You Didnt Know! Flashcards
What’s transcription?
Making/ synthesis of mRNA from selection of DNA
What does synthesis mean in simple form?
To construct something
What’s translation?
The synthesis of protein using mRNA
How do you calculate a percentage change?
Change/ original x 100
What are the three stages of gene expression?
Transcription, RNA Splicing and translation
What can pharmacogenetics be used for?
Genome information to get effective drug treatments (personalised medicine)
At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and electrons combine with?
Oxygen
When is water formed and what with during electron transport chain?
At the end water is made (Hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen) combine
Increased blood flow within an artery is the result of a smooth muscle doing?
Vasodilation- relaxation
What connect to peripheral nervous system and central nervous system out of: Spinal cord, somatic, brain, medulla, sympathetic?
CNS: Brain, spinal cord
PNS: Somatic, sympathetic
(Medulla was a trick!)
State what the 4 events which occur at a synapse in order?
- Neurotransmitter released from storage vesicle
- Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft
- Impulse is generated
- Enzymes breakdown neurotransmitters
What’s 1g to mg?
Divide by 1000
What’s 30g in Kg?
0.030kg
What’s Acetylcholine?
It’s a neurotransmitter
Explain why embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all cell types?
They can produce all types of proteins from embryonic cells
How did you do the PCR?
READ AND COUNT THE DNA BABY!
What changed glycogen you glucose?
Glucagon
What is glucagon?
A hormone which changes glycogen to glucagon
State two activities which increases endorphin activity?
Exercise and sex
Under epithelial cells if you get a splinter, what’s the structure that carries blood?
Capillary
Why do punctures around a wound become swollen and red?
Vasodilation which increases blood flow
From diploid germaline cells, how do you get haploid gametes?
Divide more by mitosis, you’ll get diploid Gemma line cells, then use Meiosis to get haploid gamete cells
A fragment of DNA contained 90 base pairs. What’s the total number of deoxyribose sugars in the fragments?
180
Substances produced during respiration of glucose, list the order from: citrate, pyruvate, ATP and Acetyl group
ATP, pyruvate, Acetyl group, citrate
When converting pyruvate to lactic acid, NAD is regenerated during lactic acids synthesis, how?
NADH passed hydrogen ions for synthesis of the lactic acid
What’s the importance of regeneration of NAD for glycolysis?
NAD carries hydrogen ions
Rat: ABCDE
Human: ABCD
Suggest why the changes sequences of bases in human gene codes for a non-functional protein?
Because the amino acids would change/ be altered
The sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve are controlled by what in Brain an Heart?
Brain: medulla
Heart: SAN
Think of ventricular systole on a ECG?
Yes sir
State one role of cholesterol in the body?
Used for systhesis of sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone and/ or oestrogen)
What are semantic memorise?
Concepts, numbers
Where are semantic memorises stored in the brain?
Cerebrum or cerebral cortex
In addition to forming a physical barrier, state another way in which these cells resist infection?
Secretions; mucus, tears, saliva and stomach acid
How do phagocytes stimulate specific immune response?
They release cytokines
State what is removed during RNA splicing?
Primary transcript of mRNA removes introns and keeps exons
What is mature transcript of mRNA for?
Is it ready for translation, synthesis of protein
What is primary structure?
Order of amino acids in the chain
What’s a small amount of amino acids held together with compared to a large amount of amino acids held together with in the chain?
A small amount of amino acids in the chain are held together by peptide bonds whilst large amino acids in the chain are held together by polypeptide bonds
What is secondary structure?
The interaction between the polypeptide chains from the large amino acid chains
During PCR what step do DNA strands separate, at what temperature and why?
Step 2, at roughly 92-98*c to separate the strands because hydrogen bonds are broken
What are the DNA replication steps?
(Desk)
What causes proliferation of the endometrium and vascularisation of the endometrium?
Oestrogen causes vascularisation of the endometrium and progesterone causes proliferation of the endometrium
How is lactate produced and what does this do?
Hydrogen from NADH during glycolysis causes pyruvate to turn into lactate which causes a build up/ oxygen debt which is repaid during rest
What is bioinformatics?
Using science and IT to produce huge data on DNA and analyse it
What’s pharmacogenetics?
Looking at the genome to produce an effective choice of drugs
How can personalised medicine be achieved?
Through the progression of pharmacogenetics
What causes proliferation and vascularisation of endometrium?
Oestrogen causes proliferation and progesterone causes vascularisation of the endometrium
What does proliferation mean?
Cells divide/ repair
What does vascularisation mean?
Blood lining
How might somatic cells maintain chromosome complement?
Nucleus divides by mitosis
What’s diploid and haploid?
Somatic cells are diploid and germaline cells are haploid (sex cells)
What’s an example of selective gene expression?
After differentiation p, genes are switched on for something specific like muscle cells are switched on and blood cells would be switched off because we need muscle cells, that’s what it’s specialised function is
What’s therapeutic uses of stem cells?
In the repair of diseased/ damaged tissue or organs
What are 3 research uses of stem cells?
Drug testing
Disease development
Differentiation
How cells metastasis
Recall the citric acid cycle diagram?
Cool
Is amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling antenatal or postnatal?
It’s antenatal
What does the cerebral cortex contain?
Sensory neurons, motor neurons and association areas
What are association areas of the brain involved in?
Language processing, Intelligence and personality
How might you transfer STM to LTM?
Rehearsal, organisation and elaboration
What is rehearsal?
When you repeat over and over what your trying to memorise
What’s organisation?
During encoding, items are organised into categories logically so it can go STM to LTM easier
What’s elaboration?
Adding features to memories to aid memorisation
How may your trigger retrieval?
Through aided clues such as time and place like remembering a dream
What happens if a memory is not transferred from STM or LTM?
It’s lost by either displacement or decay
How might a memory be lost?
When it’s not transferred to STM or LTM it’s decay or displacement
During injury, state what increased blood flow helps with?
More phagocytes and clotting elements
What accumulates as pus?
Phagocytes and dead bacteria
State what the specific immune response is?
Lymphocytes
State an advantage to converging, diverging and reverberating neural pathways?
Converging: increases sensitivity to excitatory or inhibitory signals
Diverging: impulses can affect multiple destinations at same time
Reverberating: impulse can travel back through neural pathway, allows repeated stimulation
Primary transcript is a strand of?
RNA with introns and exons
What’s noradrenaline?
The fight or flight response
If you hurt your head, why do you forget about it?
Short term memory
Put in the formula to calculate BMI. The king is 185cm and 200kg
200/1.85*2 remember cm to m is 1.
Is muscle tissue or elastic tissue thicker in blood vessels?
Elastic tissue is thicker than muscle tissue
What does HDL do?
Takes excess cholesterol from body cells to liver
How may germaline cells become diploid?
Divide by mitosis
What’s the codon and anti codon for DNA strand GAT?
Codon: CUA
Anticodon: GAU
How do you calculate CO and SV?
If asked heart rate per minute, CO is 60 seconds and SV is duration added up
From glucose to pyruvate, does this release a phosphate from ATP?
No, it turns ADP+pi into ATP
Name the tissue type to which blood cells belong?
Connective tissue
Explain why red blood cells contain haemoglobin after differentiation but white blood cells do not?
Genes for coding haemoglobin is switched on but switched off for white blood cell
A question which asks why one thing has something and another doesn’t after differentiation, what does this mean?
Selective gene expressing
What is substitution?
Replacing a nucleotide
Insertion or deletion, what is added or removed?
A nucleotide
What can chronic blood glucose levels lead to?
Atherosclerotic and blood vessel damage
Where’s glucagon found and what does it do?
Found in liver and breaks down glycogen to glucose
What diabetic can’t produce insulin?
Type 1
What diabetic is insulin resistant
Type 2
What is meant by type 2 diabetics being insulin resistant?
They’re insulin resistant, their liver has less insulin receptors and so the struggle to convert glucose to glycogen
Suggest a reason why during diabetes test you may lose glucose?
You are urinating maybe?
What similarity between blood plasma and tissue fluid?
Both contain dissolved glucose
What allow plasma to pass through capillaries?
Pressure filtration
State what during pressure filtration is not filtered out and why??
Proteins because they’re too big
What do lymphatic vessels do?
Absorbs excess tissue fluid
What are the single gene mutations?
- substitution
- insertion
- deletion
State three reasons for infertility in males and female?
Males- smoking, poor diet, abnormal sperm
Females- Fibroids, blocked oviduct, infections
Name a difference between blood in artery compared to veins?
The pressure is lower in veins
Where’s lymphatic vessel?
Diagram
After pressure filtration, what happens to tissue fluid?
It’s returns to the blood
What is blood plasma and what does it carry?
Yellow watery substance which carries amino acids, glucose, plasma proteins
What are Arterioles and venules?
Arterioles- very small branch of artery
Venules- very small veins
What’s the energy investment stage?
You need ATP for phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates
Does agonist or antagonist decrease sensitivity?
Agonist decreases sensitivity
What does a drug which causes less sensitivity lead to?
Drug tolerance
What’s released during an allergic reaction?
Mast cells
What’s difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is sequence of bases, phenotype is synthesised proteins expressed
What’s feedback inhibition by an end product?
When end product reaches critical concentration, end product can bind early pathway, catalysing early reaction which prevents further synthesis (like reverberating goes back)
If you have enzymes and mix four types of substrate, how many substrates are effective and why?
Only one because enzyme are specific to one type of substrate
