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AP Euro > WWI > Flashcards

WWI Flashcards

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1
Q

MAIN

A

Militarism, Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism

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2
Q

Triple Alliance

A

“Bad guys;” Prussia, Austria, and Italy

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3
Q

Dual Alliance

A

in 1879, a alliance emerged b/w Germany and Austria; Based on German support for Austria

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4
Q

Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty

A

Promised the neutrality of both Germany + Russia; If either country went to war with another country; Kaiser Wilhelm refused to renew Reinsurance Treaty after death of Bismarck— can be seen as huge diplomatic blunder; France then courted Russia about becoming allies

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5
Q

Splendid Isolation

A

For Britain; Britain was only non-aligned power and enjoyed relative security as the World’s largest navy and protection by sea as a island nation

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6
Q

Anglo Japanese Alliance

A

Britain sought a Japanese agreement to Neutrality; wanted to counter the possible Russian threat in India; Ended Britain’s Isolation

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7
Q

Entente Cordial

A

1904; Due to Anglo-German Naval Arms Race; France + Britain settled all out standing colonial disputes in Africa; Britain recongnized French control of Morocco

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8
Q

Triple Entente

A

Britain, France, and Russia; Formed to check the power of the Triple Alliance; Not truly a formal alliance, just one done in principal

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9
Q

Anglo-German Arms Race

A

Militarism led to a belief in the inevitablity of a general European war; Germany overtook Britain industrially in 1890’s; 1898 when Kaiser Wilhem began expansion of German navy to protect it’s growing international trades; British policy was to have it’s fleet larger than the comprised feelts of any 2 rival nations

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10
Q

Haldane Mission

A

1912; Britain tried unsuccessfuly to end arms race with Germany

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11
Q

Encirclement

A

Germany became isolated, except for AUstria’s support; Germany complained about encirclement; Other powers blocking Germany’s emergence as a World Power

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12
Q

Balkans

A

Nationalism created a powder keg in the Balkans; The Ottoman Empire recceded from the Balkans, leaving the power vacume;

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13
Q

Pan-Slavism

A

A nationalist movement to unite all slavic peoples; Encouraged serbs, basnions, sloverns, to seek single political entity in SOuth Eastern Europe; Russia considered the big brother to slavs

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14
Q

Bosnian Crisis

A

The Young Turks set up parliamentary gov’t in Ottoman Empire; Wanted to modernize the empire, but regime seemed too weak to other Euro Powers

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15
Q

First Balkan War

A

Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria allied to drive Turks out of Balkans; Averted full-scale war for time b/c Russia was not ready and France was not willing to fight over Balkans

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16
Q

Second Balkan War

A

Bulgaria was angered that Serbia and Greece has acquired more territory in Macedonia and then attacked both countries; Serbians defeated bulgarians in its quest for macedonia and temporarity gained Albania; Russia back Serbia

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17
Q

Princip and the Black Hand

A

The man who shot the Archduke; Black hand was the Ultra Nationalist Serbian Black Hand Group

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18
Q

Kaiser Wilhelm and the Blank Check

A

He pledged unwavering support to Austria to punish Serbia

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19
Q

Blank Check

A

Austria made harsh demands on Serbia; Eventually Serbia greed to most of the terms, except a joint judicial proceedings; Austria thus declared war on Serbia; Which was first military aggression of the war

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20
Q

Central Powers

A

Germany Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire (also Bulgaria)

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21
Q

Allies

A

Britian, France, and Russia; Later Japan, Italy, Romania, and USA

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22
Q

Western Front

A

Refers to fighting West of Germany, largely in France; Started in Belgium which was a neutral country, to get to France quicker

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23
Q

Shlieffen Plan

A

German 42-day military plan to invade France through Beligum; However, failed due to Belgium’s suprising resistance to Germany, and Germany failed to lure French army, also Russia moblized quickly

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24
Q

battle of Marne

A

After Germans Came w/in sight of Paris, France and Britain forced pushed the German forced back; Battle of Represented the end of mobility on w front

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25
Q

Trench warfare

A

Resulted in stalemate and lasted four bloody

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26
Q

battle of verdune

A

Germany sought a battle of attrition that would “bleed France white,” and force it to sue for peace; War’s second bloodies battle

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27
Q

Battle of Somme

A

Bloodies battle of War; British and French offensive aimed to break through German lines; “All Quiet on the Western Front” by Erich Remarque

28
Q

Machine Gun

A

Most important reason for large casualites that occurred compared to other wars; First to be used effectively by Germans

29
Q

Tanks

A

Made Artillery mobile in contrast to cannons; Could navigate through terrain ; First used in Battle of the SOMME

30
Q

Airplane

A

Initial air fights consisted of pistols fired from the planes; Germany developed first fighter plane (the FOKKER)

31
Q

Poison Gas

A

Chlorine gas was used by Germans early in war; Impact of mustard gas was negated by use of gas masks by Allies

32
Q

Submarines

A

U-boats; Initially used by Germans, had devastating effect on Allied shipping throughout war; German U-boats were most important reason for why USA eventually entered the war

33
Q

Zepplins

A

Used by Germany to bomb London and other civilian targets as a weapon of terror; Eventually exploding shells were able to destroy them in the air

34
Q

Radio

A

Made communication more effective on battlefield; Germans took advantage of Russia’s lack of radio capability and tapped in Russian phone lines to discover Russian plans

35
Q

Eastern Front

A

War was more mobile

36
Q

General Von Hindenburg and Von Ludendorff

A

Defeated invading armies at Tannenburg; Which turned the tide of the war in the East

37
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

Lenin, after Bolshevik Revolution, took Russia out of the war, but was forced to give Germans 1/4 of Russia’s Euro territory

38
Q

Gallipoli Campagin

A

British, Australian, and New Zealand forced failed to take Dardanelles as step toward defeating the Turks; Would have allowed Russia to receive
increased supplies from the Allies and play a larger naval role in war against Ottoman

39
Q

Gallipoli Represented one of the…

A

Great Ottoman Victories of War and huge defeat for Allies

40
Q

Middle East

A

Britain took great steps to protect the Suez Canal in Egypt Gained support from Arab tribes who resented Ottoman domination of region

41
Q

Arab revolts

A

Against the Turks; Ended Ottoman Empire’s Grip on Middle East

42
Q

Armenian Genocide

A

By the Turks–resulted from Ottoman claims that the Armenians were cooperating with the Allies

43
Q

Japan in East Asia and the Pacific

A

Sided with the Entente during war and increased its influence in region; Japan’s dramatic increase in size of navy and army led to its recongintion as one of the Great Powers in Post war global diplmacy

44
Q

British and naval blockades

A

Britain’s goal was to Strangle the Central Powers; Used its superior fleet to cut Central powers off from overseas trade; Caused Germany to lose control of its colonial empire

45
Q

Germany’s Response to British Naval blockades

A

Sinking allies vessels with U-boats; Lusitania — U-boat sank a British passenger liner killing 1200 civilians

46
Q

Sinking of Lusitania

A

Turned American Public opinion squarley against Germany

47
Q

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A

Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare by 1917; Sinking ALL ships with its u-boats; Most important reason for US entering war

48
Q

Economic Changes

A

Economic production focused on war effort; Free-market capitalism was abandoned in favor of strong central planning of economy; Women replaced male factory workers; Labor unions supported the war and saw increased influenced and prestige due to incerased demands for labor; Rationing of food and scarce commodities; War bonds

49
Q

Each side aimed at…

A

“starving out” the enemy by cutting off vital supplies to civilian population

50
Q

Georges Clemenceau

A

In France, created a dictatiorship during the war

51
Q

Germany was World’s first…

A

Totalitarian regime in order to conrtol war effort

52
Q

War promoted greater…

A

Social equality, thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap bw rich and poor

53
Q

Italia Irredenta

A

Neutral italy entered war against the Central powers (its former allies) with the promise of some Balakn territoy

54
Q

Zimmerman Note

A

Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico against USA but Mexico refused

55
Q

Balfour Note

A

Arabs and Jews in Palestine were promised autonomy if they joined the ALLIES; New policy seemed to contradict British support for Arab nationalism

56
Q

Fourteen Points

A

Woordrow Wilson; US plan to end the war along liberal, democratic lines; Provisions: Abolish Secret Treaties, Freedom of the Seas, Reomove economic barriers, Reduce armament burdens (demilitrization); Self-determination; Adjustment of colonial clams; German evacutation of Russia; Adjustment of Italy’s borders along ethnic lines; Cration of League of Nations

57
Q

Self-Determination

A

Promise of independence to oppressed minorty groups

58
Q

Central powers sought peace based on…

A

Fourteen Points bc they believed that they would get fiar treatment

59
Q

Paris Peace Conference

A

The Central Powers were excluded from negotiations as France was concerned with its future security; Italy left conference agary that it would not get Balakan territories it was promised

60
Q

Versailles Treaty

A

Mandates—crated for former colonies and territorires of defeated Central Powers; Article 231; League of Nations created

61
Q

Mandates

A

Much of Middle East was now controlled by Britain and France

62
Q

Article 231

A

Placed sole blame for war on Germany that resulted in its severe punishment; Germany forced to pay repartion to Britain and France; It’s army was severly reduced; Lost all its colonies

63
Q

League of Nations

A

Germany and Russia were not included which weakend the League; US senate failed to ratify Versailles Treaty

64
Q

Impact of WWI on Society

A
  • Massive Casualities; War promoted greater social equality; Women received right to vote; nobility lost much of its influence; Irish Easter Rebellion; End to long-standing royal dynasties
65
Q

WWI and geography

A

Political map of Europe was redrawn; Germany was split in two by Polish corridor

66
Q

THe Economic Consequences of The Peace

A

Predicted the harsh terms of the traty would hurt Germany’s economy and thus the economy of the rest of Europe, and led to significant future political unrest

AP Euro (12 decks)

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