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AP Euro > Balance of Power (Lead up to French Revolution) > Flashcards

Balance of Power (Lead up to French Revolution) Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Monarchies seeking enhanced power faced challenges from…

A

nobles who wished to retain traditional forms of shared governance and regional autonomy

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2
Q

Louis XIII youth

A

His regency was plauged with corruption and mismanagement; Feudal nobles increased their power; Certain nobles convinced him to assume power and exile his mother

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3
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Laid the foundation for absoultionism in France; Like Henry IV, was a politique

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4
Q

Intendant System

A

Used to weaken the nobility; Replaced local officials with intendents who reported directly to the king; Each of country’s 32 districts had an intendant; Gov’t became more efficent and centrally controlled

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5
Q

Intendants

A

Largely middle class or robe nobles (nobles who payed for their titles)

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6
Q

Intendant System built upon….

A

Sully’s economic achievements in further developing mercantilism; Increased Taxation to fund the militray; Richelieu’s tax policies not as successful as Sully; Had to resort back to old system of selling offices; Taxed farmers ruthlessly (Exploiting peasantry)

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7
Q

Richelieu subdued the…

A

Huguenots

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8
Q

Peace of Alais

A

Huguenot’s lost their fortified cities and Protestant armies; Not allowed to practice Calvinism

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9
Q

Thirty Years War - French Phase

A

Richelieu and Louis XIII sought to weaken the Habsburg Empire; Reversed Maria de’ Medici’s pro-Spanish policy; Declared war against Spain; France supported Gustavus Adolphus with money during Swedish Phase; Forced the Treaty of Westphalia on the Habsburgs

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10
Q

Finance minister of Louis XIV

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

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11
Q

Louis XIV + FInance minister…

A

extended the administrative, financial, military, and religious control of the central state over the French population

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12
Q

Reign of Louis XIV

A

Quintessential absolute ruler in Euro history; Personified the ideas that sovernigty of the state resides in the ruler; “I am the state;” Know as Sun King b/c he was the center of French power; Longesst reign in Euro history

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13
Q

How long did Louis XIV reign for?

A

72 years; He inherited the throne when he was 5 years old

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14
Q

France became….under Louis XIV control

A

Became undisputed major power in Euro during his reign; France’s large population meant that a massive standing army could be created and maintained

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15
Q

French culture dominated Europe

A

Due to his excess of luxury and lifestyle; French language became international language in Europe and the language of the well-educated; France became epicenter of literature and arts ntil 20th century

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16
Q

Absolute monarchy was established over…

A

the course of the 17th and 18th century

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17
Q

Absolute monarchies

A

limited the nobility’s participation in governance but preserved the aristrocracy;s social position and legal privileges

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18
Q

Absolutism

A

Derived from the traditional assumption of pwer and the belief in “divine rights” of kings; Louis XIV was quintessential absolute monarch

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19
Q

Characteristics of western European absolutism

A

Soverignty of a country embodied in the type of person of the ruler; Absolute monarchs were not subordinate to national assemblies; Nobility was effectively brought under control; Though nobility could still, at times, prevent monarchs from completely having their way; Maintained large standing armies even during peacetime; No longer relied on mercenary or noble armies; Employed secret police force to weaken political opponents

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20
Q

Eastern European absolutism v. Western

A

In Eastern Europ absolutism, nobility remained powerful

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21
Q

Bureaucracies in 17th century

A

Composed of career officials appointed by the king; Solely accountable to the king; Often were rising members of the bougeoisie or new nobility (of the robe)

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22
Q

French and Spanish monarchies gained effective control of the…

A

Roman Catholic Church in their countries

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23
Q

Robe nobility

A

Purchesed title from King; Take oath of loyalty to King

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24
Q

Western European Absolutism foreshadowd

A

The totaltarisnm of 20th century but lacked financial, technological and military resources of 20th century dictators (Like Stalin and Hitler)

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25
Q

Absolute monarchs did not require…

A

total mass participation in support of the monarch’s goal; Those who did not overtly oppose the state were usually left alone by the gov’t

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26
Q

Jean Bodin

A

Among the first to provide the theoretical basis for absolutist states; Lived and wrote during the chaos of the French Civil Wars of the late 16th century; Believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the gov’t

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27
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Wrote “Leviathan;” Wrote a pessimistic view of human beings in a state of nature; Anarchy was a result of chaos; The central dive in every person is power; Stated that political soverighnty is derived from the people who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract

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28
Q

Thomas Hobbes justified…

A

Absolute monarchy but not divine right

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29
Q

Thomas Hobbes & Voltaire

A

Both were closely identified together in 18th century as part of the “Enlightened Despotism”

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30
Q

Hobbes was not….

A

Popular in the 17th century

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31
Q

Hobbes did not favor…

A

“Divine Right” of Kings

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32
Q

Those with consiutional ideas saw Hobbes…

A

Ideas as too authoritarian (Like Locke)

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33
Q

Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet

A

Principal advocate of “Divine Right of Kings” during the reign of Louis XIV; Believed “Divine Right” meant the King was placed on the throne by God and therefore owed his authority to no man or group

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34
Q

Development of French Absolutism

A

Feudal France Society was divided into three estates made up of different classes; Hierarchy of social orders based on rank and privilege was restored under the reign of Henry IV

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35
Q

Three Estates of French Feudal Societies

A

First: Clergy (1% of Population); Second: Nobility (3-4% of population); Third: Bourgeuise, artisans, urban workers, peasants

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36
Q

French Society was primarily….

A

Agarian; 90% of population lived in the countryside

37
Q

France had the largest…

A

Population in Europe; France comprised about 20% of Euro population; Accounted for France becoming the strongest nation in Europe

38
Q

Henry IV

A

Laid the foundation for France becoming the strongest European power in the 17th century; Strengthened the social hierarchy by strengthening gov’t instiutions (Specifically not the law making bodies); First French King to actively encourage French colonization in the New World (Stimulated the Atlantic Trade)

39
Q

Henry IV was the first…

A

King of the Bourbon Dynasty; Came to power in 1589 as political compromise to end the French Civil Wars; Converted to Catholicism in order to gain recognition from Paris; Issued the Edict of Nantes to provide a degree of religious toleration to Huguenots

40
Q

Weakening of the Nobility

A

The old “Nobles of the Sword” were not allowed to influence the royal council; Many Nobles of the Robe became high officials in gov’t & remained loyal to KIng

41
Q

Nobles of the Robe

A

Purchased their titles from the monarchy & became high officals in gov’t; Remained loyal to the king; Had been commercially successful members of the bourgeoisise and now sought to raise their social status

42
Q

Duke of Sully

A

Finance minister for Henry IV; His reforms enhanced the power of the monarchy; Mercantilism; Reduced the royal debt (employed systemic bookkeeping & budgets); Reformed the tax system to make it more efficient; Oversaw improved transportation

43
Q

Mercantilsim

A

Increased role of the state in the economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade with other countries; Granted monopolies in the production of gunpowerder and salt; Encouraged manufactoring of silk & tapestries; Gov’t monopolized mining

44
Q

Duke of Sully oversaw improved transportation through…

A

Began a nation-wide highway system; Canals linked major rivers; Began a canal to link the Mediterranean Swa to the Atlantic Ocean

45
Q

Henry IV was assasinated…

A

By a fanatical monk who sought revenge for Henry’s granting of religious toleration; Led to a severe crisis in power; Henry’s widow, Marie de Medici, ruled as regant until their son came of age

46
Q

The Fronde

A

Civil war among various nobles factions which enabled Mazarin to defeat the nobles; “Sword” nobles that rebelled against Mazaran; Louis never forgot the humiliation he faced at the hands of the nobes and was determined to control them

47
Q

Cardinal Jules Mazarin

A

Controlled France when Louis XIV was a child

48
Q

Governement organization of Louis XIV

A

Recruited chief ministers from middle-class to keep aristocracy out of gov’t; Continued the internment system begun by Richelieu; Checked the power of institutions that might challenge him; Parlements fearful of resisting him after failure of Fronde; Officials who criticized the gov’t could be arrested; He never called the Estates General

49
Q

Louis XIV control over peasantry

A

Made-up 95% of population; Some peasants kept as little as 20% of cash crops after paying their landlord, gov’t taxes, and church tithens

50
Q

Corree

A

Required peasants to work for a month out of each year on roads and other public projects; Idle peasants could be drafted into the army or forced into the workhouses; Rebellious peasants could be executed or used as gallery stares on Ships

51
Q

Baroque art and music promoted…

A

Religious feelings and was employed by monarchs to glorify state power

52
Q

Versailles Palace

A

Grandest & most impressive palace in all of Europe; Reinforced his image as Europe’s most powerful ruler; Baroque architecture; Cost of maintaining it was 65% of all royal revenues; The Royal court grew to about 10,000 people

53
Q

Versailles became…

A

A “pleasure prison” for the aristocracy; Louis gained absolute control over the nobility

54
Q

Louis XIV required Nobles ….

A

To live at the palace for several months each year; Nobles were entertained with numerous recreational activities

55
Q

Religious Policies of Louis XIV

A

Considered himself the head of the French Catholic Church; Did’nt allow the Pope to exercise political power in French Church; Revoked Edict of Nantes with Edict of Fountainbelu; Supported the Jesuits in cracking down on the Jansenists

56
Q

Edict of Fountainbleau

A

Revoked Edict of Nantes; Huguenots lost their right to practice Calvinism; About 200,000 Hugenots fled France; Huguenots later supported the enlgihtenment & toleration

57
Q

Jansenists

A

Catholics who held some Calvinist views

58
Q

The rise of mercantilism gave the state…

A

A new role in promoting commercial development & the acquisition of colonies overseas

59
Q

Mercantilism

A

Stae control over a country’s economy to achieve a favorable balance of trade

60
Q

Bulionism

A

A nation’s policy of accumulating as much precious metal as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries

61
Q

French mercantilist reached its peak…

A

Under Louis’ Finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert

62
Q

Goal of Jean-Baptiste Colbert

A

Economic Self-Sufficency for France; Oversaw construction of roads & canals; Granted gov’t supported monopolies in certain undustries; Heavily regulated guilds; Reduced internal tariffs that inhibited trade; Organized French trading companies for international trade; Forbade exports of foodstuff

63
Q

By 1683, France was Europe’s…

A

Leading industrial country; Excelled in such industries as textiles, mirrors, lace-making; Combert’s most importatn accomphlisment was developing the merhant marine; Military buildup stimulated the economy

64
Q

Drawback of mercantilism and the French economy:

A

Poor Peasant conditions (especially taxation) resulted in large emigration out of France; Louis opted for creating a massive army instead of a formidable navy; Resulted in France later losing naval wars with England; War in later years of Louis’ reign nullified Colbert’s gains

65
Q

Louis XIV was at war for…

A

2/3 of his reign

66
Q

Louis XIV’s nearly continuous wars provoked…

A

A coalition of European powers opposing him

67
Q

Wars of Louis XIV..

A

Wars initally successful but eventually economically tuinous to France; France created the professional modern army; First time in modern Euro history that a single country was able to dominate politics

68
Q

Balance of Power

A

System emerged in reponses to the threat posed by Louis; No one country would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coalition of other countries would rally against a threatening power; Dutch Stadholder William of Orange was most important figure in thwarting Louis’ expansionism

69
Q

War of Devoltion

A

1st Dutch War; Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands w/out declaring war; Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle

70
Q

Treaty of Aix-la-Chalelle

A

France got 12 town on Spanish Netherland’s border; gave up Franche-Conte to Spain

71
Q

The Dutch War

A

Louis invaded the S. Netherlands as revenge for Dutch opposition in the previous war; The Dutch flooded their countryside by opening their dykes -> preventing France (& England) from invading Holland; Peace of Nijmegan

72
Q

Peace of Nigmegan

A

Represented limit of expansion under Louis XIV; France took back the Fronche-Conte from Spain, gained some Finnish towns, and took Alsace

73
Q

Nine Years’ War

A

Louis launched another invasion of the Spainish Netherlands; League of AUgsburg formed in respose

74
Q

League of Augsburg

A

Formed in reponse to Nine Years War; Demonstarted the mergence of balance of power

75
Q

William of Orange

A

Now king of England; Brought England into the war against France; Inititated period of Anglo-French military rivalry that lasted until Naolean’s defeat; War ended with France remaining in control of ALsace and Strasbourg

76
Q

War of Spanish Succession

A

Cause: the Will of Charles II (Spanish Habsburg King) gave grandson of Louis XIV all Spanish territiories; However-> European Powers feared that Louis would consolodate the thrones of France & Spain (thus creating a monster power that would upset balance of power); The Grand Alliance emerged

77
Q

The Grand Alliance…

A

Emerged in oppostion to France; Made-up of England, Dutch Republic, HRE, Brandenburg, Portugal, Savoy

78
Q

Treaty of Utrecht

A

Most important treaty since Westphalia; Maintained the balance of power in Europe; ended expansion of Louis XIV; Spanish empire divided; Britain was biggest winner (gained asiento from Spain -> Gibraltar and Minorca); Spanish Netherlands givent to Austria; Netherlands gained lands as a buffer against France

79
Q

Though Louis’ Bourbon grandson was enthroned in Spain…

A

The unification of the Spanish & French Bourbon dynasties was prohibited; kings were formally recognized in Savoy and Prussia -> became the nucleus of the future of unified states of Italy & Germany

80
Q

Costs of Louis’ XIV’s wars…

A

Destroyed the French economy due to sever disruption of trade; 20% of French subjects died; A huge debt would be placed on shoulders of Third Estate; French Gov’t went bankrupt; Financial & Social tensions sowed seeds of the French Revolution

81
Q

Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in governance but…

A

preserved the aristocracy’s social positon & legal privileges

82
Q

Characteristcs of Baroque:

A

Emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness, and unity surrounding a certain theme

83
Q

Gianorenzo Bernini

A

Personified Baroque architecture and sculpture; Completed St. Peter’s Basilica; “The Ectasy of St. Teresa;”

84
Q

Schonbrunn

A

Habsburg Emperor Leopold 1 built in Austria in response to Versailles Palace

85
Q

Winter Palace

A

Catherine 1, the daughter of Peter) built in St. Petersburg

86
Q

Peter Paul Reubens

A

Flemish paiinter; Court painter for Habsburg court in Brussels (Spanish Netherlands); Emphasised color and sensually; Animated figures and melodramatic contrast; monumental size; Most works dealt with Christian subjects

87
Q

Diego Velazgrez

A

Greatest court painter of era; Numerous portraits of Spanish court of Philip IV and surroundings

88
Q

J.S. Bach

A

Greates of Baroque Composers; Wrote dense and polyphonic structures (contrast to later balance + restriction of classic period); Wrote in variety of genres for a variety of instruments; Hired by several princes + churches

89
Q

George Handel

A

Similar to Bach; Wrote in variety of genres; “The Messiah” -> his masterpiece

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