Z 333 Flashcards
albumin
60% of plasma proteins
osmotic pressure, transporting ions (Ca2+)
globulins
36% of plasma proteins
transport proteins, immune response (antibodies)
fibrinogen
4% of plasma proteins
blood clotting
oxyhemoglobin
when O2 loaded on in lungs
deoxyhemoglobin
when O2 unloaded at tissues
carbaminohemoglobin
CO2 binds amino acids in globin chains at tissues
hemocytoblast
stem cell from which all formed elements are made
reticulocyte
forms into erythrocyte
3 phases once stem cell is committed
ribosome synthesis
hemoglobin accumulation
ejection of nucleus
erythropoietin
control erythrocyte development
produced in liver and kidneys
RBCs circulate in blood for
100-120 days
polycythemia
excess of erythrocytes
5 million
RBCs/ microliter of blood
200,000
platelets / microliter of blood
5-10,000
WBCs / microliter of blood
12-18g
hemoglobin / 100mL blood
whole blood is…
55% plasma
45% RBCs (more in males because testosterone stimulates RBC production)
1% WBCs and platelets (buffy layer)
3 types of formed elements
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
universal receiver
AB
universal donor
O
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
neutrophils
bacteria slayers
eosinophils
parasitic worms, allergic response and asthma
basophils
histamine, vasodilator, allergies
lymphocytes
B cells, T cells, NK cells
monocytes
macrophages
one type of APC
B cells
give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies
T cells
helper: activate and direct other immune cells
cytotoxic: recognize fragmented antigens presented by Antigen Presenting Cells; recognize using TCR
natural killer cells
do not need antigen presentation
target cells infected with viruses and microbes
both T cells and NK cells…
contact with infected cell initiates release of perforins and granzymes that cause rupture and death
mononucleosis
caused by Epstein-Barr virus
high number of agranulocytes, many atypical
leukopenia
low WBC count
caused by drugs (glucocorticoids and anticancer)
megakaryocyte
split to form platelets
thrombopoietin
control platelet formation
3 phases of hemostasis
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation or blood clotting
during coagulation phase …
thrombin causes conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
form mesh network that glues platelets together and makes plasma gel like
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild vessel wall
fibrinolysis
plasmin digests fibrin clot
controlled by plasmin
thrombus
intravascular clot
embolus
thrombus breaks off and can clog other vessels (heart/brain)
heparin
natural anticoagulant from basophil and mast cell granules
layers of pericardium…
fibrous
serous: parietal (against fibrous), visceral/epicardium (against outside of heart)
endocardium
thin layer continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
coronary circulation system branches off…
semilunar valves leading to ascending aorta
intrinsic conduction system path
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV bundle
purkinje fibers
P wave
depolarization of atria
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricles, repolarization of atria
T wave
repolarization of ventricles, begins at apex
phases of cardiac cycle
atrial contraction isovolumetric contraction ventricular ejection isovolumetric relaxation ventricular filling
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle in each heartbeat
EDV-ESV
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)
3 factors that effect stroke volume
Frank-Starling Law of Heart/increased venous return
degree of muscle contractility
Pressure in aorta/pulmonary trunk
+ inotropic agents
increase contractility
thyroxine, epinephrine
- inotropic agents
decrease contractility
acidosis, increased extracellular K+
2 cardiac centers in medulla oblongata
cardioacceleratory center
cardioihibiotory center
cardioacceleratory center
controls sympathetic neurons
increase heart rate
cardioinhibiotory center
controls parasympathetic neurons
decreased heart rate
typical autonomic tone
vagal tone (vagus nerve has 90% parasympathetic fibers…)
cardiac centers receive info from…
sensory receptors: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors
higher brain center: cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus
sympathetic neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
increases permeability of Na+ and Ca2+
increases depolarization –> increase hr
parasympathetic neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
increases permeability to K+
hyperpolarization –> decreases hr
Bainbridge reflex
atrial reflex
increased venous return–> sympathetic activation –>increased hr
warmer=
increased heart rate
females have…
higher heart rate
path of blood through arteries…
heart elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins
vasa vasorum
protects and anchors vessels
blood to vessels
if not into true capillary…
vascular shunt (metarteriole and thoroughfare channel)
3 types of capillaries
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
continuous capillaries
most common, skin and muscles
continuous epithelium lining
fenestrated capillaries
pores
high absorption/filtration
in kidneys and small intestine
sinusoidal capillaries
large gaps
passage of large molecules and blood cells
liver and bone marrow
portal system
blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart
anastomosis
2 vessels merge, alternate routes of blood supply to tissue
only formed element that are complete with nuclei and organelles
leukocytes (WBCs)
diapedesis
leukocytes move out of vessel into infected tissue
embolism
embolus that obstructs vessel
