to single effector

84
Q

parasympathetic has specific and localized…

A

actions

85
Q

location of preganglionic neurons in sympathetic

A

lateral horns of spinal cord, thoracic to lumbar

86
Q

2 types of ganglia in sympathetic

A

sympathetic trunk ganglia (above diaphragm), prevertebral (collateral) ganglia (below diaphragm)
…both close to spinal cord

87
Q

from T5 down most preganglionic fibers synapse…

A

in collateral ganglia

88
Q

can affect entire body simultaneously

A

sympathetic responses

89
Q

parasympathetic acts to…

A

conserve and store energy

SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation)

90
Q

sympathetic acts to…

A

prepare fora and maintain physical activity (exercise , excitement, embarrassment)

91
Q

neurotransmitter action depends on

A

receptor it binds to

92
Q

short vs. long lived effects

A 
sympathetic = longer lived
parasympathetic = short lived
93
Q

areas affected by sympathetic/parasympathetic

A 
parasympathetic = local
sympathetic = whole body
94
Q

synapse density sympathetic/parasympathetic

A 
para = small, 1 pre 6 post
sympathetic = large, 1 pre 32 post
95
Q

autonomic tone

A

balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic, regulated by hypothalamus

96
Q

in awakened state body maintains ____ tone

A

sympathetic ex: book vessel diameter

97
Q

rest

A

more parasympathetic

98
Q

stress response

A

more sympathetic

99
Q

layer protecting brain

A

skin, periosteum, bone, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

100
Q

dural sinuses

A

drain venous blood into internal jugular veins

101
Q

no epidural space in skull

A

dura mater tight to skull (2 layer fused otherwise)

102
Q

arachnoid villi

A

protrude through inner most layer of dura mater at dural sinuses, allows CSF to move form subarachoid space into dural sinuses

103
Q

layer that is sheath for blood vessesl

A

pia mater

104
Q

blood supply to brain

A

carotid arteries and vertebral arteries, through capillaries and to choroid plexuses to CSF

105
Q

circle of willis

A

connects all major arteries to brain, redundancy

106
Q

blood away from brain

A

dural sinuses drain into internal jugular veins

107
Q

substances in blood must pass through…

A

endothelium of capillary, basal lamina, astrocyte feet

108
Q

choroid plexuses (in all 4 ventricles)

A

produces CSF, blood-CSF barrier

109
Q

where is CSF

A

ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, subarachnoid space

110
Q

CSF flow

A

lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle, central canal OR 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space, dural sinuses, jugular vein

111
Q

hydrocephaly

A

blockage of CSF flow, big head, congenital birth defect

112
Q

inner fish

A

brain stem

113
Q

medulla oblongata

A

phylogentically old, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, swallowing, heart rate, respiratory

114
Q

nucleus gracilis

A

medulla oblongata, relay nuclei and sensory/ascending somatic pathway, lower trunk and limbs

115
Q

nucleus cuneatus

A

medulla oblongata, realy nuclei in sensory somatic pathway, upper trunk and limbs

116
Q

pons

A

bridge, sensory and motor tracts, equilibrium, breathing rate

117
Q

important structures in mesencephalon (midbrain)

A

superior and inferior collicului, substantia nigra, red nucleus

118
Q

superior collicului

A

visual reflexes

119
Q

inferior collicului

A

auditory reflexes

120
Q

substantia nigra and red nucleus

A

control movement, substantia nigra is black from melanin (dopamine precursor)

121
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration of substantia nigra neurons = less dopamine

122
Q

cerebellum

A

smooths and regulates skeletal muscles, posture and balance

123
Q

major structures of diencephalon

A

epithalamus (pineal gland), thalamus, hypothalamus

124
Q

pineal gland

A

releases melatonin in response to photic cues

125
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory info to cortex, maintains consciousness, relays motor info from cerebellum to basal nuclei; connection between inner fish brain and neocortex

126
Q

thalamic nuclei

A

limbic system involved with emotion and memory, relays sensory info, integrates sensory info, visual and auditory info

127
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

receives visual info, thalamic nuclei

128
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

relays auditory info, thalamic nuclei

129
Q

hypothalamus

A

activity of ANS, eating and thirst, temp, circadian rhythms, hormones, oxytocin

130
Q

association fibes

A

connect different parts of same hemisphere

131
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect corresponding gray areas of two hemispheres

132
Q

projection fibers

A

connect cerebral cortex with lower brain centers (ascending and descending )

133
Q

basal nuclei

A

areas of gray matter deep within cerebrum

134
Q

central sulcus

A

separates motor and sensory areas, motor comes before sensory

135
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temp

136
Q

somatosensory association area of brain

A

relationship of body parts, memory of somatosensory experiences,

137
Q

multimodal association area

A

meaning to info, store in memory, link with previous experiences, decide what actions to take

138
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

most complex, personality, intellect, reasoning, judgment, concern, abstract though, linked to limbic system, inhibiting impulsive behavior

139
Q

wernicke’s area

A

left parietal lobe, understanding language, damage causes aphasia, word salad, general interpretive area

140
Q

primary motor cortex

A

controls voluntary contractions of specific muscle groups, response on opposite side of body, more area to muscles involved with skilled complex movement

141
Q

premotor area

A

somatic motor association area, receives input from motor cortex and sensory association areas, complex and sequential learned motor activities

142
Q

broca’s area

A

control speech, damage leads to non fluent aphasia, understand but difficulty speaking, in left hemisphere

143
Q

imparts emotion to speech

A

right side of brain

144
Q

left brain

A

dominant 90% of time, reading, writing, math, decision making, speech and language, analysis

145
Q

right brain

A

senses, recognition

146
Q

limbic system

A

establishes emotional states, links conscious intellectual functions to unconscious autonomic functions, memory storage and retrieval;
complex and basal, evolutionary and anatomically more proximal to inner fish

147
Q

limbic system functional grouping

A

hypothalamus at center, between cerebrum and diencephalon?

148
Q

limbic lobe/cortex

A

critical to insight, motivation, mood, judgement, communicated directly with prefrontal lobe

149
Q

hippocampus

A

short term memory to long term

150
Q

mammilary bodies

A

recognition memories, smell to memories

151
Q

amygdala

A

fear and aggression, memory of emotional events, afraid and angry behaviors

152
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei in medulla oblongata

A

VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

153
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei in pons

A

V VI VII VIII

154
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei in mesencephalon

A

III IV

Anatomy (16 decks)

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