Performance Flashcards
Where can the FARs for performance be found
- FAR 25
- FAR 121(i)
What is a Transport category aircraft
- airplanes are either: Jets with 10 or more seats or a maximum takeoff weights (MTOW) greater than 12,500 lb
What are the demonstrated speeds during certification
From these speeds operational speeds are _______
- Stall Speed: Vs
- Minimum unstick speed: Vmu
- Minimum controls speed on the ground: Vmcg
- Minimum control speed in the air: Vmca
o From these speeds operational speeds are derived: V1, Vr, V2
Derived from Demonstrated speeds
- V1
- Vr
- V2
Vs
Vs1g
Vs1g stands for ____ stall speed, _____equals______
Vs1g is _____ Vs
Vsr
Vsr must be greater or equal to _____
- Vs: the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable.
- Vs1g: the maximum coefficient of lift where the load factor is 1
Vs1g stands for 1g stall speed, lift equals weight
Greater
- Vsr: the reference stall speed defined by the applicant
o Vsr must be greater or equal to Vs1g
Define Minimum unstick speed
- Vmu: the airspeed which the airplane can safely lift off the ground and continue the takeoff at the maximum angle of attack possible
Define the minimum control speed – ground
Max ____ from rwy centerline
Max _____ of rudder force
- Vmcg: is the airspeed during the takeoff at which if the critical engine fails it is possible to control the airplane using the rudder.
o Max 30’ from runway centerline
Max 150lbs of rudder force
How is Vmcg determined
- Remaining engine(s) at max takeoff thrust
- Aft CG: less tail force (150lbs max force)
- Most unfavorable weight: Lowest weight
o Less frictional forces as compared to the Max weight - Trimmed for takeoff
Vmcg does not account for
- slippery runway or crosswinds
How does Vmcg change with weight
- As the weight increases the Vmcg decreases due to the increase in frictional forces
How can you reduce Vmcg
- The use of De-rated takeoff thrust
Define Vmca - Minimum control speed – Air
Vmca is _____Vs
Max ____ def of heading change during recovery
Max _____ of rudder force
- The airspeed(1.2 Vs) at which if the critical engine becomes inoperative it is possible to maintain control of the aircraft in straight flight with a bank angle of not more than 5 deg.
o Max 20 deg of heading change during recovery - max 150 lbs of force on the rudder
How is Vmca determined
increase in vmca out og ground effect is due to _______
- Max thrust
- Aft CG
- Max weight
o Increase in weight = Decrease in Vmca - Trimmed for takeoff
- Most critical configuration, with gear up
- Out of ground effect
o Increase in Vmca due to a decrease of lift and increase in drag
What is V1
Max speed to _________
Min speed to ________
- Takeoff decision speed: used as reference speed in case of a failure in deciding to takeoff or reject
o Max speed to stop the airplane within the ASD
o Min speed to continue and takeoff
What is the min V1 allowable
and max V1 allowable not to exceed ___
- Min: V1mcg
- Max: Vmbe(max brake energy absorption capability) not to exceed Vr
Reasons to Reject Below 80kts and V1
- Before 80kts: o MUUSSTTFEWWP o Master Caution/Warning o Unusual Noise or vibration o Unsafe or unable to fly o System Failure o Slow Acceleration o Tire Failure o T/O Config warning o Fire or Fire warning o Engine Fail o Windshear o Window opens o Predictive Windshear - Above 80kts below V1: o FEUP o Fire or Fire Warning o Engine Fail o Unsafe or unable to fly o Predictive windshear
What is Vr
Vr is ____Vmca
Vr is ____ Vs
- The speed at which the pilot starts rotation while accelerating to V2
- Vr must be grater than or equal to 1.05Vmca, 1.2Vs
What is Vlof
Vlof is the greater of _____ Vmu (all engnie) or ______Vmu(OEI)
- Speed at which the airplane first become airborne
o Vlof must be greater than or equal to:
• 1.1 Vmu(all engine)
• 1.05Vmu(OEI)
What is V2
V2 is greater or equal to _____Vs1g
Ve is greater or equal to ____ Vmca
- Speed obtained after liftoff to achieve the required OEI climb performance, Best OEI angle of climb
- V2 must be greater than or equal to 1.13 Vs1g
- V2 must be greater than or equal to 1.1 Vmca
What is the max allowable takeoff weight
- Structural
- LDW + Trip Fuel
- Performance:
o Lowest of:
• Field Length, Climb, Obstacle Clearance, Tire speed, Brake Energy
ASDR is the greater of _________
If runway is wet ______
No credit for ______ on a _____ Rwy
Credit for remaning ____ on _____ rwy
- The greater of the following:
o The distance required to accelerate to V1 have an engine failure and than come to a complete stop
o The distances required to accelerate, with all engines operating, to V1 and come to a complete stop with all engines still operating
o If the runway is wet the greater of ASD of a dry or wet runway
• No Credit for T/R on a dry runway
• Credit for remaining T/R on a wet runway
What is the ASD Limit weight ______ = ______
ASDA may be increased
- ASDR = ASDA
o ASDA may be increased by a stopway
The Takeoff Run Available (TORA) is ________
The TORA is typically the _________ of the runway but may be ___________
For example the TORA ______
- The runway length declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off.
- The TORA is typically the physical length of the runway, but it may be shorter than the runway length if necessary to satisfy runway design standards.
For example, the TORA may be shorter than the runway length if a portion of the runway must be used to satisfy runway protection zone requirements.
Takeoff Distance Available is the _______ + ______
TODA may be ________ than the physical runway
- TORA + clearway
- TODA may be longer than the physical length of the runway with a clearway
the accelerate stop distance available is the ______ + _____
The ASDA may be _____ than the physical runaway when ________
The ASDA may be ______ than the physical runway when _____
For example the airport operator uses a portion of the runway ____________
- Runway + stopway
- The ASDA may be longer than the physical length of the runway when a stopway
- May be shorter than the physical length of the runway if necessary to use a portion of the runway to satisfy runway design standards;
o for example, where the airport operator uses a portion of the runway to achieve the runway safety area requirement.
What is a stopway
- Area beyond the runway, no less wide than the runway and centered upon the runway centerline, which is able to support the airplane during an RTO
A clearway is the _______
Min Width
Max Length
No objects above _____
Not allowed on a _____ runway due to ____
- Area beyond the liftoff end of the runway, centrally located about the extended centerline, free of objects included in the TODA
- Min width: 500’
- Max Length:
o Not more than ½ TORA
o Not more than ½ flare distance
• Distance from liftoff speed until the screen height - No objects above 1.25% plane
- Not allowed on a wet runway due to lower screen height of 15’ w/ OEI
The landing distance available ______
LDA may be more than _____ if _______
- The runway length declared available and suitable for a landing airplane.
- LDA may be more than TORA due if there is a displaced threshold
TODR is the higher of
If the runway is wet ________
- TODR is the higher of:
o Distance to accelerate to Vef + the distance to accelerate with OEI to v2 at a screen-height of 35’ on a dry runway(15’ on a wet runway) above the takeoff surface
o 115% of the distance to accelerate with all engines to a screen-height of 35’ on a dry runway above the takeoff surface
o If the runway is wet the higher of the dry and wet calculations
The TOD Limit weight is _______ = _____
TODA may be increased by a _______
not to exceed ________
- TODR = TODA
o TODA may be increased by a clearway
• FAR 121.189: not to exceed ½ of the TORA or ½ flare distance
