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Human Biology > DNA and gene expression > Flashcards

DNA and gene expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

How is a sugar phosphate backbone formed?

A

Nucleotides from chemical bonds between deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group

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3
Q

What are the four organic bases and what pairs with what?

A
  1. Adenine (A)
  2. Thymine (T)
  3. Cytosine (C)
  4. Guanine (G)

A-T C-G

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4
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

DNA takes the shape of a double helix

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5
Q

How many strands is in DNA?

A

DNA is a double stranded molecule

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6
Q

How is the double helix formed?

A

H bonds form between the bases

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7
Q

Where is the 3’ strand?

A

Always end on deoxyribose sugar

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8
Q

Where is the 5’ strand?

A

Always ends on phosphate group

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9
Q

What does DNA polymerase do and what’s this called?

A

it can only add nucleotides in one direction (results in one strand being replicated) (leading)

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10
Q

Whats meant by lagging?

A

the other strand to leading is replicated in fragments which are joined together by another enzyme (ligase)

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11
Q

What are the 5 requirements for DNA replication?

A
  1. Parental DNA
  2. Enzymes (Ligase + polymerase)
  3. free DNA nucleotides
  4. ATP
  5. Primers
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12
Q

What does PCR mean and what does it do?

A

PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction

A technique used to amplify DNA using complementary primers (can make millions to billions of DNA copies)

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13
Q

What does amplification mean?

A

To make many copies

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14
Q

Whats a primer?

A

Small sections of nucleotides at two ends of region to be amplified

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15
Q

what is DNA polymerase (Taq)?

A

Heat tolerant enzyme used to replicate DNA at high temperature

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16
Q

Who might use PCR for a practical application?

A

Forensic and medical

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17
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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18
Q

What is each RNA nucleotide made up of?

A

Phosphate group
Organic base
Ribose sugar

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19
Q

What are the 4 RNA bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (replaces thymine)

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20
Q

What will gene expression involve?

A

transcription and translation of DNA sequences

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21
Q

Think about RNA structure diagram

A

You better have thought about that one

22
Q

What are 2 ways molecule structure of mRNA differs from DNA?

A
  1. DNA has 2 strands, RNA has 1

2. DNA base pair for adenine is thymine but RNA base pair is Uracil

23
Q

What is the sugar present in DNA then RNA?

A

DNA is deoxyribose sugar

RNA is ribose sugar

24
Q

What are the requirements for translation?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. Ribosome (rRNA and protein)
  3. tRNA
  4. Amino acid
25
Q

What is a ribosome made of?

A

rRNA and protein

26
Q

What is the name of mRNA and its function?

A

Name- Messanger

Function- Carries copy of DNA code from nucleus to ribosome

27
Q

Whats the repeating unit which makes up a molecule of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

28
Q

What are the 4 steps of transcription?

(probably don’t need to know

A

Step one:
RNA polymerase unwinds DNA double helix. Moves along DNA strand causing it to unwind/ unzip by breaking H-bonds between bases

Step two:
RNA polymerase synthesises primary transcript of mRNA from free RNA nucleotides by completing base pairing with DNA

Step three:
RNA polymerase forms strong bonds between sugars and phosphates of RNA nucleotides, forming a sugar (Phosphate backbone, making chain/ strand of RNA)

Step four:
Primary transcript: RNA molecule separates from DNA strand (breaks H-bonds). contains introns and Exons. Once splicing has taken place, mature transcript exits nucleus via pore and heads to ribosome. DNA strand then reforms (ATP is also essential for process

29
Q

What do stop codons release?

A

Polypeptide from ribosome

30
Q

What is the result of alternative splicing?

A

Different proteins can be expressed from one gene

31
Q

What are proteins? (list 3)

A
  • Organic molecules
  • chemical elements
  • Amino acids joined by peptide bonds
32
Q

What is primary structure?

A

Order of amino acids in the chain

33
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

Interaction between polypeptide chains

34
Q

How do you form polypeptides?

A

Amino acids are held together by chain peptide bonds

35
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Proteins produced as result fo gene expression

36
Q

Where does polymerase add nucleotides to deoxyribose sugar?

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the deoxyribose (3’)

37
Q

What is the name of tRNA and what’s its function?

A

Name- Transfer

Function- Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid

38
Q

What’s the difference between introns and exons?

A

Introns are non-coding sections of DNA. Exons are coding sections of DNA

39
Q

What’s the enzyme responsible for the primary transcript?

A

RNA polymerase

40
Q

Name the process that involves the modification of the primary transcript to form the functional mRNA?

A

RNA splicing

41
Q

does mRNA have an anti codon?

A

is has a codon

42
Q

does tRNA have an anti codon or codon?

A

it has an anticodon

43
Q

Whats rRNA name and its function?

A

Name- Ribosomal

Function- rRNA and proteins form a ribosome

44
Q

Whats the difference between introns and exons?

A

Introns- Non coding sections of DNA

Exons- Coding sections of DNA

45
Q

Whats the enzyme responsible for primary transcript?

A

RNA polymerase

46
Q

What is DNA replicated by?

A

DNA polymerase

47
Q

Why must DNA replicate before a cell divides?

A

Because it needs primers

48
Q

Each type of human cell has a different structure and function because?

A

Each cell type expresses a different set of genes

49
Q

A mature mRNA transcript is produced from a primary mRNA transcript by?

A

Removing an intron as exons may be retained

50
Q

Name two parts of the cell where mRNA is found?

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

51
Q

What’s the four steps to PCR?

A

Heat up, Separation of DNA, Add primer then replicate

52
Q

What’s difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype is determined by sequence of bases in genes and phenotype is determined by protein when genes are expressed

Human Biology (22 decks)

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