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Z 333 Flashcards

1
Q

albumin

A

60% of plasma proteins

osmotic pressure, transporting ions (Ca2+)

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2
Q

globulins

A

36% of plasma proteins

transport proteins, immune response (antibodies)

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3
Q

fibrinogen

A

4% of plasma proteins

blood clotting

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4
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

when O2 loaded on in lungs

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5
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

when O2 unloaded at tissues

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6
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 binds amino acids in globin chains at tissues

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7
Q

hemocytoblast

A

stem cell from which all formed elements are made

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8
Q

reticulocyte

A

forms into erythrocyte

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9
Q

3 phases once stem cell is committed

A

ribosome synthesis
hemoglobin accumulation
ejection of nucleus

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10
Q

erythropoietin

A

control erythrocyte development

produced in liver and kidneys

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11
Q

RBCs circulate in blood for

A

100-120 days

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12
Q

polycythemia

A

excess of erythrocytes

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13
Q

5 million

A

RBCs/ microliter of blood

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14
Q

200,000

A

platelets / microliter of blood

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15
Q

5-10,000

A

WBCs / microliter of blood

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16
Q

12-18g

A

hemoglobin / 100mL blood

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17
Q

whole blood is…

A

55% plasma
45% RBCs (more in males because testosterone stimulates RBC production)
1% WBCs and platelets (buffy layer)

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18
Q

3 types of formed elements

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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19
Q

universal receiver

A

AB

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20
Q

universal donor

A

O

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21
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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22
Q

neutrophils

A

bacteria slayers

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23
Q

eosinophils

A

parasitic worms, allergic response and asthma

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24
Q

basophils

A

histamine, vasodilator, allergies

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25
lymphocytes
B cells, T cells, NK cells
26
monocytes
macrophages | one type of APC
27
B cells
give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies
28
T cells
helper: activate and direct other immune cells cytotoxic: recognize fragmented antigens presented by Antigen Presenting Cells; recognize using TCR
29
natural killer cells
do not need antigen presentation | target cells infected with viruses and microbes
30
both T cells and NK cells...
contact with infected cell initiates release of perforins and granzymes that cause rupture and death
31
mononucleosis
caused by Epstein-Barr virus | high number of agranulocytes, many atypical
32
leukopenia
low WBC count | caused by drugs (glucocorticoids and anticancer)
33
megakaryocyte
split to form platelets
34
thrombopoietin
control platelet formation
35
3 phases of hemostasis
vascular spasm platelet plug formation coagulation or blood clotting
36
during coagulation phase ...
thrombin causes conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin | form mesh network that glues platelets together and makes plasma gel like
37
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild vessel wall
38
fibrinolysis
plasmin digests fibrin clot | controlled by plasmin
39
thrombus
intravascular clot
40
embolus
thrombus breaks off and can clog other vessels (heart/brain)
41
heparin
natural anticoagulant from basophil and mast cell granules
42
layers of pericardium...
fibrous | serous: parietal (against fibrous), visceral/epicardium (against outside of heart)
43
endocardium
thin layer continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
44
coronary circulation system branches off...
semilunar valves leading to ascending aorta
45
intrinsic conduction system path
Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node AV bundle purkinje fibers
46
P wave
depolarization of atria
47
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricles, repolarization of atria
48
T wave
repolarization of ventricles, begins at apex
49
phases of cardiac cycle
``` atrial contraction isovolumetric contraction ventricular ejection isovolumetric relaxation ventricular filling ```
50
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle in each heartbeat EDV-ESV
51
cardiac output
``` amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat) ```
52
3 factors that effect stroke volume
Frank-Starling Law of Heart/increased venous return degree of muscle contractility Pressure in aorta/pulmonary trunk
53
+ inotropic agents
increase contractility | thyroxine, epinephrine
54
- inotropic agents
decrease contractility | acidosis, increased extracellular K+
55
2 cardiac centers in medulla oblongata
cardioacceleratory center | cardioihibiotory center
56
cardioacceleratory center
controls sympathetic neurons | increase heart rate
57
cardioinhibiotory center
controls parasympathetic neurons | decreased heart rate
58
typical autonomic tone
vagal tone (vagus nerve has 90% parasympathetic fibers...)
59
cardiac centers receive info from...
sensory receptors: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors higher brain center: cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus
60
sympathetic neurotransmitter
norepinephrine increases permeability of Na+ and Ca2+ increases depolarization --> increase hr
61
parasympathetic neurotransmitter
acetylcholine increases permeability to K+ hyperpolarization --> decreases hr
62
Bainbridge reflex
atrial reflex | increased venous return--> sympathetic activation -->increased hr
63
warmer=
increased heart rate
64
females have...
higher heart rate
65
path of blood through arteries...
``` heart elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins ```
66
vasa vasorum
protects and anchors vessels | blood to vessels
67
if not into true capillary...
vascular shunt (metarteriole and thoroughfare channel)
68
3 types of capillaries
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
69
continuous capillaries
most common, skin and muscles | continuous epithelium lining
70
fenestrated capillaries
pores high absorption/filtration in kidneys and small intestine
71
sinusoidal capillaries
large gaps passage of large molecules and blood cells liver and bone marrow
72
portal system
blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart
73
anastomosis
2 vessels merge, alternate routes of blood supply to tissue
74
only formed element that are complete with nuclei and organelles
leukocytes (WBCs)
75
diapedesis
leukocytes move out of vessel into infected tissue
76
embolism
embolus that obstructs vessel

Anatomy (16 decks)

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