Z 343 lab Flashcards
3 functions of blood
transportation of gases, nutrients, vitamins regulation of pH, temp, etc. protection
2 components of blood
plasma (water, proteins, solutes) formed elements (erythrocytes and buffy coat (leukocytes, platelets))
erythrocytes
RBCs most common formed element anucleate and missing most other organelles disc shaped, 7-8 microns contains hemoglobin
hemoglobin
carries O2, 23% of CO2, also regulates blood flow and pressure
determining levels of hemoglobin useful in….
classifying cause of anemia (lack of RBCs v. lack of hemoglobin in RBCs) rupture RBCs and measure intensity of color to determine hemoglobin content of sample
anemia
reduction in O2 carrying capacity in blood
aplastic anemia
caused by failure of red bone marrow to produce RBCs
iron deficiency anemia
decrease in hemoglobin production due to inadequate iron
sickle cell anemia
inherited condition hemoglobin misshaped resulting in reduce O2 carrying capacity
polycythemia
higher than normal volume of red blood cells
hematocrit
rough measure of O2 carrying ability of blood centrifuge blood and measure volume occupied by RBCs
PCV/HB
measures amount of hemoglobin per unit of RBC
agglutinins
antibodies in blood plasma that react with antigens not found on RBCs of individual
universal donor
O+
universal recipient
AB+
Rh
antigen first discovered by rhesus monkeys most people Rh+
in Rh- individuals…
anti-Rh antibodies are not innately found produced by immune system after exposure to Rh+ blood subsequent exposure to Rh+ blood can cause severe reactions
platelets
anucleate cell fragments small 2-4 microns. aids in stopping blood loss by forming platelet plug, releasing chemicals that promote blood clotting, releasing chemicals that promote vascular spasm
platelets formed by
splintering of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
vascular spasm
contraction of smooth muscle in artery/arteriole walls
granular leukocytes
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
agranular leukocytes
monocyte, lymphocyte
neutrophil
50-70% of all WBCs (leukocytes) polymorphonuclear - nuclei are polymorphic, varying number of lobes (2-5) medium sized 10-12 microns
function of neutrophils
bacteria killers chemically attracted to sites of inflammation attacks bacteria by phagocytosis
lymphocyte
20-25% of all WBCs large nucleus that occupies most of volume small 6-9 microns or large 10-14 microns
lymphocyte function
B cells: give rise to antibody producing cells T cells: directly attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, some bacteria increases in diverse infections and immune responses
monocytes
3-8% of all WBCs kidney shaped nucleus largest of WBCs 12-20 microns
monocyte functions
once it leaves capillaries, transforms into wandering macrophages macrophages destroy viruses, some bacteria, and clean up dead tissue by phagocytosis
eosinophil
2-4% of WBCs nucleus 2-3 lobes connected by thin strand granules appear red-orange with acidic dye 10-12 microns
eosinophil function
targets certain parasitic worms - gather around and releases digestive chemicals allergic responses, asthma
basophils
<1% of WBC large dark purple, irregularly sized granules nucleus irregularly shaped, bilobed but cant see 8-10 microns
basophil function
involved in inflammatory and allergy reactions - herapin, histamine, serotonin to increase inflammatory response increase with allergic reactions, leukemia, diabetes, autoimmune disorders
leukocytes most common to least common
N L M E B
leukemia
abnormal levels of WBC produce more but immature and not functional
hemocytoblast
first stem cell for hematopoiesis
myeloid stem cell
into erythrocyte, platelets, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, and monocyte
lymphoid stem cell
into T cell, B cell natural killer cells
megakaryocyte
give rise to platelets

normal sinus rhythm

sinus arrhythmia

sinus bradycardia

sinus tachycardia

atrial fibrilation

atrial flutter

premature ventricular contraction

junctional rhythm

ventricular tachycardia

AV block