Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Z 331 final > Flashcards

Z 331 final Flashcards

1
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies;
fibers spread throughout muscle;
contract asynchronously to prevent fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

muscle twitch

A

motor unit’s response to single action potential of motor neuron; simplest contraction observable in lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 phases of muscle twitch

A

latent: events of excitation-contraction coupling, no muscle tension
period of contraction
period of relaxation: tension declines to zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

graded muscle responses

A

contractions are smooth and vary in strength depending on demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 ways muscle contractions can be graded

A

changing frequency of stimulation, changing strength of stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

wave (temporal) summation

A

result of increase frequency of stimulation; muscle doesn’t completely relax between stimuli; second contraction of greater force; main function is smooth contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

unfused (incomplete) tetanus

A

result of wave summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fused (complete) tetanus

A

muscle reaches maximum tension, from very quick stimuli; no muscle relation, muscle fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

recruitment

A

multiple motor unit summation (from increased strenth of stimulus), controls force of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

size principle

A

motor units with smallest fibers recruited first, larger fibers recruited as stimulus intensity increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

isometric contraction

A

no shortening, tension increases but does not exceed load, cross bridges generate force but do not move actin filametns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle shortens, tension exceeds load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens and does work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle generates forces as it lengthens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

muscle tone

A

constant slightly contracted state of all muscles, due to spinal reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

spinal reflexes

A

groups of motor units alternately activated in response to input from stretch receptors in muscles, responsible for muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

force of muscle contraction depends on

A

number of myosin cross bridges attached.

  1. number of muscle fibers stimulated
  2. relative size of fibers
  3. frequency of stimulation
  4. degree of muscle stretch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the only energy source for contractile activities

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 ways ATP can be regenerated

A

direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
anaerobic glycolysis (glucose to lactic acid)
aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

muscles store enough ATP to

A

start contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

creatine kinase

A

catalyzes creatine phosphate + ADP –> creatine + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

creatine phosphate provides maximum muscle power for ? seconds

A

~15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does CP come from?

A

some made from ATP at rest (reversible reaction with creatine phosphokinase), some stored in muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

more pyruvate than mitochondria can use results in

A

lactic acid production from anaerobic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

aerobic respiration equations

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

aerobic respiration substrates can be

A

glucose (pyruvic acid), amino acids, or fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

point at which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

muscle fatigue

A

inability to contract even though muscle may stil be receiving stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

causes of fatigue

A

ATP/CP shortage, depletion of metabolic reserves, damage to sarcolemma and SR, low pH (lactic acid) inhibits enzymes and effects CNS, motor nerve fibers deplete Ach, unable to release Ca, muscle exhaustion and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

extra oxygen the body must take in for restorative processes, difference between amount of oxygen needed for total aerobic activity and amount actually used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

slow oxidative fibers

A

high endurance, aerobic metabolism, smaller, more mitochondria, little power, high blood supply, contain myoglobin, red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

fast glycolytic fibers

A

quick, no oxygen, large, few mitochondria, large glycogen reserves, strong, fatigue quickly, little myoglobin, white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

fast oxidative (intermediate) fibers

A

mid sized, intermediate power, contract quickly, oxygen dependent, some myoglobin, more capillaries than fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

muscle fibers of a motor unit are

A

same type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

aerobic/endurance exercise

A

increase # of capillaries surrounding muscle, increase # of mitochondria, more myoglobin
may convert fast glycolytic fibers to fast oxidative

36
Q

resistance exercise (high intensity/aerobic)

A

hypertrophy, increase size of fibers, more mitochondria, more myofilaments, store more glycogen, fast oxidative to fast glycolytic

37
Q

2 layers of smooth muscle

A

longitudinal and circular

38
Q

smooth muscle fibers

A

spindle shaped, thin, short, one nucleus, no striations/sacromeres, less developed SR, no myofibrils, no T tubules

39
Q

Ca in smooth muscles from

A

SR, most through channels from extracellular space

40
Q

caveolae

A

pouch like infoldings of sarcolemma, Ca infulx

41
Q

longitudinal layer

A

fibers parallel to long axis, contraction dilates and shortens

42
Q

circular layer

A

fibers in circumference of organ, contraction constricts lumen and elongates

43
Q

varicosities

A

bulbous swellings of nerve fibers store and release neurotransmitters into diffuse junctions

44
Q

innervation of smooth muscle

A

no NMJ, automatic nerve fibers at diffuse junctions

45
Q

myofilaments in smooth muscle

A

ratio of thick to thin 1:13
spiraly arranged - contract like corkscrew
thick have long heads along entire length - as powerful as skeletal of same size

46
Q

calmodulin

A

instead of troponin, binds Ca, interacts with myosin kinase to phosphorylate and activate myosin

47
Q

intermediate filaments

A

resist tension, between dense bodies

48
Q

dense bodies

A

proteins that anchor noncontractile intermediate filaments to sarcolemma at regular intervals (like z disks)

49
Q

gap junctions

A

actions potentials transfer from fiber to fiber

50
Q

pacemakers (smooth)

A

some cells self-excitatory, depolarize without external stimuli

51
Q

regulation of smooth muscle contraction

A

nerves, hormones, local chemical changes

52
Q

stress-relaxation response

A

smooth muscle adapts to new length/stretch and relaxes, can still contract on demand

53
Q

length and tension changes in smooth muscle

A

great force even when stretched, can stretch and relax to normal length

54
Q

hyperplasia

A

smooth muscle cells can divide and increase numbers

55
Q

types of smooth muscles

A

unitary (visceral) and multi unit

56
Q

unitary (viseral) smooth muscle

A

hollow organs, opposing sheets, innervated by varicosities of autonomic nerve fibers, rhythmic spontaneous APs, gap junctions (no recruitment), respond to chemical stimuli; contract as single unit

57
Q

multiunit smooth muscle

A

large airways, arteries, arrector pilli, iris; rare gap junctions, rare spontaneous depolarization, has independent muscle fibers, innervated by autonomic NS, graded contractions, motor units, responds to hormones

58
Q

cardiac muscle cells

A

cardiocytes, cardio myocytes

59
Q

cardiac cell characteristics

A

striated, short, branched, sacromeres, single nucleus, lots of mitochondria, t tubules, intercalated disks, aerobic

60
Q

intercalated disks

A

anchor cardiac cells, myofibrils anchored together
desmosomes: prevent separation
gap junctions: ions pass from cell to cell, allow heart to be functional syncytium (single unit)

61
Q

cardiac has long absolute refractory period to

A

prevent tetanic contractions

62
Q

cardiac depolarization wave opens

A

slow Ca channel in sarcolemma, surge prolongs depolarization phase

63
Q

pacemaker/autorhythmic cells

A

unstable resting membrane potentials, due to opening of slow Na channels, continuously depolarize

64
Q

4 major functional characteristics of cardiac tissue

A

automaticity
variable contraction speed and tension
extended contraction time/longer refractory period
prevent wave summation and tetanic contractions

65
Q

relative contraction speeds

A

fast-slow: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

66
Q

sarcomeres?

A

skeletal and cardiac

67
Q

require neural signal to contract?

A

skeletal, some smooth

68
Q

t tubules?

A

skeletal, small in cardiac

69
Q

Ca source for each

A

skeletal: SR
cardiac: 80 SR 20 ECF
smooth: SR and ECF

70
Q

gap junctions to connect cells?

A

cardiac, some smooth

71
Q

capable of tetanus?

A

skeletal and smooth

72
Q

components of lever system

A

lever/fulcrum, effort, load

73
Q

mechanical advantage

A

power lever, load close to fulcrum, effort far from fulcrum

74
Q

mechanical disadvantage

A

speed lever, load far from fulcrum, effort close, load moved rapidly over large distance,

75
Q

1st class lever

A

fulcrum between load and effort (load, fulcrum, effort)

ex: scissors, seesaw, raise head

76
Q

2nd class lever

A

load between fulcrum and effort (fulcrum, load, effort)

ex: wheelbarrow, standing on toes

77
Q

3rd class lever

A

effort between fulcrum and load (fulcrum, effort, load) most common in body, mechanical disadvantage, speed lever, tweezers

78
Q

prime mover

A

agonist, major responsibility for movement

79
Q

antagonist

A

opposes movement

80
Q

synergist

A

help prime movers

81
Q

fixator

A

immobilizes bone or muscle’s origin, stable base

82
Q

circular arrangement

A

fascicles in concentric rings

ex: orbicularis oris

83
Q

convergent arrangement

A

broad origin, converge towards tendon insertion

ex: pectoralis major

84
Q

parallel arrangement

A

fascicles parallel to long axis

ex: sartorius

85
Q

fusiform arrangement

A

spindle shaped, parallel fibers

ex: biceps brachii

86
Q

pennate arrangement

A 
short fascicles attached obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle
unipennate - one side
ex: extensor digitorum longus
bipennate - opposite sides of tendon
ex: rectus femoris
mutipennate - feathers into one tendon
ex: deltoid

Anatomy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions