XI - Digestive Tract Flashcards
1
Q
Tongue Papillae: thin, long, “V”-shaped cones, increased keratinization
A
filliform
2
Q
Tongue Papillae: most abundant, no taste buds, no gustatory function, mechanical
A
filliform
3
Q
Tongue Papillae: mushroom-shaped, lightly keratinized, interspersed among filliform papillae
A
fungiform
4
Q
Tongue Papillae: mostly at the apex and sides of the tongue, innervated by the facial nerve
A
fungiform
5
Q
Tongue Papillae: 8-12 in number, largest, near sulcus terminalis
A
circumvallate
6
Q
Tongue Papillae: associated with salivary (Von Ebner’s) glands and taste buds, innervated by CN IX
A
circumvallate
7
Q
Tongue Papillae: ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the roof of the mouth on lateral margins
A
foliate
8
Q
Tongue Papillae: innervated by facial nerve (anterior papillae) and glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior papillae), rudimentary in humans
A
foliate
9
Q
Epithelial cells of the tongue
A
stratified squamous
10
Q
Tongue Innervation: anterior 2/3 - somatic
A
CN V (Trigeminal)
11
Q
Tongue Innervation: taste
A
CN VII (Facial)
12
Q
Tongue Innervation: posterior 1/3 - somatic and taste
A
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
13
Q
Tongue Innervation: motor
A
CN XII (Hypoglossal)
14
Q
Only muscle of the tongue not innervated by the hypoglossal (XII) nerve
A
palatoglossus (CN X - Vagus)
15
Q
Parotid Gland: Secretion
A
serous, α-amylase, proline-rich proteins
16
Q
Parotid Gland: Type
A
branched acinar
17
Q
Parotid Gland: Innervation
A
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
18
Q
Submandibular Gland: Secretion
A
serous > mucous, produces 2/3 of saliva, α-amylase, proline-rich proteins, other enzymes
19
Q
Submandibular Gland: Type
A
branched tubuloacinar with serous demilunes
20
Q
Submandibular Gland: Innervation
A
CN VII (Facial)
21
Q
Sublingual Gland: Secretion
A
mucous > serous, mucin, amylase, lysozyme
22
Q
Sublingual Gland: Type
A
branched tubuloacinar
23
Q
Sublingual Gland: Innervation
A
CN VII (Facial)
24
Q
70% of saliva is produced by
A
submandibular gland
25
Salivary gland associated with circumvallate papillae of the tongue
Von Ebner's
26
Layer missing in the esophagus
serosa
27
Cells characteristic of Barrett's Esophagus
goblet cells
28
Partial tear of the esophagus
Mallory-Weiss Tear
29
Full thickness tear of the esophagus, surgical emergency
Boerhaave's Syndrome
30
Treatment for GERD
Nissen's Fundoplication
31
Stomach: Lumen
folds of rugae
32
Stomach: Mucosa Epithelium
simple columnar epithelium, gastric pits or fovea covered with surface mucous cells
33
Stomach Cardia: Gastric Pits
shallow
34
Stomach Cardia: Lamina Propria
cardial glands, secrete abundant mucus
35
Stomach Fundus-Body: Gastric Pits
shallow
36
Stomach Fundus-Body: Lamina Propria
isthmus - parietal cells, neck - mucous cells, base - chief cells and enteroendocrine cells
37
Stomach Pylorus-Antrum: Gastric Pits
very deep
38
Stomach Pylorus-Antrum: Lamina Propria
pyloric glands, secrete abundant mucus
39
Stomach: Muscularis Mucosa
band of smooth muscle
40
Stomach: Submucosa
dense irregular tissue, Meissner's plexus
41
Stomach: Muscularis Externa
inner oblique, middle circular (most abundant in pylorus), outer longitudinal
42
Stomach: Serosa
continuous with the mesenteries (thin loose CT with mesothelium)
43
Gastric Glands: gastric pit
surface mucous cells
44
Gastric Glands: isthmus
parietal cells
45
Gastric Glands: neck
mucous neck cells, parietal cells
46
Gastric Glands: base
chief cells, enteroendocrine / enterochromaffin / argentaffin / APUD cells
47
Gastric Glands: mucus
mucous neck cells
48
Gastric Glands: HCl
parietal cells
49
Gastric Glands: pepsinogen
chief cells
50
Gastric Glands: intrinsic factor
parietal cells
51
Gastric Glands: serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
enterochromaffin cells (EC)
52
Gastric Glands: substance P
enterochromaffin cells (EC)
53
Gastric Glands: somatostatin
enterochromaffin cells (D)
54
Gastric Glands: bicarbonate
surface mucous cells
55
Gastric Glands: gastrin
enterochromaffin cells (G)
56
Gastric Glands: histamine
enterochromaffin-like cells
57
Site where digestive processes are completed and where the products of digestion are absorbed
small intestines
58
Small Intestines: Mucosa
simple columnar epithelium with villi and goblet cells
59
Small Intestines: Lamina Propria
crypts of Lieberkuhn, Paneth cells
60
Small Intestines: Submucosa
Meissner's plexus (submucosal)
61
Small Intestines: Muscularis Externa
inner circular layer, Auerbach's plexus (myenteric), outer longitudinal layer
62
Duodenum: Mucosa
Brunner's glands
63
Duodenum: Lamina Propria
absent plicae circulares in the first part, (-) Peyer's patches
64
Duodenum: Submucosa
Brunner's glands
65
Jejunum: Lamina Propria
poorly developed plicae circulares and villi, (-) Peyer's patches
66
Jejunum: Submucosa
(-) Brunner's glands
67
Ileum: Mucosa
M cells
68
Ileum: Lamina Propria
plicae circulares, (+) Peyer's patches (MALT)
69
Ileum: Submucosa
(-) Brunner's glands
70
Diagnostic of duodenum, in the mucosa and submucosa, mucus rich secretion (pH 8.1-9.3), neutralizes chyme entering the duodenum and the pylorus
Brunner's Glands
71
Columnar column cells, apical end has striated brush border, numerous microvilli that greatly increase luminal surface area
Enterocytes
72
Enterocytes produce
lactate, sucrase, maltase, peptidase, enterokinase
73
Enterocytes absorb
carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, calcium, iron
74
Crypts of Lieberkuhn: high rate of mitosis, replace surface absorptive cells and goblet cells every 3-6 days
stem cells
75
Crypts of Lieberkuhn: secrete lysozyme, phospholipase A, defensins
Paneth cells
76
Enteroendocrine Cells: small intestines, secretin, promotes pancreatic & biliary bicarbonate & water secretion, inhibits gastric acid secretion & stomach emptying
S cells
77
S Cells: Location
small intestines
78
S Cells: Hormone
secretin
79
Secretin: Promotes
pancreatic & biliary bicarbonate & water secretion
80
Secretin: Inhibits
inhibits gastric acid secretion & stomach emptying
81
Enteroendocrine Cells: small intestines, CCK, promotes pancreatic enzyme secretion & gallbladder contraction, inhibits gastric acid secretion
C cells
82
C Cells: Location
small intestines
83
C Cells: Hormone
Cholecystokinin
84
Cholecystokinin: Promotes
pancreatic enzyme secretion & gallbladder contraction
85
Cholecystokinin: Inhibits
inhibits gastric acid secretion
86
Enteroendocrine Cells: ileum & colon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) - promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric acid secretion & sense of hunger, peptide YY - promotes water & electrolyte absorption in large intestine, inhibits gastric acid secretion
L cells
87
L Cells: Location
ileum & colon
88
L Cells: Hormones
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY
89
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1): Promotes
insulin secretion
90
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1): Inhibits
gastric acid secretion & sense of hunger
91
Peptide YY: Promotes
water & electrolyte absorption in large intestine
92
Peptide YY: Inhibits
gastric acid secretion
93
Enteroendocrine Cells: duodenum & jejunum, gastrin inhibitory peptide (GIP), inhibits gastric acid secretion
K cells
94
K Cells: Location
duodenum & jejunum
95
K Cells: Hormone
gastrin inhibitory peptide (GIP)
96
Gastrin Inhibitory Peptide (GIP): Inhibits
gastric acid secretion
97
Enteroendocrine Cells: pylorus, duodenum & pancreatic islets, somatostatin, inhibits secretion from other DNES cells nearby
D cells
98
D Cells: Location
pylorus, duodenum & pancreatic islets
99
D Cells: Hormone
somatostatin
100
Somatostatin: Inhibits
secretion from other DNES cells nearby
101
Enteroendocrine Cells: stomach, small intestines & large intestines, serotonin & substance P, promotes gut motility
EC cells
102
EC Cells: Location
stomach, small intestines & large intestines
103
EC Cells: Hormones
serotonin & substance P
104
Serotonin: Promotes
gut motility
105
Substance P: Promotes
gut motility
106
Enteroendocrine Cells: small intestines, motilin, promotes gut motility
M cells
107
M Cells: Location
small intestines
108
M Cells: Hormone
motilin
109
Motilin: Promotes
gut motility
110
Enteroendocrine Cells: ileum, neurotensin, inhibits gastric acid secretion
N cells
111
N Cells: Location
ileum
112
N Cells: Hormone
neurotensin
113
Neurotensin: Inhibits
gastric acid secretion
114
Intestines: large valvular flaps protruding into the lumen, circular folds on mucosa and submucosa
valves of Kerkring, plicae circulares, valvulae conniventes
115
Intestines: finger-like projections of the mucosa
villi
116
Intestines: microscopic cellular protrusion on the apex of cells
brush border (microvilli)
117
80% of bile is absorbed in
terminal ileum
118
Colon: smooth, no plicae circulares or intestinal villi except in the rectum, crypts of Lieberkuhn, numerous goblet cells, MALT
mucosa
119
Colon: fatty layer
submucosa
120
Colon: Muscularis Externa
inner circular, outer longitudinal in 3 separate longitudinal bands (taenia coli)
121
Colon: forms small pouches of fatty tissue (appendices epiploicae)
serosa
122
Thickened wall due to lymphoid follicles, few crypts, no villi, no taenia coli
appendix
123
Most common cause of appendicitis in adults
fecalith obstruction
124
Most common cause of appendicitis in chicken
lymphoid hyperplasia
125
Anal Canal: Length
3-4 cm
126
Rectoanal Junction Epithelium
simple columnar → stratified squamous
127
Anal Canal: Longitudinal folds of mucosa and submucosa
anal columns
128
Anal Canal: inner circular layer of muscle
internal anal sphincter
129
Anal Canal: voluntary sphincter
external anal sphincter
130
Mixed exocrine and endocrine gland producing both digestive enzymes and hormones, retroperitoneal
pancreas
131
Amount of alkaline pancreatic juice secreted into the duodenum per day
1.5 L/day
132
Neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach
bicarbonate
133
Establishes pH for optimal activity of pancreatic enzymes: proteases, α-amylase, lipases, nucleases
bicarbonate
134
The exocrine pancreas is regulated mainly by
CCK, secretin
135
Largest percentage of liver that can be safely resected without causing liver failure
80%
136
The liver is divided into 8 anatomic segments based on
hepatic venous drainage
137
75% of blood flow to the liver is provided by
portal vein
138
Pain in hepatitis and other inflammatory liver disease is caused by
stretching of Glisson's capsule
139
Surrounded by a thin capsule that extends into the parenchyma dividing it into lobules
liver
140
Secretion of bile, synthesis and endocrine secretion into blood of major plasma proteins (albumin), conversion of AA into glucose, detoxification and conjugation of toxins and drugs
liver
141
AA deamination producing urea, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, vitamin A and other fat soluble vitamins, removal of effete erythrocytes, storage of iron in complexes with ferritin
liver
142
Functional unit of the liver
liver lobule
143
Liver Lobule: Structure
hexagonal with central vein, surrounded by 3-6 portal triads (venule, arteriole, bile ductule)
144
Portal Triad
venule, arteriole, bile ductule
145
Filled with cords of hepatic parenchymal cells, hepatocytes which radiate from the central vein and are separated by vascular sinusoids
liver lobule
146
Liver: vascular spaces lined by fenestrated endothelial cells, sparse basal lamina and reticular fibers, Kuppfer cells
sinusoids
147
Liver: space between the endothelium and the cord filled with plasma, Ito cells
space of Disse / perisinusoidal space
148
Tiny passage formed between hepatocytes
bile canaliculi
149
Liver: principal parenchymal cells, large, polyhedral, large centrally located nucleus, extensive reticular fibers holding cells together
hepatocytes
150
Liver: sinusoids, liver macrophages
Kuppfer cells
151
Liver: perisinusoidal space of Disse, stores vitamin A
Ito cells / stellate cells / lipocytes
152
Liver Acinus 1: Location
periportal - around portal triad
153
Liver Acinus 1: Blood Flow
abundant oxygen and nutrients
154
Liver Acinus 1: Necrosis
liver pathology, eclampsia/pre-eclampsia
155
Liver Acinus 2: Location
mid-zone
156
Liver Acinus 2: Blood Flow
intermediate
157
Liver Acinus 2: Necrosis
yellow fever
158
Liver Acinus 3: Location
centrilobular - around central vein
159
Liver Acinus 3: Blood Flow
low oxygen and nutrients
160
Liver Acinus 3: Necrosis
ischemic injury, R-sided heart failure
161
Biliary epithelium
tall columnar cells with microvilli except terminal ducts (cuboidal)
162
The gallbladder does not have
muscularis mucosae
163
Pockets in the gallbladder mucosa into the muscularis layer
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus
164
Most common type of gallbladder CA
adenocarcinoma
165
Seen in 95% of patients with gallbladder adenoCA
gallstones
166
Most common area where biliary-enteric fistula occurs
duodenum
167
Ascending bacterial infection that causes partial or complete obstruction of the bile duct
Ascending Cholangitis
