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Anatomy > Z 333 > Flashcards

Z 333 Flashcards

1
Q

albumin

A

60% of plasma proteins

osmotic pressure, transporting ions (Ca2+)

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2
Q

globulins

A

36% of plasma proteins

transport proteins, immune response (antibodies)

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3
Q

fibrinogen

A

4% of plasma proteins

blood clotting

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4
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

when O2 loaded on in lungs

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5
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

when O2 unloaded at tissues

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6
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 binds amino acids in globin chains at tissues

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7
Q

hemocytoblast

A

stem cell from which all formed elements are made

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8
Q

reticulocyte

A

forms into erythrocyte

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9
Q

3 phases once stem cell is committed

A

ribosome synthesis
hemoglobin accumulation
ejection of nucleus

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10
Q

erythropoietin

A

control erythrocyte development

produced in liver and kidneys

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11
Q

RBCs circulate in blood for

A

100-120 days

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12
Q

polycythemia

A

excess of erythrocytes

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13
Q

5 million

A

RBCs/ microliter of blood

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14
Q

200,000

A

platelets / microliter of blood

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15
Q

5-10,000

A

WBCs / microliter of blood

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16
Q

12-18g

A

hemoglobin / 100mL blood

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17
Q

whole blood is…

A

55% plasma
45% RBCs (more in males because testosterone stimulates RBC production)
1% WBCs and platelets (buffy layer)

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18
Q

3 types of formed elements

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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19
Q

universal receiver

A

AB

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20
Q

universal donor

A

O

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21
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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22
Q

neutrophils

A

bacteria slayers

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23
Q

eosinophils

A

parasitic worms, allergic response and asthma

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24
Q

basophils

A

histamine, vasodilator, allergies

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25
Q

lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells

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26
Q

monocytes

A

macrophages

one type of APC

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27
Q

B cells

A

give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies

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28
Q

T cells

A

helper: activate and direct other immune cells
cytotoxic: recognize fragmented antigens presented by Antigen Presenting Cells; recognize using TCR

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29
Q

natural killer cells

A

do not need antigen presentation

target cells infected with viruses and microbes

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30
Q

both T cells and NK cells…

A

contact with infected cell initiates release of perforins and granzymes that cause rupture and death

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31
Q

mononucleosis

A

caused by Epstein-Barr virus

high number of agranulocytes, many atypical

32
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC count

caused by drugs (glucocorticoids and anticancer)

33
Q

megakaryocyte

A

split to form platelets

34
Q

thrombopoietin

A

control platelet formation

35
Q

3 phases of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation or blood clotting

36
Q

during coagulation phase …

A

thrombin causes conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

form mesh network that glues platelets together and makes plasma gel like

37
Q

Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

A

stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild vessel wall

38
Q

fibrinolysis

A

plasmin digests fibrin clot

controlled by plasmin

39
Q

thrombus

A

intravascular clot

40
Q

embolus

A

thrombus breaks off and can clog other vessels (heart/brain)

41
Q

heparin

A

natural anticoagulant from basophil and mast cell granules

42
Q

layers of pericardium…

A

fibrous

serous: parietal (against fibrous), visceral/epicardium (against outside of heart)

43
Q

endocardium

A

thin layer continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

44
Q

coronary circulation system branches off…

A

semilunar valves leading to ascending aorta

45
Q

intrinsic conduction system path

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV bundle
purkinje fibers

46
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of atria

47
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of ventricles, repolarization of atria

48
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles, begins at apex

49
Q

phases of cardiac cycle

A 
atrial contraction
isovolumetric contraction 
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation
ventricular filling
50
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle in each heartbeat
EDV-ESV

51
Q

cardiac output

A 
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute 
heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)
52
Q

3 factors that effect stroke volume

A

Frank-Starling Law of Heart/increased venous return
degree of muscle contractility
Pressure in aorta/pulmonary trunk

53
Q

+ inotropic agents

A

increase contractility

thyroxine, epinephrine

54
Q
  • inotropic agents
A

decrease contractility

acidosis, increased extracellular K+

55
Q

2 cardiac centers in medulla oblongata

A

cardioacceleratory center

cardioihibiotory center

56
Q

cardioacceleratory center

A

controls sympathetic neurons

increase heart rate

57
Q

cardioinhibiotory center

A

controls parasympathetic neurons

decreased heart rate

58
Q

typical autonomic tone

A

vagal tone (vagus nerve has 90% parasympathetic fibers…)

59
Q

cardiac centers receive info from…

A

sensory receptors: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors
higher brain center: cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus

60
Q

sympathetic neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine
increases permeability of Na+ and Ca2+
increases depolarization –> increase hr

61
Q

parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine
increases permeability to K+
hyperpolarization –> decreases hr

62
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

atrial reflex

increased venous return–> sympathetic activation –>increased hr

63
Q

warmer=

A

increased heart rate

64
Q

females have…

A

higher heart rate

65
Q

path of blood through arteries…

A 
heart
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles 
capillaries
venules 
veins
66
Q

vasa vasorum

A

protects and anchors vessels

blood to vessels

67
Q

if not into true capillary…

A

vascular shunt (metarteriole and thoroughfare channel)

68
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

69
Q

continuous capillaries

A

most common, skin and muscles

continuous epithelium lining

70
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

pores
high absorption/filtration
in kidneys and small intestine

71
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A

large gaps
passage of large molecules and blood cells
liver and bone marrow

72
Q

portal system

A

blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart

73
Q

anastomosis

A

2 vessels merge, alternate routes of blood supply to tissue

74
Q

only formed element that are complete with nuclei and organelles

A

leukocytes (WBCs)

75
Q

diapedesis

A

leukocytes move out of vessel into infected tissue

76
Q

embolism

A

embolus that obstructs vessel

Anatomy (16 decks)

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