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Anatomy > Z 342 lab final > Flashcards

Z 342 lab final Flashcards

1
Q

outer and middle ear function in

A

hearing only

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2
Q

inner ear function in

A

hearing and equilibrium

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3
Q

auricle/pinna

A

elastic cartilage; funnels sound waves into external auditroy meatus; helix = rim; lobule = earlobe

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4
Q

external auditory meatus

A

transmits sound to eardrum; temporal bone

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5
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum; connective tissue, vibrates and transfers sound energy to tiny bones of middle ear

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6
Q

middle ear

A

tympanic cavity; small air-filled musosa lined cavity in temporal bone; malleus, incus, stapesl; opening to auditory tube

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7
Q

inner ear

A

bony labyrinth: perylymph; 3 regions: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea; membranous labyrinth: endolymph

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8
Q

vestibulo….

A

balance

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9
Q

cochlear

A

hearing

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10
Q

physiology of hearing

A
  1. sounds waves vibrate tympanic membrane 2. auditory ossicles vibrat, pressure amplified 3. pressure waves by stapes push on oval window, move through fluuid in scala vestibuli 4. sounds with frequencies below hearing level do not excite har cells 5. sounds in hearing range go through cochlear duct, vicration basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells
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11
Q

auditory pathway

A

ascending; auditory info from cochlear receptors (inner hair cells) to cerebral cortex

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12
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

sends signals to brain that initiate reflexes needed to make changes in position

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13
Q

vestibule

A

sense of static equilibrium (gravity) - key role in maintaining posture; maculae in vestibule wall

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14
Q

semicircular canals

A

sense of dynamic equilibrium (rotation), receptors for rotational head movement; cristae at base of each canal

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15
Q

maculae hair cells

A

monitor position of head in space, key role in controlling posture

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16
Q

otoliths

A

ear stones increase membrane’s weigth over hair cells and resistance to changes in motion; hairs verticle when head upright; hair cells synapse with fibers of vestibular nerve

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17
Q

cristae hair cells

A

cristae is receptor for roational acceleration in semicircular canals; rotational movement - endolympth moves capula in opposite direction

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18
Q

differences between nervous and endocrine

A

endocrine: slower, long term effects, affect target cells (specific or most of body)

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19
Q

similarites between nervous and endocrine

A

communication and coordination of responses, some organs shared, stimulated by sensory input by neurons, hypothalamic control of both (endocrine and autonomic NS)

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20
Q

exocrine glands

A

produce non hormonal substances

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21
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones (single or many), variable stimuli elicit hormone secretion

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22
Q

master regulator of endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

9 pituitary hormones

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH, ADH

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24
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin and ADH

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25
Q

amino acid based hormones

A

water soluble, free in blood, acts on cell membrane receptors, shorter half life

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26
Q

steroid based hormones

A

fat soluble, via carrier proteins in blood, acts on receptors inside cell, longer half life, snythesized from choleserol, only gonadal and adrenocortical hormone are steroids

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27
Q

humoral stimulus

A

ion concentration in blood

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28
Q

neural stimulus

A

stress, preganglionic, sypathetic nerve fibers

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29
Q

hormonal stimulus

A

hormones secreted by hypothalamus

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30
Q

negative feedback

A

production of end product inhibits production of intermediary product

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31
Q

permissiveness

A

hormone needs another to have full effect

32
Q

synergism

A

effects of presence of 2 hormones together is amplified

33
Q

antagonism

A

one hormone opposes the action of another

34
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone; produced and released by hypothalamus, target cells: anterior pituitary that release TSH

35
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulation hormone; produced and released by anterior pituitary, target cells: cells of thyrid gland

36
Q

TH

A

thyroid hormone (T3 or T4); produced and released by thyroid, target cells: al cells of body, metabolic rate of body

37
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone; produced and released by hypothalamus; target cells: anterior pituitary that produce FSH adn LH

38
Q

GH

A

growth hormone; produced and released by anterior pituitary; target cells: all cells of body

39
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing hormone; produced and secreted by hypothalamus; target cells: cells of anterior pituitary that make GH

40
Q

GHIH

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone, somatostatin; produced and released by hypothalamus; target cells: anterior pituitary that mke GH

41
Q

IGFs

A

insulin like growth factors, somatomedians; produced and released by liver; target cells: all cells of body

42
Q

PTH

A

paraythroid hormone; produced and released by parathyroid glands; target cells: bone, GI tract, kidney

43
Q

calcitonin

A

produced and released by thyroid gland; target cells: bone, GI tract, kidney

44
Q

glucagon

A

produced and released by pancreas; target cells: muscle, liver, fat

45
Q

insulin

A

produced and released by pancreas; target cells: all cells except neural

46
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone; produced and released by pituitary; target cells: gonads (sustentacular cells of male, follicle cells of femal)

47
Q

LH

A

lutenizing hormone; produced and released by anterior pitutiary; target cells: gonads (interstitial leydig cells in male, follicle cells and eggs of female)

48
Q

testosterone

A

produced and released by leydig (interstitial) cells of testes; target cells: all cells of body, sustentacular (sertoli) cells

49
Q

estrogen

A

produced and released by follicle cells of ovaries, placenta; target cells: all cells, uterus, ovary

50
Q

inhibin

A

produced and released by cells of testes and ovary; target cells: hypothalamus, anterior pituitary that make FSH

51
Q

progesterone

A

produced and released by follicle cells of ovary (corpus luteum); target cells: uterus, breasts

52
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin releasing factor; produced and released by hypothalamus; target cells: anterior pituitary that make ACTH

53
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone; produced and released by anterior pituitary; target cells: adrenal cortex

54
Q

epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

produced and released by adrenal medulla; target cells: all cells of body

55
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol, corticosterone, etc; produced and released by adrenal cortex; target cells: liver, all body cells

56
Q

steriod hormones are synthesized from

A

cholesterol

57
Q

seminal vesicles

A

enhance sperm motility and fertility; yellow, viscous alkaline fluid w/fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulate, and prostaglandins, 70% of volume

58
Q

prostate gland

A

activates sperm; milky, slightly acidid, citrate, enzymes, 30% of semen

59
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra, thick, clear mucus

60
Q

path of sperm

A

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, penis

61
Q

semen + sperm

A

10% sperm, 20-150 million sperm, pH 7.3-7.7

62
Q

estrogen released by

A

follicel cells

63
Q

progesterone released by

A

corupus luteum

64
Q

fibrous tunic

A

cornea and sclera

65
Q

sclera

A

white of eye

66
Q

cornea

A

outer covering, light bending

67
Q

pupil constricts as circular muscles

68
Q

pupil dilated as radial muscles

A

contract (circular muscles relax)

69
Q

superior oblique

A

move eye down and laterally; trochlear (IV)

70
Q

inferior oblique

A

move eye up and laterally; oculomotor (III)

71
Q

lateral rectus

A

abducens (VI)

72
Q

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique

A

oculomotor (III)

73
Q

3 tunics of eye

A

fibrous = sclera and cornea; vascular = choroid, ciliary body, iris; neural = 2 layered retina

74
Q

crystalins

A

proteins that make up lens

75
Q

accommodation

A

change in lens shape to focus on near object ; when ciliary muscle relaxes, suspensory ligaments stretch on lens which flattens it; when ciliary muscle contracts there is less pressure to stretch so lens is fat

76
Q

optic chiasm

A

where sides cross in visual pathway

Anatomy (16 decks)

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