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Year 2 recap Flashcards

1
Q

define an antibiotic?

A

a chemical agend used to inhibit or kill other organisms

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2
Q

bacteriostatic and bactericidal

A

ability to inhibit visible bacterial growth

to kill bacteria

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3
Q

synergism
antagonism
indifference

A

work together to increase activity
one agent diminishes the other
no impact on one another

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4
Q

give a clinical relevant example of synergism?

A

beta lactams
aminoglycosides
used to treat step. endocarditis

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5
Q

mechanism of antibiotic action?

A

inhibit key processes e.g. structure of proteins, molecules, enzyme activity
- selective toxicity- only bind to target cells and host cells

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6
Q

a key example of selective toxicity ?

A

cell wall component - peptiglycans

not present in human cells

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7
Q

give example of 4 cell well inhibitors?

A

Beta lactams
Fosfomycin
Glycopeptides
Cyclosenne

cBFG

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8
Q

discuss beta lactams

A

first antibiotic in practice - benzylpencillin
possesses a beta lactam ring - C C C N
works to interfere with enzyme function for cross linking ( transpeptidase )
both broad and narrow spectrum

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9
Q

give example of narrow and broad spectrums and their subnames

A

NARROW
- pencillin - amoxicillin, flucoaxacillin

BROAD

  • cephalosporin - Cefuroxime, ceftazidime
  • Carbapenem - miropenems, imipenems
  • monobactams - azotreonam
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10
Q

key feature of azotrenams

A

gram neg only

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11
Q

name a glycopeptide

A

vancomycin

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12
Q

what is it often used to treat

A

MRSA

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13
Q

what does it bind onto?

A

terminal D alanyl D analogue and impairs activity of transpeptidase

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14
Q

what does it act on? gram neg or pos?

A

gram pos only

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15
Q

name four categories of protein synthesis inhibitors and their mechanisms?

A

Aminoglyocoside inhibit 30s subunit
Macrolide - inhibit 50s subunit and elongation
Tetracycline - inhibit 30s - prevent translation of RNA
Ozo binds to 50s subunit and prevent initation complex formation

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16
Q

name examples of each

A

A-gentamicin
M - clindamycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin,
T -doxycycline
O- linezolid

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17
Q

name other protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

mupirocin

fusidic acid

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18
Q

name a RNA synthesis inhibitor?

A

rifampicin

inhibit mRNA synthesis by inhibiting RNA polymerase

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19
Q

DNA synthesis inhibitors? what do they inhibit

what are their uses

A

trimethoprim - dihydrofolate reductase - treating utis

sulfonamide dihydropheroate synthesis - toxic so rarely used

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20
Q

name of them when combined?

A

co-trimoxazole

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21
Q

Moa of dna synthesis inhibitors?

A

inhibit folate synthesis

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22
Q

example of quinolones and fluroquinolones?

mechanism of action?

A

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

inhibit 1 or more enzyme

23
Q

name two plasma membrane agents

which is gram N and P

A

clostrin (gram N)

daptomycin (gram P)

24
Q

side effects specific to aminoglycosides?

A

ototoxicity - irreversible

reversible renal impairment

25
SE of linezolid?
bone marrow suppression
26
SE of beta lactams?
intolerance- diarrhoea, headache, nausea minor allergy - non specific rash severe- anaphylaxis, steven Johnson syndrome, uticaria
27
safe antibiotics for penicillin allergy?
monobactams - azetreonam, cephalosporin, carbapenems
28
4 causing c difficile - which 2 are high risk?
co-amoxiclav cephalosporin - HR -clindamycin- HR ciprofloxacin
29
three reasons to combine therapy?
increase efficacy reduce resistance provide adequate broad spectrum
30
what can vancomycin be used to treat?
MRSA
31
what can flucloxacillin be used to treat?
s. aureus
32
what can benzypencillin be used to treat?
s. pyogenes
33
what can metronidazole be used to treat?
anaerobes
34
what can cephalosporins be used to treat?
gram negative
35
two key differences between human cell and fungi?
has a cell wall - bet 1 ,3 glycan | cell membrane with ergosterol
36
synthesis of ergosterol?
squalene SQUALENE EPOXIDASE lanosterol LANSTEROL 14alpha demethylase to egosterol
37
what synthesis beta 1,3, glucans?
1,3 glucan synthase
38
five classes of anti-fungals
Polynes Aallylamines Azole Echinocandins Other PAAE
39
what is the mechanism of polyenes?
pushes apart egosterol forming large pore in the membrane | these allows K+ to leak out and results in cell death
40
give two examples
nystatin | amphotericin B
41
key features of nystatin?
toxic for systemic use so given for superficial infections e.g. skin, mouth vagina
42
key feature of amphotericin B?
spectrum of activity | but has side effects - nephrotoxicity and can cause allergic reaction
43
lipid associated amphotericin B? whats it used for?
amphotericin B with lipids | this reduces delivery to kidney cells and reduces nephrotoxicity
44
mechanism of allylamine?
inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase
45
name an example of an allylammine and its use?
terbinefine - atheletes foot
46
pro and con of this medication?
hepatotoxic | broad spectrum
47
what is it also used to treat?
orally for scalp ring worm and dermphocyte infection
48
give two examples of azoles and outline the difference between them both? which is rarely used
imidazole - 2 nitrogen atoms - TOXIC rarely used | triazole - three Nitrogen atoms - used for systemic use
49
MOA of azoles?
inhibits lansterol 14alpha dimethylase
50
example of both classes of AZOLES?
imidazole - C M K clotrimadazole, miconazole, ketoconazole Triazole - F I T V fluconazole, intraconazole, voricondazole
51
SE of azoles?
hepatotoxicity | inhibit action of P450 enzyme
52
mechanism of echinocandins? | exaples
inhibit 1,3 glucan synthesis therefore does not construct cell wall micofungin, caspofungin
53
USES OF FLUROCYTOSINE? MOA SE
developed as an anti cancer drug but found to have antifungal properities inhibits DNA and protein synthesis used to treat cryptococcal meningitis SE - bone marrow suppression

LS antibiotics (14 decks)

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