Z332 midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Neo-cortex
A
most of cerebral cortex in mammals
6 layers
2
Q
Neuronal migration
A
cns neurons originate from progenitor cells in ventricular zone, remain in neural tube structures, cerebral cortex neurons travel several mm
3
Q
neural tube defects associated with
A
folic acid deficiency
4
Q
spina bifida
A
failure of neural tube to close at posterior end, mental retardation
5
Q
anencephaly
A
failure of neural tube to close at rostral end, most die
6
Q
PNS develops from
A
neural crest cells
7
Q
contains trigger zone where action potentials are initiated
A
axon initial segment (AIS)
8
Q
synapse
A
junction between two neurons or neuron and effector cell; transmits nerve impulse
9
Q
afferent neurons
A
sensory, carry nerve impulses toward CNS
10
Q
efferent neurons
A
motor, cause effect, carry impulse away from CNS
11
Q
interneuron
A
between neurons, integrate information
12
Q
multipolar neurons
A
most common, found in CNS and autonomic ganglia, interneurons, motor neurons
13
Q
bipolar neurons
A
one axon one dendrite, rare, special senses
14
Q
unipolar neurons
A
sensory, PNS, trigger zone at junction of dendrites and axon
15
Q
sciatic nerve
A
longest and thickest nerve, spinal cord to bottom of foot, over 1 meter long, formed by 5 spinal nerves (L4-S3)
16
Q
anterograde transport
A
cell body to axon synapse, slow and fast, pre-peptide precursors
17
Q
retrograde transport
A
recycling proteins and neurotransmitters, mitochondria, fast only
18
Q
ALS
A
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/ Lou Gehrig’s disease, progressive lethal degenerative disorder of motor neurons, paralysis of voluntary muscles
19
Q
concus medullaris
A
end of spinal cord ~L1-L2
20
Q
epidural space between
A
dura mater and bone
21
Q
CSF in space between
A
arachnoid mater and pia mater
22
Q
lumbar puncture in
A
subarachnoid space
23
Q
lumbar puncture measures
A
CSF pressure
24
Q
high CSF pressure
A
cerebral edema, subarachoid hemorrhage, meningeal inflammation, meningitis
25
low CSF pressure
subarachnoid blockage, leaks, dehydration
26
spinal cord smaller caudally because
less sensory and motor tracts
27
more white matter cranially because
more sensory tracts cranially, more motor tracts caudally
28
posterior/dorsal horn
afferent neurons, ascending
29
anterior/ventral horn
efferent neurons, descending
30
epineurium continuous with
dura mater
31
spinal nerves emerge through
intervertebral foramina
32
mixed nerves
all spinal nerves, sensory and motor info
33
cervical plexus
C1-C5; neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragm; phrenic nerve
34
brachial plexus
C5-T1; pectoral girdle and upper limb
| nerves: musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar, radial
35
lumbar plexus
T12-L4; pelvic girdle and lower limb
| nerves: femoral, obtruator
36
sacral plexus
L4-S4, pelvic girdle and lower limb
| nerves: sciatic, tibial, common fibular
37
components of relex
receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
38
cranial nerves
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
39
Cranial nerve II
optic, vision/visual pathway
40
cranial nerve III
oculomotor, eye movement, 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles; control pupil diameter of iris
41
pupil constriction
circular muscles, parasympathetic innervation
42
pupil dilation
radial muscles, sympathetic innervation
43
Rest, Relax, aRousal, digest
parasympathetic
44
fight, fright, flight, fuck
sympathetic
45
reflex
stereotyped, involuntary unconscious response to stimuli
| receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector
46
pupillary reflex
sensory nerve = optic (II)
| motor nerve = oculomotor (III)
47
4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles for oculomotor
superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique
48
cranial nerve IV
trochlear, eye movement superior oblique
49
cranial nerve V
trigeminal, 3 branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
50
ophthalmic branch of V
sensory of upper face (and cornea)
51
corneal reflex
sensory nerve = ophthalmic branch of trigeminal
| motor = facial (VII)
52
maxillary branch of V
sensory to face (over mandible)
53
mandibular branch of V
sensory over mandible, tongue (tactile), muscles of mastication
54
cranial nerve VI
abducens, eye movement - lateral rectus
55
cranial nerve VII
facial; sensory: face and taste; motor: secretion of tears and saliva (parasympathetic), facial, scalp, and neck muscles
56
cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear, hearing and balance
57
cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal; sensory: taste (posterior 1/3), blood pressure, CO2; motor: swallowing and speech
58
cranial nerve X
vagus; 75-80% of parasympathetic ANS; sensory: blood pressure, breathing rate and depth, touch in throat; motor: swallowing, coughing, voice production
59
gag reflex
```
sensory = glossophyrangeal
motor = vagus
```
60
cranial nerve XI
accessory; mediated head movement and pectoral girdle
61
cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal; swallowing, tongue movement during speech,
62
acoustic startle response
```
sensory= bestibulocochlear
motor = accessory (trapezius and sternocledomastoid)
```
63
somatic motor division does not have
ganglia
64
heavily myelated axons in ______ nervous system
somatic
65
sympathetic neurons release
norepinephrine ( and acetylcholine)
66
parasympathetic neurons release
acetylcholine
67
in autonomic, sensory inputs from
interoceptors (sensory receptors in viscera)
68
outputs of autonomic nervous system
limbic system, hypothalamus, spinal cord, brain stem, ganglia
69
effectors of autonomic nervous system
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue
70
ANS pathways have
2 neurons, preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron
71
craniosacral
parasympathetic nerves
72
thoracolumbar
sympathetic neurons
73
long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic
parasympathetic
74
short preglandlionic fibers, long postganglionic
sympathetic
75
ganglia in parasympathetic
in visceral effectors
76
ganglia in sympathetic
near spinal cord
77
postganglionic synapse of sympathetic release
ACh and NE
78
postganglionic synapse of parasympathetic release
ACh
79
all preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic cells release
ACh
80
cholinergic
fibers that release ACh
81
adrenergic
fibers that release NE
82
location of preganglionic neurons in parasympathetic
nuclei of cranial nerves, lateral gray horn sacral segments
83
1 kind of ganglia in parasympathetic
terminal ganglia, post ganglionic fibers go to single effector
84
parasympathetic has specific and localized...
actions
85
location of preganglionic neurons in sympathetic
lateral horns of spinal cord, thoracic to lumbar
86
2 types of ganglia in sympathetic
sympathetic trunk ganglia (above diaphragm), prevertebral (collateral) ganglia (below diaphragm)
...both close to spinal cord
87
from T5 down most preganglionic fibers synapse...
in collateral ganglia
88
can affect entire body simultaneously
sympathetic responses
89
parasympathetic acts to...
conserve and store energy
| SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation)
90
sympathetic acts to...
prepare fora and maintain physical activity (exercise , excitement, embarrassment)
91
neurotransmitter action depends on
receptor it binds to
92
short vs. long lived effects
```
sympathetic = longer lived
parasympathetic = short lived
```
93
areas affected by sympathetic/parasympathetic
```
parasympathetic = local
sympathetic = whole body
```
94
synapse density sympathetic/parasympathetic
```
para = small, 1 pre 6 post
sympathetic = large, 1 pre 32 post
```
95
autonomic tone
balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic, regulated by hypothalamus
96
in awakened state body maintains ____ tone
sympathetic ex: book vessel diameter
97
rest
more parasympathetic
98
stress response
more sympathetic
99
layer protecting brain
skin, periosteum, bone, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
100
dural sinuses
drain venous blood into internal jugular veins
101
no epidural space in skull
dura mater tight to skull (2 layer fused otherwise)
102
arachnoid villi
protrude through inner most layer of dura mater at dural sinuses, allows CSF to move form subarachoid space into dural sinuses
103
layer that is sheath for blood vessesl
pia mater
104
blood supply to brain
carotid arteries and vertebral arteries, through capillaries and to choroid plexuses to CSF
105
circle of willis
connects all major arteries to brain, redundancy
106
blood away from brain
dural sinuses drain into internal jugular veins
107
substances in blood must pass through...
endothelium of capillary, basal lamina, astrocyte feet
108
choroid plexuses (in all 4 ventricles)
produces CSF, blood-CSF barrier
109
where is CSF
ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, subarachnoid space
110
CSF flow
lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle, central canal OR 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space, dural sinuses, jugular vein
111
hydrocephaly
blockage of CSF flow, big head, congenital birth defect
112
inner fish
brain stem
113
medulla oblongata
phylogentically old, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, swallowing, heart rate, respiratory
114
nucleus gracilis
medulla oblongata, relay nuclei and sensory/ascending somatic pathway, lower trunk and limbs
115
nucleus cuneatus
medulla oblongata, realy nuclei in sensory somatic pathway, upper trunk and limbs
116
pons
bridge, sensory and motor tracts, equilibrium, breathing rate
117
important structures in mesencephalon (midbrain)
superior and inferior collicului, substantia nigra, red nucleus
118
superior collicului
visual reflexes
119
inferior collicului
auditory reflexes
120
substantia nigra and red nucleus
control movement, substantia nigra is black from melanin (dopamine precursor)
121
Parkinson's disease
degeneration of substantia nigra neurons = less dopamine
122
cerebellum
smooths and regulates skeletal muscles, posture and balance
123
major structures of diencephalon
epithalamus (pineal gland), thalamus, hypothalamus
124
pineal gland
releases melatonin in response to photic cues
125
thalamus
relays sensory info to cortex, maintains consciousness, relays motor info from cerebellum to basal nuclei; connection between inner fish brain and neocortex
126
thalamic nuclei
limbic system involved with emotion and memory, relays sensory info, integrates sensory info, visual and auditory info
127
lateral geniculate nucleus
receives visual info, thalamic nuclei
128
medial geniculate nucleus
relays auditory info, thalamic nuclei
129
hypothalamus
activity of ANS, eating and thirst, temp, circadian rhythms, hormones, oxytocin
130
association fibes
connect different parts of same hemisphere
131
commissural fibers
connect corresponding gray areas of two hemispheres
132
projection fibers
connect cerebral cortex with lower brain centers (ascending and descending )
133
basal nuclei
areas of gray matter deep within cerebrum
134
central sulcus
separates motor and sensory areas, motor comes before sensory
135
primary sensory cortex
touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temp
136
somatosensory association area of brain
relationship of body parts, memory of somatosensory experiences,
137
multimodal association area
meaning to info, store in memory, link with previous experiences, decide what actions to take
138
prefrontal cortex
most complex, personality, intellect, reasoning, judgment, concern, abstract though, linked to limbic system, inhibiting impulsive behavior
139
wernicke's area
left parietal lobe, understanding language, damage causes aphasia, word salad, general interpretive area
140
primary motor cortex
controls voluntary contractions of specific muscle groups, response on opposite side of body, more area to muscles involved with skilled complex movement
141
premotor area
somatic motor association area, receives input from motor cortex and sensory association areas, complex and sequential learned motor activities
142
broca's area
control speech, damage leads to non fluent aphasia, understand but difficulty speaking, in left hemisphere
143
imparts emotion to speech
right side of brain
144
left brain
dominant 90% of time, reading, writing, math, decision making, speech and language, analysis
145
right brain
senses, recognition
146
limbic system
establishes emotional states, links conscious intellectual functions to unconscious autonomic functions, memory storage and retrieval;
complex and basal, evolutionary and anatomically more proximal to inner fish
147
limbic system functional grouping
hypothalamus at center, between cerebrum and diencephalon?
148
limbic lobe/cortex
critical to insight, motivation, mood, judgement, communicated directly with prefrontal lobe
149
hippocampus
short term memory to long term
150
mammilary bodies
recognition memories, smell to memories
151
amygdala
fear and aggression, memory of emotional events, afraid and angry behaviors
152
Cranial nerve nuclei in medulla oblongata
VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
153
Cranial nerve nuclei in pons
V VI VII VIII
154
Cranial nerve nuclei in mesencephalon
III IV
