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DNA and gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

How is a sugar phosphate backbone formed?

A

Nucleotides from chemical bonds between deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group

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3
Q

What are the four organic bases and what pairs with what?

A
  1. Adenine (A)
  2. Thymine (T)
  3. Cytosine (C)
  4. Guanine (G)

A-T C-G

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4
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

DNA takes the shape of a double helix

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5
Q

How many strands is in DNA?

A

DNA is a double stranded molecule

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6
Q

How is the double helix formed?

A

H bonds form between the bases

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7
Q

Where is the 3’ strand?

A

Always end on deoxyribose sugar

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8
Q

Where is the 5’ strand?

A

Always ends on phosphate group

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9
Q

What does DNA polymerase do and what’s this called?

A

it can only add nucleotides in one direction (results in one strand being replicated) (leading)

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10
Q

Whats meant by lagging?

A

the other strand to leading is replicated in fragments which are joined together by another enzyme (ligase)

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11
Q

What are the 5 requirements for DNA replication?

A
  1. Parental DNA
  2. Enzymes (Ligase + polymerase)
  3. free DNA nucleotides
  4. ATP
  5. Primers
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12
Q

What does PCR mean and what does it do?

A

PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction

A technique used to amplify DNA using complementary primers (can make millions to billions of DNA copies)

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13
Q

What does amplification mean?

A

To make many copies

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14
Q

Whats a primer?

A

Small sections of nucleotides at two ends of region to be amplified

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15
Q

what is DNA polymerase (Taq)?

A

Heat tolerant enzyme used to replicate DNA at high temperature

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16
Q

Who might use PCR for a practical application?

A

Forensic and medical

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17
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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18
Q

What is each RNA nucleotide made up of?

A

Phosphate group
Organic base
Ribose sugar

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19
Q

What are the 4 RNA bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (replaces thymine)

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20
Q

What will gene expression involve?

A

transcription and translation of DNA sequences

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21
Q

Think about RNA structure diagram

A

You better have thought about that one

22
Q

What are 2 ways molecule structure of mRNA differs from DNA?

A
  1. DNA has 2 strands, RNA has 1

2. DNA base pair for adenine is thymine but RNA base pair is Uracil

23
Q

What is the sugar present in DNA then RNA?

A

DNA is deoxyribose sugar

RNA is ribose sugar

24
Q

What are the requirements for translation?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. Ribosome (rRNA and protein)
  3. tRNA
  4. Amino acid
25
What is a ribosome made of?
rRNA and protein
26
What is the name of mRNA and its function?
Name- Messanger Function- Carries copy of DNA code from nucleus to ribosome
27
Whats the repeating unit which makes up a molecule of DNA?
Nucleotides
28
What are the 4 steps of transcription? (probably don't need to know
Step one: RNA polymerase unwinds DNA double helix. Moves along DNA strand causing it to unwind/ unzip by breaking H-bonds between bases Step two: RNA polymerase synthesises primary transcript of mRNA from free RNA nucleotides by completing base pairing with DNA Step three: RNA polymerase forms strong bonds between sugars and phosphates of RNA nucleotides, forming a sugar (Phosphate backbone, making chain/ strand of RNA) Step four: Primary transcript: RNA molecule separates from DNA strand (breaks H-bonds). contains introns and Exons. Once splicing has taken place, mature transcript exits nucleus via pore and heads to ribosome. DNA strand then reforms (ATP is also essential for process
29
What do stop codons release?
Polypeptide from ribosome
30
What is the result of alternative splicing?
Different proteins can be expressed from one gene
31
What are proteins? (list 3)
- Organic molecules - chemical elements - Amino acids joined by peptide bonds
32
What is primary structure?
Order of amino acids in the chain
33
What is secondary structure?
Interaction between polypeptide chains
34
How do you form polypeptides?
Amino acids are held together by chain peptide bonds
35
What is phenotype?
Proteins produced as result fo gene expression
36
Where does polymerase add nucleotides to deoxyribose sugar?
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the deoxyribose (3')
37
What is the name of tRNA and what's its function?
Name- Transfer Function- Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid
38
What’s the difference between introns and exons?
Introns are non-coding sections of DNA. Exons are coding sections of DNA
39
What’s the enzyme responsible for the primary transcript?
RNA polymerase
40
Name the process that involves the modification of the primary transcript to form the functional mRNA?
RNA splicing
41
does mRNA have an anti codon?
is has a codon
42
does tRNA have an anti codon or codon?
it has an anticodon
43
Whats rRNA name and its function?
Name- Ribosomal Function- rRNA and proteins form a ribosome
44
Whats the difference between introns and exons?
Introns- Non coding sections of DNA | Exons- Coding sections of DNA
45
Whats the enzyme responsible for primary transcript?
RNA polymerase
46
What is DNA replicated by?
DNA polymerase
47
Why must DNA replicate before a cell divides?
Because it needs primers
48
Each type of human cell has a different structure and function because?
Each cell type expresses a different set of genes
49
A mature mRNA transcript is produced from a primary mRNA transcript by?
Removing an intron as exons may be retained
50
Name two parts of the cell where mRNA is found?
Nucleus and cytoplasm
51
What’s the four steps to PCR?
Heat up, Separation of DNA, Add primer then replicate
52
What’s difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is determined by sequence of bases in genes and phenotype is determined by protein when genes are expressed

Human Biology (22 decks)

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