Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Euro > Scientific Revolution > Flashcards

Scientific Revolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Medieval view of World

A

Primarily religious and theological; Political theory based on “divine” right of kings; society governed by church views, traditions and practices; Supersition played a major role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Scientific thoughs in early 16th century based on…

A

mediveval ideas; views about the universe were largely influenced by ancient ideas of Aristotle; geocentric view ; Science branch of theology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of Scientific Revoltution

A

Medieval universities; Rediscovering ancient mathematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medieval universities

A

Philosphy had become an accepted discipline; Medieval philiosophers developed a degree of independence from theologians and a sense of free inquiry; Leading universities established new professorships of mathematics, astronomy, and physics w/in their departments of philosophy; Major scientific figures either studied or taught at universities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Renaissance stimulated science by…

A

rediscovering ancient mathematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Renaissance patronage was….as well as artistic and humanistic

A

scientific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Navigational problems on sea voyages in the age of overseas expansion creaded a need…

A

for scientific advances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

New instruments

A

telescope, barometer, thermometer, pendulum, clock, microscope, and air pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Graham College (England)

A

Scientists worked closely with top officials in Royal Navy and leading merchants and shipbuilders; It became the main center of scientific activity during the first half of 17th century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Scientific metholody

A

Bacon Formalized empirical, experimental research; Descartes emphasized deductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secularism

A

emerged and many educated people became openly hostile to religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The revolution in learning became…

A

a major foundation in western society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

“On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres;” postponed publication of his book fearing a backlash by the scientific community; dedicated the book to Pope Pault 111 and did not intend for his theires to challenge Church doctrine; Heliocentric view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Heliocentric view

A

Copernicus argued that Earth revolved around the Sun and that the sun was the center of the universe; obserev that the stars didn’t move although the apparent movement of the stars was the result of the earth’s rotation; Made universe see ENOURMOUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A major anomaly in Heliocentric theory

A

retrograde motion of planets relative to the earth’s position; Was remedied by the false premise of epicycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Copernicus directly challenged…

A

Ptolemy’s view of geocentric universe; Challenged the Bible’s book of Genesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Religious reaction to the Copernican Theory…

A

Martin Luther + John Calvin condemmed the theory (b/c all about going back to original scripture); Catholic reaction was initially less forcefull b/c Church didn’t always interpret the Bible literally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

Europe’s best astronomer; Build the best observatory in EUrope and fo decades collected massive data on his observations of the COSMOS; Data became a cornerstone of astronomy for centures; Data later proved Copernicus’s theory (though he did not accept the view)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Johann Kepler

A

first great Protestant scientist who earlier had worked as an assistant to Brahe; Proved the Copernican theory mathematically; Laws of Planetary Motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three laws of planetary motion

A
  1. Orbits are elliptical; 2. Planets don’t move at uniform speeds while in their orbits; 3. The time it takes for a planet to orbit the sun is directly based on its distance form the sun
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

developed the laws of motion using the experimental method; Acceleration experiment; Law of Inertia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acceleration experiment

A

gravity was a universal force that produced unofrm acceleration; All falling objects descend w/ equal velocity regardless of their weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Law of Inertia

A

an object that is in motion remains in motion unitl it is stopped by an external force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Galilei validated…

A

Copernicus’ heliocentric view with the aid of telescope; First to use telescope as a scientific instrument; Demonstrated that the moon and other planets were not perfectly round orbs like a crystal sphere (the prevailing Medieval view); He discovered the 4 moons of Jupiter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Galileo’s findings became controversial in…

A

Catholic Countries; Views largely supported in Portestant N. Europe where reformers had questioned Catholic Doctrines; Catholic Church declared the Copernican theory to be heretical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The Inquistion Pope Urban VII forced…

A

Galileo to reatract his support of the Copernican theory; Galileo remained under hous arrest for rest of his life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Isaac Newton

A

Integrated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo into an overarching theory of the universe worked; “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosopy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Principal of Universal Gravitation

A

Deatailed in “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy;” Perhaps the greatest book on science ever written; Newton developed set of mathematical principles to explain motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Newton’s idea that directly challenged Medieval beliefs…

A

Every body in the universe attract every other body in the univese in a precise mathematical relationship; Thus these natural laws are unchangable and predictable, and God’s active participation in the natural world is not needed to explain the forces of nature; View became foundation of the Enlightenment view of God (Deism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Who invented Calculus?

A

Newton in order to complete his theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Formalized the empirical method that has been already been used by Brahe and Galileo; Inductive method

32
Q

Inductive method

A

For scientific experimentation; Begin w/ inductive observation then form a hypothesis, conduct experiments and then organize the data

33
Q

Bacon’s inductive method with Descartes deductive reason formed backbone of the….

A

modern Scientific method

34
Q

Rene Descartes

A

“Discourse on Method;” Advocated the use of deductive reasoning; “I think therefore I am;” Used deductive reasoning to prove his existence; Developed analytical geomety; Cartesian Dualism

35
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

divided all existence into the spiritual and the material; The spiritual can only be examined through deductive reasoning (logic); While the material is subject to the experimental method

36
Q

Modern Scientific Method

A

inductive method and the deductive method

37
Q

Who created the geocentric view?

A

Ptolemy

38
Q

Roman physician

A

Galen

39
Q

Galen’s theories of health and disease

A

Believed a proper balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) were basis of human health; Blood leaching used to bring humors back into proper balance

40
Q

Paracelsus

A

Swiss physician and alchemist; Pioneer in medicine; Experimented with the use of various chemicals and drugs to deal with medical issues that he saw as chemical imbalances rather than humoral imbalances

41
Q

Vesalius wrote…

A

“The Structure of the Human Body”

42
Q

Vesalius

A

Flemish physician; book renewed and modernized the study of human anatomy which included 200 detailed drawlings that ushered in a revolution in the understanding of human body; Dissected cadavers to achieve stunning detail in drawings

43
Q

Vesalius was the first to…

A

assemble human skeletons

44
Q

William Harvey

A

English Royal Physician; “On the Circulation of Blood;” His book explained how blood was pumped by the heart and circulated throughout the body via veins and arteries

45
Q

William Harvey wrote…

A

“On the Circulation of Blood”

46
Q

Anton van Leeuvenhoek

A

“Father of Microscopy;” Developed powerful microscopes; First to see and write about bacteria, yeast, plants, living organism, in a drop of water and the circulation of blood in corpuscle in capillaries

47
Q

Royal Scientific Socities

A

Governments/Monarchs encouraged scientific inquiry as a means to further the prestige of the state and remain at the cutting edge of technology; Created a means which Scientist could communicate with each other internationally; Helped forge an international Scientific Community

48
Q

Royal Society

A

England; The most successful and Prestigious scientific society

49
Q

Consequences of Scientific Revolution

A

Led directly to Enlightenment; Improvements in Exploration; Experimentation helped accelerate the Agricultural Revolution; Imporvements in medical knowledge later led to Medical advances

50
Q

The Scientific Revoltution reducted the support for witch hunts by….

A

discrediting supersition and witchcraft as fallacies

51
Q

Science and Religion….

A

Not in acute conflict until the 18th/19th centuries; Scientists believed they were studying and analyzing God’s creation; But, after the Catholic Counter Reformation, Church became more hostile to science and science declined in Italy (but not france)

52
Q

After Counter Catholic Reformation…

A

The Protestant countries became the leaders of the scientific revolution (especially England)

53
Q

John Harrison

A

Invented Chronometer (seawatch); Gave Mariners the ability to easily determine longitude

54
Q

Alchemy and astrology

A

Continued to appeal to elites and some natural philosophers because they shared w/ the new science the notion of a predictable and knowable universe

55
Q

Alchemy

A

the medival forerunner of modern chemistry; Dealt with the supposed transformation of matter into gold or finding a universal elixir that would restore one’s youth

56
Q

No clear line between…

A

Alchemy and Chemistry exister

57
Q

Paracelsus mixed…

A

magic and valid science in ways that defied modern science

58
Q

Gerolamo Cardano

A

a pioneer of algebra; Subscribed to alchemy

59
Q

Isaac Newton and alchemy

A

He devoted more time writing about alchemy than either optics or physics

60
Q

Who did Gerolamo Cardano prepare horoscopes for?

A

Edward VI of England

61
Q

Where was Brahe the court astrologer?

A

In Denmark

62
Q

Kepler was the astrologer to the…

A

Austrian Hapsburgs

63
Q

Galileo provided horoscope to the…

A

Medici

64
Q

Astrology experienced a decline

A

during and after the Enlightenment

65
Q

Oral Culture of Peasants

A

Believed that the cosmos was governed by divine and demonic forces; Everything in the universe seemed interconnected; Why witch hunts continued well into 17th century

66
Q

Women interested in science had to…

A

obtain largely informal education

67
Q

England and French Women scientist

A

nobility

68
Q

Margaret Cavendish

A

One of First Major Female Science Writers; Helped popularize ideas of the scientific revolution; excluded from membership of Royal Society; Taught herself mathematics, astronomy, and the study of universe.

69
Q

Maria Merian

A

Naturalist, and important entomologist; Expedition into the wilds of the Dutch colony in South America; “Metamoramorphis of the Insects of Surnam”

70
Q

Maria Winkelmann

A

Astronomer in Germany; Discovered a comet

71
Q

Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton all believed…

A

that the secrets of nature were written in the language of mathematics

72
Q

hermeticism

A

Belief that World was a living embodiment of divinity; Math could used to explain the magic and divinity; Universe constructed on the basis of geometric figures

73
Q

Where were the greatest achievements during the Revoltion and what idea were they dominated by?

A

Astronomy, mechanics, and medicine; All dominated by ideas of Greeks

74
Q

Who were the first to attch the new ideas of Heliocentrism?

A

Protestant reformers

75
Q

Galileo and the Inquisition

A

Catholic Church condemned Copernicanism (heliocentrism) and ordered Galileo to reject the copernican thesis; He recanted but was still under house arrest for the rest of his life

AP Euro (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions