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1
Q

Brief METARS, TAFs, and Progs

A
  • aviationweather.gov
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2
Q

Are METAR winds magnetic

A
  • Written is TRUE
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3
Q

TAFs are valid for

A
  • 24/30 hours
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4
Q

What’s the difference between FM, BECMG and TEMPO

A
  • From is an abrupt change
  • BECMG is a gradual change
  • Last less than 1 hour and expected to occur less than half of the time period
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5
Q

What’s the area of a TAF

What is the area of the vicinity of a TAF

A
  • 5sm

- 5 - 10sm in the vicinity

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6
Q

What is the jet stream

Where is it found

When is it the strongest

When is it charted

How do you tell its velocity and direction on a weather chart?

A
  • Jet streams are narrow bands of strong wind, of at least 60kts, that blow from west to east (westerly)
  • Polar and Subtropical jet streams
  • Follow the boundaries between hot and cold air
  • Follows the sun
  • Strongest in the winter
  • Depicted on chart when 80kts or more
  • Pennants and Barbs indicate the speed
  • Arrow indicates the direction
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7
Q

When a jetstream is more than _______ CAT can be expected

CAT area can extend how far

Where will you find the turbulence(CAT) associated with the JetStream

  • Moderate CAT is likely when the vertical and horizontal shear is
A
  • CAT can be expected when the Jetstream is more than 110kts
  • Areas of CAT are 100 to 300 miles long, 50 to 100 miles wide and 5,000’ deep
  • CAT can be found
    o Close to the Tropopause
    o Above and below the core
    o On the polar side/Low pressure/High QNH
    o At the base and upwind of the trough
    • Especially if the trough is downwind from a strong temperature advection(movement of air)
    o West of the Trough near the maximum wind
  • Moderate CAT is likely when
    o Vertical shear is 5kts or greater per 1,000’
    o Horizontal shear is 40kts or greater per 150 miles
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8
Q

How should you avoid a thunderstorm?

A
  • 20nm upwind
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9
Q

What are the associated weather systems with low pressure systems?

A
  • Low Pressure system generally brings clouds and precipitation
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10
Q

What are the associated weather systems with a high pressure systems?

A
  • High pressure system generally brings clear skies and dry weather
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11
Q

What are the associated weather systems with Cold Fronts,

A
  • Cold Front: warm air is forced up, leads to narrow band of showers and thunderstorms ahead of the front
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12
Q

What are the associated weather systems with Warm fronts,

A
  • Warm Front: warm air gently slopes up, leads to widespread stratiform cloudiness and perception along and ahead of the front
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13
Q

What are the associated weather systems with Stationary Fronts

A
  • Stationary Front: warm air gently slopes up, leads to clouds and precip along the front
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14
Q

What are the associated weather systems with Occluded Fronts

A
  • Occluded Front: Cold front caches up to a warm front, leads to clouds, thunderstorms, and precip along, ahead and behind the front
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15
Q

Define Icing Conditions

A
  • On the ground when OAT is 10° C (50° F) or below when operating on ramps, taxiways or runways with snow, ice, standing water or slush.
  • In Flight when TAT is 10° C (50° F) and visible moisture in any form is present (such as clouds, fog with visibility of one mile or less, rain, snow, sleet and ice crystals).
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16
Q

Types of Prog Charts

A
  • Surface, Low, Med, High
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17
Q

What can you find on Sfc/Low/Mid/high Prog charts show

A
  • High and Low Pressure Centers, Troughs and ridges
  • Tropopause Heights
  • Fronts
  • CBs
  • TS
  • Squall lines
  • Hurricanes
  • Turbulence
  • Icing
  • Precipitation
  • IFR/MFR/VFR conditiond
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18
Q

Surface Prog Chart forecast and frequency

A 
-	Prog Charts are forecasts for surface conditions.
o	Flights within CONUS
-	Current
o	Every 3 hours 
-	12 Hour Forecast
o	4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z
-	24 Hour Forecast
o	4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z
-	36 Hour Forecast
o	2x a day: 0Z, 12Z
-	48 Hour Forecast
o	2x a day: 0Z, 12Z
-	60(2.5 days) Hour Forecast	
o	2x a day: 0Z, 12Z
-	3, 4, 5, 6, 7 day forecast 
o	1x a day: 12Z
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19
Q

Low Level Prog charts forecast and frequency

A
  • Prog Charts are forecasts for conditions below 24,000’
    o Flights within CONUS
  • 12 hour(Lt) and 24 hour(Rt) forecast
    o 4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z
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20
Q

Mid Level Prog charts forecast and frequency

A
  • Prog Charts are forecasts for conditions between FL10 and FL450
    o Enroute, covering the NAT
  • 24 hour(Rt) forecast
    o 4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z
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21
Q

High Level Prog charts forecast and frequency

A
  • Prog Charts are forecasts for conditions between FL250 and FL630
    o International flights
  • 24 hour forecast
    o 4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z
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22
Q

Draw Rain on a Prog Chart

A
  • Draw
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23
Q

Draw drizzle on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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24
Q

Draw Rain Shower on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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25
Q

Draw Snow Shower on a Prog Chart

- draw

A
  • draw
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26
Q

Draw a TS on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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27
Q

Draw Freezing Rain on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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28
Q

Draw Intermittent snow on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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29
Q

Draw Continuous rain on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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30
Q

Draw rain showers covering half or less the area on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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31
Q

Draw rain showers and Ts covering more than half of the area on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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32
Q

Draw Cold Front, Frontogenesis, Frontolysis on a Prog Chart

A
  • Draw
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33
Q

Draw Warm front, Frontogenesis, Frontolysis on a Prog Chart

A
  • draw
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34
Q

Draw Stationary Front, Frontogenesis, Frontolysis on a Prog Chart

35
Q

Draw Occluded front, Frontolysis on a Prog Chart

36
Q

Draw a change of Front on a Prog Chart

37
Q

Draw Trough on a Prog Chart

38
Q

Draw Squall line on a Prog Chart

39
Q

Draw Dry line on a Prog Chart

40
Q

Draw Tropical wave on a Prog Chart

41
Q

Draw Radioactive material release on a Prog Chart

42
Q

Draw volcanic eruption on a Prog Chart

A
  • Draw

- The Dot defines location of volcano

43
Q

Draw Jetstream on a Prog Chart

When is it depicted?

Height is in _____?

A
  • Depicted when 80kts or more
  • Wind speed maximums along the jet core
  • Height is listed as FL (Pressure Alt)
44
Q

Draw Jet depth on a Prog Chart

Vertical depth is included when the speed is more than _______

Jet depth extends until _____kt

The charted speed is the ________ speed

A
  • Draw
  • Jet stream vertical depth (FL/Pressure Altitudes) forecasts are included when the maximum speed is 120 knots or more.
  • Jet depth is the vertical depth to the 80kt wind field above and below the jet stream
  • Placed at max speed, normally 1 point on Jetstream
45
Q

Draw a jet with wind speed change of ____ kts on a Prog Chart

A
  • Wind speed change of 20 kts from jet maxima
46
Q

Draw Tropopause Height, Max and Min Tropopause Height Box on a Prog Chart

Height of Tropopause is in _______

A
  • Draw

- MSL

47
Q

Draw CB on Prog Chart on a prog chart

CB are considered _______

A
  • Draw
  • Are TS clouds/convective
  • Moderate to severe Icing, Turb
  • Hail
48
Q

Draw a Tropical Depression, Tropical Cyclone, Hurricane on a Prog Chart on a prog chart

49
Q

Draw Moderate, severe, and extreme turbulence on Prog Chart on a prog chart

50
Q

Draw Top and bases on a prog chart

height is listed in _______

when is the height omitted

A
  • Draw
  • In MSL
  • If base height is omitted, weather phenomena extends to the ground
51
Q

Draw IFR, MVFR and VFR on a prog chart

IFR is a _____________
Ceiling is ______ Vis is _____

MVFR is a _____________
Ceiling is _______ Vis is _______

VFR is ________

A
  • Draw
  • IFR: Red solid line
    o Ceiling less than 1,000, Vis less than 3sm
  • MVFR: Blue Scalloped line
    o Celling between 1,000 to 3,000 , VIS 3-5sm
  • VFR: blank
52
Q

Draw AREAS of moderate or greater Turbulence on a prog chart

Turb is a ___________ line

Turb due to a TS is _________

TS imply ____________

A
  • Draw
  • Bold, dashed, brown lines
  • Turbulence due to a TS is not shown
    o TS imply possible server or greater turbulence, icing and LLWS
53
Q

Draw Moderate and Sever icing on a prog Chart

54
Q

Draw the Freezing level on a prog chart

Freezing level is a ___________ with a height listed as _______ in __________ intervals

Freezing level on the ground is _________

A
  • Dashed blue line in hundreds of feet MSL, at 4,000’ intervals
  • Blue saw toothed symbol denotes Freezing at the surface
55
Q

Draw Non-Convective and Convective Cloud(CB’s) with

Non Convective CBs are found on the ______

Convective CBs are found on the ____

CBs imply

A
  • Draw
  • Red Scalloped Lines
  • Non – Convective only on Mid-level prog Chart
  • Convective Clouds on High-level prog chart
  • CBs imply Moderate or severe Icing and/or Moderate or severe Turbulence on a prog chart
56
Q

Draw CAT on a prog chart

CAT is a _________ line

Level of turbulence is ________

Turb is from __________

A
  • Yellow dashed line around Jetsream
  • Moderate or sever turbulence:

o Wind shear zones
o Mountain Waves
• Convective or TS turb is not id

57
Q

Draw Sand Storm and Dust Storm on a prog chart

SS or DS with an arrow means

SS or DS with NO arrow means

A
  • Draw
  • With an Arrow: Widespread sand or dust storm
  • NO arrow: Severe sand or dust storm
58
Q

What does XXX mean on a prog chart

A
  • XXX when Wx phenomena is above or below the charted area
59
Q

Define Isol on a prog chart

Isol is only depicted when _________

A
  • Isolated, less than 4/8th (1/2th) coverage

- Isolated or scattered CBs are only depicted when embedded in clouds or concealed in haze

60
Q

Define OCNL on a prog chart

A
  • Occasional, 4/8th (1/2th) to 6/8th (2/3rd)
61
Q

Define FRQ on a prog chart

A

Define FRQ on a prog chart

- Frequent, more than 6/8th (2/3rd)

62
Q

Define EMBD

A
  • Embedded in clouds or concealed by haze
63
Q

TS imply on a prog chart

A
  • possible server or greater turbulence, icing and LLWS
64
Q

What does CB mean on a sig prog

A
  • Thunderstorm
  • Moderate or sever Icing
  • Moderate or sever turbulence
  • Hail
65
Q

What is the importance of knowing the height of the Tropopause

A
  • Alt at which the temp becomes constant
    o Performance and Fuel Calculations
  • Indication of the Location of Jet Stream and Turbulence associated with them
  • Turbulence can extend well into the tropopause
  • In general clouds and weather occur below the tropopause but convective systems can break thru
66
Q

What is Frontogenesis

A
  • Formation of a front
67
Q

What is Frontolysis

A
  • Dissipation of a front
68
Q

What is a trough

What weather is associated with a Trough

A
  • A trough is an elongated (extended) region of relatively low atmospheric pressure, often associated with fronts. Troughs may be at the surface, or aloft, or both under various conditions.
  • Most troughs bring clouds, showers, and a wind shift, particularly following the passage of the trough.
69
Q

What is a ridge

What weather is associated with a Ridge

A
  • elongated area of high pressure
  • Fair weather is usually associated with ridges; air under a ridge sinks, which is not conducive for the development of clouds and precipitation. If you’re under a ridge during the summer, conditions are usually hot and dry. …
70
Q

what is a squall line

What weather is associated with a Squall Line

A
  • a continuous or broken line of active thunderstorms and precipitation with 5/8 coverage or greater
  • TS, turb, icing, perception, LLWS
71
Q

What is a dry line

What weather is associated with a dry line

A
  • A boundary separating moist and dry air masses, and an important factor in severe weather
  • Super-Cell TS and tornadoes
72
Q

What is a tropical wave

What weather is associated with a Tropical Wave

A
  • a trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the trade wind easterlies
  • Tropical Storms
73
Q

What is NHC PSN on a Prog Chart

A
  • National Hurricane Center Position
74
Q

What does the Following on a Prog chart mean
Sub T.D. Four
39.3N 63.4W
NHC PSN

A
  • Subtropical Depression Four(name)
  • Location
  • National Hurricane Center Position
75
Q

What is TC on a Prog Chart

A
  • Tropical Cyclone
76
Q

What is VA on a Prog Char

A
  • Volcanic Ash
77
Q

Types of Tropical Cyclones

A
  • Tropical Depression
  • Tropical Storm
  • Hurricane
78
Q

A Tropical Depression has sustained winds up to _______

79
Q

A Tropical storm has sustained winds of _______

A
  • 35 to 64 kts
80
Q

A Hurricane has sustained winds of at least _______

81
Q

What Direction do Tropical Cyclones move

A
  • West to northwest while in low latitudes

- North to North-East in mid-latitudes

82
Q

What is outflow on a prog chart

A
  • The air that flows outwards from a storm system
83
Q

Draw a Convergence line

84
Q

What is a convergence line

A
  • are bands of cloud and rain - formed when winds from two directions collide

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