Immunology Flashcards
What’s a pathogen?
A virus, bacterium or organism that can cause disease
What’s is the skins defence called?
Epithelial
Tell me about mast cells? (2)
- Mast cells are found in tissue
- They produce histamine
What does histamine do and how’s it produced? (2)
- cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
- produced from Mast cells
Tell me about phagocytes and it’s function? (3)
- Type if specialised white blood cell
- They recognise pathogens and destroy them by phagocytosis
- phagocytosis is the engulfing of pathogens and destruction via enzymes in the lysosomes
What do phagocytes release and what does this do? (1)
-They release cytokines (attracts more phagocytes to infection sites)
What’s a cytokine?
-protein molecules which are signalling agent
What are all of the chemical secretions?
Tears, saliva, mucus and stomach acid
Where are lysosomes found?
The digestive enzymes once engulfed a pathogen
What’s the first, second and third line of defence?
I hope you got it or else your a chicken shiznitt
What are antigens?
Antigens are molecules, proteins which are on surface of cell and trigger an immune response
Where do lymphocytes come from?
Bone marrow
How do you get T lymphocytes?
They pass through the thymus gland
How do B-lymphocytes work?
They produce anti bodies which leads to the destruction of the pathogen
How would a T lymphocyte kill a pathogen?
The lymphocyte binds, recognising the receptors on the pathogens antigens and kills is via apoptosis
What is B lymphocytes commonly caused/ cause?
Allergies
What are anti bodies?
Y-shaped proteins which have specific receptors for antigens on pathogens
How to anti bodies work?
Anti body receptors connect to pathogen antigens and inactivate the pathogen which is then cleared through phagocytosis
What is autoimmunity?
T lymphocytes respond to self antigens
What’s an autoimmunity disease?
MS, type one diabetes
What’s immunological memory?
When the body creates clones of phagocytes as it remember a specific antigen on a pathogen. Some B and T lymphocytes survive long term as memory cells and secondary exposure sees those lymphocytes clone themselves
Is AIDS or HIV first?
HIV leads to AIDS (attacks T lymphocytes)
What enhances vaccines?
Adjuvants
What is it called when antigens on a pathogen is altered by the pathogen?
Antigenic variation
What are the three main types of clinical trials?
Double blind, randomised and placebo controlled
What is two example of vaccines?
A dead virus or a weakens virus,like penicillin is a fungus
Why is AIDS dangerous?
Because they attack T lymphocytes
When do lymphocytes become activated?
When they need to respond to antigens on invading pathogen
Are lymphocytes specific to one antigen?
Yeah and they bind to pathogens
Do lymphocytes bind to pathogens? (Explain)
Yes their specific receptors bind to specific antigen on pathogen
Where to B lymphocytes comes from?
They are mature in the bone marrow
How are lymphocytes duplicated?
When they bind to the antigen
Do antibody destroy pathogens?
No, it binds to antigen and inactivates the pathogen. Phagocytosis destroys the pathogen
How do you form the antibody-antigen complex?
Antibody joins antigens to form antibody-antigen complex which inactivates the pathogen
What happens after T lymphocytes use apoptosis?
Phagocytosis destroys the pathogen/ removes the remains
What happens if lymphocytes have antigen receptors matching self antigens?
They’re destroyed
Why might someone show no systems of a virus on second exposure?
Because the immunological memory. B and T lymphocytes which were from first exposure stayed as memory cells and now that there is a second exposure, these B and T lymphocytes clone themselves
What does HIV do to lymphocytes?
Attacks and destroys them
Mast cells are released during inflammatory response, but what else?
Allergic reactions
If a person has low white blood cells and aren’t careful, why might this be?
They have HIV
What does herd immunity threshold not depend on?
Quarantine of non-immune individuals
When does a placebo test with a drug, what should you be aware of?
Same number of affected and gender both ways
