midterm 2 Flashcards
number of bones of axial skeleton
80
number of named openings of skill
85
cranial bones
frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid = 8 total
site of attachment for ligamentum nuchae
occipital bone
keystone cranial bone
sphenoid, articulates with all other cranial bones
3 pairs of sphenoid processes
great wings, lesser wings, pterygoid processes
facial bones
mandible, 2 maxillary, 2 zygomatic, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, vomer, 2 inferior nasal conchae
largest, strongest bone of face
mandible
only freely movable joint in skill
temporomandibular
keystone facial bones
maxillary, articulate with all except mandible
lacrimal fossa
houses lacrimal sac
shape of vomer
plow
largest conchae
inferior nasal conchae
orbit bones
maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, palatine
medial wall of orbit
maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid
floor of orbit
palatine, maxilla, zygomatic
later wall of orbit
frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic
roof of orbit
sphenoid lesser wings, frontal
roof, lateral, floor nasal cavity bones
ethmoid, palatine, maxillary, inferior nasal conchae
nasal septum bones
ethmoid, vomer, anterior septal cartilage
sinuses
frontal, ethmoid. maxillary, sphenoid
paranasal sinuses
small openings that connect sinuses to nasal cavity
movable base for tongue
hyoid bone
attachment for speech and swallowing muscles
hyoid bone
5 regions of vertebrae
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (3-5 fused)
intervertebral disks made of
fibrocartilage
characteristics of cervical
transverse foramen, split spinous process
characteristics of thoracic
giraffe, spinour process points down, circular foramen
characteristics of lumbar
moose, flat short spinous process, triangle foramen
atlas
C1, no body, no spinous process, “yes”
axis
C2, dens projects into atlas, “no”
manubrium articulates with
clavicles and ribs 1 and 2
sternum body articulates with
costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
xiphoid process site of
site of muscle attachment
true ribs
1-7
false/floating
8-12, 11-12 floating
clavicle acromial end
flattened, smooth superior
clavicle sternal end
cone shaped
number of bones in upper limb
30 (humerus, radius, ulna, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges)
head of radius articulates with
capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
carpals that form wrist joint
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
pollex
thumb
female cavity of true pelvis
broad, shallow, greater capacity
male cavity of true pelvis
narrow and deep, tilted less forward
femur articulates with
acetabulum proximally, tibia and patella distally
medial leg bone
tibia
fibula articulates with
tibia (proximal and distal)
number of tarsal bones
7
body weight carries by what tarsals
talus and calcaneus
3 arches of foot
lateral longitudinal, medial longitudinal, transverse
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
areolar ct found
in synovial membranes
structural joint classification
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
functional joint classifications
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
fibrous joint types
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
syndesmoses
fibrous joint, bones connected by ligaments, movement depends on fiber length, ex: inferior tibiofibular joint, interosseous membranes
gomphoses
peg in socket, teeth
periodontal ligament
fibrous connection of teeth
cartilaginous joint types
synchondroses (synarthrotic), symphyses (amphiarthrotic)
synchondroses
plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
6 features of synovial joints
articular cartilage, synovial cavity, joint capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels
synovial fluid functions
lubrication, shock absorption, nutrient distribution
fat pads
superficial to joint capsule, protect articular cartilages
bursae
pockets of synovial fluid
3 joints of knee
femoropatellar (plane), lateral and medial tibiofemoral (bicondylar, hinge)
knee joint unique because…
only partially enclosed by joint capsule, only sides and back
menisci
medial and lateral, at femur tibia articulations
number of bursae in knee
12
3 anterior ligaments from quadriceps tendon
medial and lateral patellar retinacula, patellar ligament
capsular and extracapsular ligaments
prevent hyperextension: fibular and tibial collateral ligaments, oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal ligaments
intracapsular ligaments
prevent anterior-posterior displacement, outside synovial cavity: anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament
7 ligaments of knee joint
patellar ligament, 2 popliteal ligaments, ACL, PCL, tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament
Three C’s
collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, cartilages
most freely moving joint in body
shoulder
most important shoulder stabilizer
muscle tendons crossing shoulder
4 rotator cuff tendons
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
anular ligament
in elbow, surrounds head of radius
2 capsule ligaments in elbow
ulnar and radial collateral ligament, prevent side to side movement
acetabular labrum
rim of fibrocartilage, enhanced depth of socket
reinforcing ligaments of hip
iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres
most easily dislocated joint
temporomandibular
2 types of movement in temporomandibular
hinge and gliding
luxations
dislocations
subluxation
partial dislocation
synovitis
beginning of rheumatoid arthritis, inflamed synovial membrane thickens
pannus
erodes cartilage, in RA
tumor necrosis factor
in RA treatment, block action of inflammatory chemicals
aponeurosis
collagen fibers of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together for form broad sheet
genes in nuclei of muscle cells..
control production of enzymes and structural proteins for contaction
myoglobin
oxygen binding pigment, common in slow skeletal muscle fibers and cardiac muscles
glycosomes
stored glycogen that can be quickly converted to glucose
satellite cells
stem cells, repair injured fibers
triad
2 terminal cisterns and T tubule
synaptic cleft
space between axon terminal and muscle fiber
junctional folds
fold in sarcolemma at NMJ
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter
absolute refractory period
when sodium channels are still open, time of depolarization, even strong stimulus cant initiate second action potential
relative refractory period
second AP can be initiated, but only by larger than normal stimulus, K channels open
latent period
when E-C coupling events occur, time between AP initiation and beginning of contractions
rigor mortis
fixed muscle contraction after death, run out of ATP