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LS antibiotics > Year 2 recap > Flashcards

Year 2 recap Flashcards

1
Q

define an antibiotic?

A

a chemical agend used to inhibit or kill other organisms

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2
Q

bacteriostatic and bactericidal

A

ability to inhibit visible bacterial growth

to kill bacteria

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3
Q

synergism
antagonism
indifference

A

work together to increase activity
one agent diminishes the other
no impact on one another

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4
Q

give a clinical relevant example of synergism?

A

beta lactams
aminoglycosides
used to treat step. endocarditis

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5
Q

mechanism of antibiotic action?

A

inhibit key processes e.g. structure of proteins, molecules, enzyme activity
- selective toxicity- only bind to target cells and host cells

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6
Q

a key example of selective toxicity ?

A

cell wall component - peptiglycans

not present in human cells

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7
Q

give example of 4 cell well inhibitors?

A

Beta lactams
Fosfomycin
Glycopeptides
Cyclosenne

cBFG

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8
Q

discuss beta lactams

A

first antibiotic in practice - benzylpencillin
possesses a beta lactam ring - C C C N
works to interfere with enzyme function for cross linking ( transpeptidase )
both broad and narrow spectrum

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9
Q

give example of narrow and broad spectrums and their subnames

A

NARROW
- pencillin - amoxicillin, flucoaxacillin

BROAD

  • cephalosporin - Cefuroxime, ceftazidime
  • Carbapenem - miropenems, imipenems
  • monobactams - azotreonam
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10
Q

key feature of azotrenams

A

gram neg only

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11
Q

name a glycopeptide

A

vancomycin

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12
Q

what is it often used to treat

A

MRSA

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13
Q

what does it bind onto?

A

terminal D alanyl D analogue and impairs activity of transpeptidase

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14
Q

what does it act on? gram neg or pos?

A

gram pos only

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15
Q

name four categories of protein synthesis inhibitors and their mechanisms?

A

Aminoglyocoside inhibit 30s subunit
Macrolide - inhibit 50s subunit and elongation
Tetracycline - inhibit 30s - prevent translation of RNA
Ozo binds to 50s subunit and prevent initation complex formation

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16
Q

name examples of each

A

A-gentamicin
M - clindamycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin,
T -doxycycline
O- linezolid

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17
Q

name other protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

mupirocin

fusidic acid

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18
Q

name a RNA synthesis inhibitor?

A

rifampicin

inhibit mRNA synthesis by inhibiting RNA polymerase

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19
Q

DNA synthesis inhibitors? what do they inhibit

what are their uses

A

trimethoprim - dihydrofolate reductase - treating utis

sulfonamide dihydropheroate synthesis - toxic so rarely used

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20
Q

name of them when combined?

A

co-trimoxazole

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21
Q

Moa of dna synthesis inhibitors?

A

inhibit folate synthesis

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22
Q

example of quinolones and fluroquinolones?

mechanism of action?

A

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

inhibit 1 or more enzyme

23
Q

name two plasma membrane agents

which is gram N and P

A

clostrin (gram N)

daptomycin (gram P)

24
Q

side effects specific to aminoglycosides?

A

ototoxicity - irreversible

reversible renal impairment

25
Q

SE of linezolid?

A

bone marrow suppression

26
Q

SE of beta lactams?

A

intolerance- diarrhoea, headache, nausea
minor allergy - non specific rash
severe- anaphylaxis, steven Johnson syndrome, uticaria

27
Q

safe antibiotics for penicillin allergy?

A

monobactams - azetreonam, cephalosporin, carbapenems

28
Q

4 causing c difficile - which 2 are high risk?

A

co-amoxiclav
cephalosporin - HR
-clindamycin- HR
ciprofloxacin

29
Q

three reasons to combine therapy?

A

increase efficacy
reduce resistance
provide adequate broad spectrum

30
Q

what can vancomycin be used to treat?

A

MRSA

31
Q

what can flucloxacillin be used to treat?

A

s. aureus

32
Q

what can benzypencillin be used to treat?

A

s. pyogenes

33
Q

what can metronidazole be used to treat?

A

anaerobes

34
Q

what can cephalosporins be used to treat?

A

gram negative

35
Q

two key differences between human cell and fungi?

A

has a cell wall - bet 1 ,3 glycan

cell membrane with ergosterol

36
Q

synthesis of ergosterol?

A

squalene SQUALENE EPOXIDASE lanosterol LANSTEROL 14alpha demethylase to egosterol

37
Q

what synthesis beta 1,3, glucans?

A

1,3 glucan synthase

38
Q

five classes of anti-fungals

A

Polynes
Aallylamines
Azole
Echinocandins

Other

PAAE

39
Q

what is the mechanism of polyenes?

A

pushes apart egosterol forming large pore in the membrane

these allows K+ to leak out and results in cell death

40
Q

give two examples

A

nystatin

amphotericin B

41
Q

key features of nystatin?

A

toxic for systemic use so given for superficial infections e.g. skin, mouth vagina

42
Q

key feature of amphotericin B?

A

spectrum of activity

but has side effects - nephrotoxicity and can cause allergic reaction

43
Q

lipid associated amphotericin B? whats it used for?

A

amphotericin B with lipids

this reduces delivery to kidney cells and reduces nephrotoxicity

44
Q

mechanism of allylamine?

A

inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase

45
Q

name an example of an allylammine and its use?

A

terbinefine - atheletes foot

46
Q

pro and con of this medication?

A

hepatotoxic

broad spectrum

47
Q

what is it also used to treat?

A

orally for scalp ring worm and dermphocyte infection

48
Q

give two examples of azoles and outline the difference between them both? which is rarely used

A

imidazole - 2 nitrogen atoms - TOXIC rarely used

triazole - three Nitrogen atoms - used for systemic use

49
Q

MOA of azoles?

A

inhibits lansterol 14alpha dimethylase

50
Q

example of both classes of AZOLES?

A

imidazole - C M K

clotrimadazole, miconazole, ketoconazole

Triazole - F I T V
fluconazole, intraconazole, voricondazole

51
Q

SE of azoles?

A

hepatotoxicity

inhibit action of P450 enzyme

52
Q

mechanism of echinocandins?

exaples

A

inhibit 1,3 glucan synthesis therefore does not construct cell wall
micofungin, caspofungin

53
Q

USES OF FLUROCYTOSINE?
MOA
SE

A

developed as an anti cancer drug but found to have antifungal properities
inhibits DNA and protein synthesis
used to treat cryptococcal meningitis
SE - bone marrow suppression

LS antibiotics (14 decks)

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