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Human Biology > You Didnt Know! > Flashcards

You Didnt Know! Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s transcription?

A

Making/ synthesis of mRNA from selection of DNA

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2
Q

What does synthesis mean in simple form?

A

To construct something

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3
Q

What’s translation?

A

The synthesis of protein using mRNA

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4
Q

How do you calculate a percentage change?

A

Change/ original x 100

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5
Q

What are the three stages of gene expression?

A

Transcription, RNA Splicing and translation

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6
Q

What can pharmacogenetics be used for?

A

Genome information to get effective drug treatments (personalised medicine)

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7
Q

At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and electrons combine with?

A

Oxygen

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8
Q

When is water formed and what with during electron transport chain?

A

At the end water is made (Hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen) combine

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9
Q

Increased blood flow within an artery is the result of a smooth muscle doing?

A

Vasodilation- relaxation

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10
Q

What connect to peripheral nervous system and central nervous system out of: Spinal cord, somatic, brain, medulla, sympathetic?

A

CNS: Brain, spinal cord
PNS: Somatic, sympathetic

(Medulla was a trick!)

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11
Q

State what the 4 events which occur at a synapse in order?

A
  1. Neurotransmitter released from storage vesicle
  2. Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft
  3. Impulse is generated
  4. Enzymes breakdown neurotransmitters
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12
Q

What’s 1g to mg?

A

Divide by 1000

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13
Q

What’s 30g in Kg?

A

0.030kg

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14
Q

What’s Acetylcholine?

A

It’s a neurotransmitter

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15
Q

Explain why embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all cell types?

A

They can produce all types of proteins from embryonic cells

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16
Q

How did you do the PCR?

A

READ AND COUNT THE DNA BABY!

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17
Q

What changed glycogen you glucose?

A

Glucagon

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18
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone which changes glycogen to glucagon

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19
Q

State two activities which increases endorphin activity?

A

Exercise and sex

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20
Q

Under epithelial cells if you get a splinter, what’s the structure that carries blood?

A

Capillary

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21
Q

Why do punctures around a wound become swollen and red?

A

Vasodilation which increases blood flow

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22
Q

From diploid germaline cells, how do you get haploid gametes?

A

Divide more by mitosis, you’ll get diploid Gemma line cells, then use Meiosis to get haploid gamete cells

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23
Q

A fragment of DNA contained 90 base pairs. What’s the total number of deoxyribose sugars in the fragments?

A

180

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24
Q

Substances produced during respiration of glucose, list the order from: citrate, pyruvate, ATP and Acetyl group

A

ATP, pyruvate, Acetyl group, citrate

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25
Q

When converting pyruvate to lactic acid, NAD is regenerated during lactic acids synthesis, how?

A

NADH passed hydrogen ions for synthesis of the lactic acid

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26
Q

What’s the importance of regeneration of NAD for glycolysis?

A

NAD carries hydrogen ions

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27
Q

Rat: ABCDE
Human: ABCD
Suggest why the changes sequences of bases in human gene codes for a non-functional protein?

A

Because the amino acids would change/ be altered

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28
Q

The sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve are controlled by what in Brain an Heart?

A

Brain: medulla
Heart: SAN

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29
Q

Think of ventricular systole on a ECG?

A

Yes sir

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30
Q

State one role of cholesterol in the body?

A

Used for systhesis of sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone and/ or oestrogen)

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31
Q

What are semantic memorise?

A

Concepts, numbers

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32
Q

Where are semantic memorises stored in the brain?

A

Cerebrum or cerebral cortex

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33
Q

In addition to forming a physical barrier, state another way in which these cells resist infection?

A

Secretions; mucus, tears, saliva and stomach acid

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34
Q

How do phagocytes stimulate specific immune response?

A

They release cytokines

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35
Q

State what is removed during RNA splicing?

A

Primary transcript of mRNA removes introns and keeps exons

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36
Q

What is mature transcript of mRNA for?

A

Is it ready for translation, synthesis of protein

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37
Q

What is primary structure?

A

Order of amino acids in the chain

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38
Q

What’s a small amount of amino acids held together with compared to a large amount of amino acids held together with in the chain?

A

A small amount of amino acids in the chain are held together by peptide bonds whilst large amino acids in the chain are held together by polypeptide bonds

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39
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

The interaction between the polypeptide chains from the large amino acid chains

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40
Q

During PCR what step do DNA strands separate, at what temperature and why?

A

Step 2, at roughly 92-98*c to separate the strands because hydrogen bonds are broken

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41
Q

What are the DNA replication steps?

A

(Desk)

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42
Q

What causes proliferation of the endometrium and vascularisation of the endometrium?

A

Oestrogen causes vascularisation of the endometrium and progesterone causes proliferation of the endometrium

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43
Q

How is lactate produced and what does this do?

A

Hydrogen from NADH during glycolysis causes pyruvate to turn into lactate which causes a build up/ oxygen debt which is repaid during rest

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44
Q

What is bioinformatics?

A

Using science and IT to produce huge data on DNA and analyse it

45
Q

What’s pharmacogenetics?

A

Looking at the genome to produce an effective choice of drugs

46
Q

How can personalised medicine be achieved?

A

Through the progression of pharmacogenetics

47
Q

What causes proliferation and vascularisation of endometrium?

A

Oestrogen causes proliferation and progesterone causes vascularisation of the endometrium

48
Q

What does proliferation mean?

A

Cells divide/ repair

49
Q

What does vascularisation mean?

A

Blood lining

50
Q

How might somatic cells maintain chromosome complement?

A

Nucleus divides by mitosis

51
Q

What’s diploid and haploid?

A

Somatic cells are diploid and germaline cells are haploid (sex cells)

52
Q

What’s an example of selective gene expression?

A

After differentiation p, genes are switched on for something specific like muscle cells are switched on and blood cells would be switched off because we need muscle cells, that’s what it’s specialised function is

53
Q

What’s therapeutic uses of stem cells?

A

In the repair of diseased/ damaged tissue or organs

54
Q

What are 3 research uses of stem cells?

A

Drug testing
Disease development
Differentiation
How cells metastasis

55
Q

Recall the citric acid cycle diagram?

A

Cool

56
Q

Is amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling antenatal or postnatal?

A

It’s antenatal

57
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons and association areas

58
Q

What are association areas of the brain involved in?

A

Language processing, Intelligence and personality

59
Q

How might you transfer STM to LTM?

A

Rehearsal, organisation and elaboration

60
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

When you repeat over and over what your trying to memorise

61
Q

What’s organisation?

A

During encoding, items are organised into categories logically so it can go STM to LTM easier

62
Q

What’s elaboration?

A

Adding features to memories to aid memorisation

63
Q

How may your trigger retrieval?

A

Through aided clues such as time and place like remembering a dream

64
Q

What happens if a memory is not transferred from STM or LTM?

A

It’s lost by either displacement or decay

65
Q

How might a memory be lost?

A

When it’s not transferred to STM or LTM it’s decay or displacement

66
Q

During injury, state what increased blood flow helps with?

A

More phagocytes and clotting elements

67
Q

What accumulates as pus?

A

Phagocytes and dead bacteria

68
Q

State what the specific immune response is?

A

Lymphocytes

69
Q

State an advantage to converging, diverging and reverberating neural pathways?

A

Converging: increases sensitivity to excitatory or inhibitory signals
Diverging: impulses can affect multiple destinations at same time
Reverberating: impulse can travel back through neural pathway, allows repeated stimulation

70
Q

Primary transcript is a strand of?

A

RNA with introns and exons

71
Q

What’s noradrenaline?

A

The fight or flight response

72
Q

If you hurt your head, why do you forget about it?

A

Short term memory

73
Q

Put in the formula to calculate BMI. The king is 185cm and 200kg

A

200/1.85*2 remember cm to m is 1.

74
Q

Is muscle tissue or elastic tissue thicker in blood vessels?

A

Elastic tissue is thicker than muscle tissue

75
Q

What does HDL do?

A

Takes excess cholesterol from body cells to liver

76
Q

How may germaline cells become diploid?

A

Divide by mitosis

77
Q

What’s the codon and anti codon for DNA strand GAT?

A

Codon: CUA
Anticodon: GAU

78
Q

How do you calculate CO and SV?

A

If asked heart rate per minute, CO is 60 seconds and SV is duration added up

79
Q

From glucose to pyruvate, does this release a phosphate from ATP?

A

No, it turns ADP+pi into ATP

80
Q

Name the tissue type to which blood cells belong?

A

Connective tissue

81
Q

Explain why red blood cells contain haemoglobin after differentiation but white blood cells do not?

A

Genes for coding haemoglobin is switched on but switched off for white blood cell

82
Q

A question which asks why one thing has something and another doesn’t after differentiation, what does this mean?

A

Selective gene expressing

83
Q

What is substitution?

A

Replacing a nucleotide

84
Q

Insertion or deletion, what is added or removed?

A

A nucleotide

85
Q

What can chronic blood glucose levels lead to?

A

Atherosclerotic and blood vessel damage

86
Q

Where’s glucagon found and what does it do?

A

Found in liver and breaks down glycogen to glucose

87
Q

What diabetic can’t produce insulin?

A

Type 1

88
Q

What diabetic is insulin resistant

A

Type 2

89
Q

What is meant by type 2 diabetics being insulin resistant?

A

They’re insulin resistant, their liver has less insulin receptors and so the struggle to convert glucose to glycogen

90
Q

Suggest a reason why during diabetes test you may lose glucose?

A

You are urinating maybe?

91
Q

What similarity between blood plasma and tissue fluid?

A

Both contain dissolved glucose

92
Q

What allow plasma to pass through capillaries?

A

Pressure filtration

93
Q

State what during pressure filtration is not filtered out and why??

A

Proteins because they’re too big

94
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Absorbs excess tissue fluid

95
Q

What are the single gene mutations?

A
  • substitution
  • insertion
  • deletion
96
Q

State three reasons for infertility in males and female?

A

Males- smoking, poor diet, abnormal sperm

Females- Fibroids, blocked oviduct, infections

97
Q

Name a difference between blood in artery compared to veins?

A

The pressure is lower in veins

98
Q

Where’s lymphatic vessel?

A

Diagram

99
Q

After pressure filtration, what happens to tissue fluid?

A

It’s returns to the blood

100
Q

What is blood plasma and what does it carry?

A

Yellow watery substance which carries amino acids, glucose, plasma proteins

101
Q

What are Arterioles and venules?

A

Arterioles- very small branch of artery

Venules- very small veins

102
Q

What’s the energy investment stage?

A

You need ATP for phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates

103
Q

Does agonist or antagonist decrease sensitivity?

A

Agonist decreases sensitivity

104
Q

What does a drug which causes less sensitivity lead to?

A

Drug tolerance

105
Q

What’s released during an allergic reaction?

A

Mast cells

106
Q

What’s difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype is sequence of bases, phenotype is synthesised proteins expressed

107
Q

What’s feedback inhibition by an end product?

A

When end product reaches critical concentration, end product can bind early pathway, catalysing early reaction which prevents further synthesis (like reverberating goes back)

108
Q

If you have enzymes and mix four types of substrate, how many substrates are effective and why?

A

Only one because enzyme are specific to one type of substrate

Human Biology (22 decks)

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