Final Flashcards
Roots of Industrial Revolution
Commercial Revolution, Inflation, Rise of Capitalism, and Scientific Revolution
Cottage Revolution
Rural industry was fundamental to Europe’s growing economy; “Putting-Out” system; Essentially a family enterprise; Results — poor rural families able to supplement incomes & diversification of goods
Problems with cottage industry
Disputes b/w cottagers and merchants; Rural labor was unorganized
Spinning jenny
mechanized the spinning wheel
First country to industrialize?
England b/c isolation, good supply of coal, waterways, cheap labor, Bank of England created
Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution
Vital to bring supply of cheap, abundent labor as encloser movement emerged
Importance of Textiles
Led to creation of World’s first large factories; Inventions increased production
Steam engines
Hallmark of industrial revolution
James Watt
Invented first steam engine
Transportation Revolution made possible by..
Steam engine; Steamboats (Ie: The Clements)
Britain’s industrial supremacy
Produced most of world’s coal; Produced 1/2 of world’s iron; Produced 1/2 of world’s cotton
Crystal Palace
Built to signify Britain’s industrial, economic, and military power
What hindered industrial growth on continental europe?
Napoleonic Wars
Social effects of industrialization
Urbanization (birth of factory towns); family and gender roles changed
Rise of Liberalism
due to French Revolution; The bourbons were overthrown and replaced by Louis Phillipe “The Bougoeise King
Nationalism
Became large force in revolutions
Romanticism
Challenged rationalism of Englihtenment; Emphasized indivudialism and emotion and nature
Socialism
challenged bougeoise for its poor treatment of workers; Equality
Congress of Vienna
Major euro powers redrew territorial lines; Wanted to restore order of the “old Regime”; “Balance of Power” to prevent a large war
July Revolutions
Revolt in France forced bourbon king to abdicat throne; Replaced by Bougeoise King
Only Russia and GB avoided large revolutions. Why?
Britain had liberal reforms while due to the conservative oppression in Russia
Second French Republic
Louis Blanc and his nationalist workships; Abolished slavery in empire; 10 hour workday in paris; Abolished death penalty
June Days Revolution
B/c gov’t closed the national workshops; Election of 1848 where Louis Napolean won and then consolidated power and became emperor
Bohemia
Proague Conference enforced Austroslavism
Revolutions evaluated
Small gains by liberalism, nationalism, socialism, and democracy, but kept in check by Conservatism
Old Imperialism
Euro powers didn’t acquire territy just set up trade stations; Though New World was exception
New Imperialism
Began with large emigration; By 1914 – European countries controlled 84% of World;
Model of New Imperialism
Britiain’s control of Egypt
Causes of New Imperialism
Search for new markets and raw materials; Missionary work; Want for new military bases; Social Darwinism
Berlin Conference
Layed out lines for imperalism; Controlled by Bismarch which guaranteed Germany a spot in Africa
Indian National Congress
Britian trained Indians to run India along British Lines
Anglo-German arms race
Germany began military expalnsion to protect growing national trade; However, GB wanted to have largest/strongest fleet
Encirlement
Germany felt that it was being encircled – to block Germany’s emergence as a World Power; Triple Entente createed in repsone
Nationalism and the Balkans
Nationalism created a “powder keg” in the Balkans
Causes of WWI
Assasination of Archduke; Germany pleding unwavering spport to Austria to punish Serbia
Blank check
Austria’s harsh demands to Serbia; Serbia agreed to all but to joint-judicial proceedings; Austria declared war on Serbia – Russia mobolized army against Austria + Germany – France mobolized on Germany’s W. Front — Germany declared war on France
Allies
Britian, France, and Russia; Later Italy, Japan, and USA
Schlieffen Plan
Germany’s 42 day military plan to invade France; Failed
Battle of Somme
bloodiest battle of WWI; “All quiet on the Western Front” by Erich REmarque
Eastern Front
More mobile
Total War
involved mass civilian population in war effort
14 point plan
Woodrow Wilson; “Self-determination” — independece of minority groups; Creation of League of Nations; Central Powers wanted peace based off 14 point plan
Paris Peace Conferece
Big four (Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceou, and Orlando); Central powers excluded from negotations; Italy left conference angry b/c wouldn’t get some Balkan and Austrian terriotry
Versailles Treaty
Mandates created for former colonies and terriotires; Ariticle 231 – placed full blame for war on Germany – forced to pay huge reparations – lost all its colonies; LEague of Nations Created
WWI ended…
Long standing royal dynasties
Post WWI
Treaty of Versailles didn’t create long standing peace; League of Nations – w/out Russia or USA – didn’t have much power to maintain/ support peace; Paper agreements — had few enforcement mechanism
Kellog-Briand Pact
Declared war was illegal
Locarno Pact
Gave Euro countries false sense of peace
Great Depression
Resulted in rise of fascism in Japan and Germany
Failure of London Economic Conference
Usa undermined treaty; Showed Hitler lack of organiation from Allied powers
Spanish civil war
Francesco Franco overthrew republican gov’t in spain; Watned to restore power of catholic church; Mussolini and Hitler sided with Franco — helped by bombing Spanish towns (ex: Guernica); Franco won the war – imposed dicatatorship – Britain and france offically recongized Franco as leader
Germany Reoccupied the Rhineland
Direclty violated Treaty of Versailles — Rhineland had been demilitariezed by treaty; Turning point of balance of power — France didn’t want to enforce treaty w/out British help
Germany’s conquest
Began massive re-arment – pushing aside Versialles Treaty — major reason that got Germany out of Depression; Threatened Austria w/ military action (Chancellor resigned – Austria was annexed); International community did nothing in response
Munich Conference
Issue of Sudentenland; Issue of Appeasement; Solution: Czechoslovakia forced to give up sudenland to Germany in return for guranteed independence; Few months later — Hitler invaded rest of Czechoslovakia
Germany’s invasion of Poland
Began WWII — Britain siad that if Hitler attacked Poland there would be war
Nazi-Soviet non aggression Pact
Hitler sought assurance that Russia would not attack Germany; Wanted to prevent a 2-front war; Private agreement – Russia and Germany would co-attack Poland and split country in half
blitgrieg
used against Poland; Sought to avoid trench warfare
Russia began invading other countries b/c
they feared Hitler would invade Russia
Fall of France
took less than six weeks; Riche France — puppet gov’t created in Southern France (Marshal Henri Petan was put in charge)
Battle of Britain
Most critical battles of war; Hitler offered peace to Britain – if it accepted Germany’s control of W. Europe – Churchhill refused; Hitler lanned massive attack on GB – wanted to destroy Air force– bombed London (“The Blitz)
German Invasion of USSR
Hitler had planned attacking Russia all along– to fulfill dream of Lebenstraum (living spcae); Soviets destroyed anything of value – dpriving German army of resourced (Scorched Earch); In USSR WWII became known as Great Patriotic war of Fatherland
Atlantic Charter
Churchhill and FDR secretly met after Russian invasion; Called for UN and no change in territorial lines after axis power; Stalin agreed/ endorsed
Neutrality Acts
Prevented USA from getting involved sooner
Lend-Lease Act
gave large amounts of supplies and money to help Britain and Soviets; Ended USA’s neutrality
Hitler’s biggest mistake
Declaring War on USA; Grand Alliance formed : USA, USSR, Britain, and three dozen other countries
Nazi Empire in Europe
By end of 1941– controlled all of W. Europe except for Sweden and Switzerland; Spain allowed Germany the use of its ports
The Nazi “New Racial Order”
Nodic people were favored; Hitler heavily taxed French b/c seen as inferior Latin people; Slavs in E.Europe seen as subhuman – took men/women for slave labor in German factories
Hitler’s Plan
Poles, ukrainians, and Russians wold be enslaved — die out— and then Germanic peasants would resettle resulting abondoned lands
Final Solution
To the “Jewish Problem;” Formal plan beagn at Wannsee Conference; Aushwitz most notorious; 6 million Jews killed; 5 to 6 million others murdered( including pol. prisoners, Jehova’s witnesses, gypsies, and LGBT community)
Underground movement
French’s was most famous; supplied allies with important info and aid
El Alamein
British forces drove Germany out of Egypt
Hitlers downfall
Hitler decided to invade Russia — instead of defeating Britain in mediterannean — disaterous decision
Staingrad
Critical battle of E. Front; First German land defeat in Europe; Germany was surrounded by Soviet forces but Hitler refused to surrened; Bulk of German army was destroyed in Staingrad
Success of D-Day
shoed how important Battle of Britain was
Once W. Front was established
End of Nazi domination of Europe b/c Hitler now fighting three fronts
Battle of Bulge
Hitler’s Last grasp offensive; Hitler failed —Allies quickly penetrated deep into Germany
Tehran Conference
First meeting of Big 3 (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin); Agreed on invasion of W. Europe; Stalin wanted Soviet control of E. Europe— Churchill wanted free gov’t in E. Europe and strong Germany after war
Yalta Conference
Big three met again; Stalin agreed on Free Elecions; UN created; USSR allowed to keep pre was territory; Germany divided
Potsdame Conference
Stalin, Trumen, and Clement Alce; Gave Ultimatum to Japan – however— during conference USA dropped atomic bom on Japan — made Stalin reverse positon on E. Europe to no free elections
Results of WWII
human loss, most of europe in ruins, millions left homeless; Women played larger role in war economy then in WWI
Why did Germany lose?
Having a three front war; major blunders (Battle of Britian, Failur of Invasion of Russia, Hitlers Declaration of War against USA); Industiral compacicisty not equal to USA; Italy became a liability; Grand allaince was overpowering (w/ over 40 countries apart of it)
Containment
USA pledged to prevent further spread of communism
Trumen Doctrine
Created US policy of Containment
Marshall Plan
Usa gave finanical aid to war torn Europe; Purpose— prevent communism from spreading in war-torn areas, and created trade relations b/w Europe and USA
USSR refused
to allow USA to give aid to E. Europe
Berlin Crisis
USSR tried to remove Allies from Berlin
NATO
founded in respone to Berlin Crisis; Created to prevent USSR from Expaning; Still around today
Warsaw Pact
USSR’s response to NATO
Communist China
Led by Mao Zedung; Terrible blow to USA’s containment
Korean War
After WWII–Korea divided by North and South; North was supported by Soviets and invaded the South; Result— cease fire reached and border was restored at 38th parallel
Massive realiation
Eisenhower shifted policy to helping E. Europe countires remove communism
Russia under Stalin
reinsated oppressive Rule
Eastern Europe dominated by USSR
Only Yugoslavia not dominated by soviets b/c during WWII it freed itself from Nazi domination w/out help of USSR
Czechoslavia
economic exception to E. Europe; Well industrialized, stonr middle/industral class; In response of Marshall Plan — Stalin replaced gov’t w/ one-party community rule to prevent courting from the West
USSR under Khruchev
De-Stalinization — resources shifted from heavy industry and military towards consumer goods and agrigulture; Allowed for different forms of socialism to occur through out E. Europe as long as Communist party remained in control
Cold war during Khrushev’s rule
Relations b/w USA and USSR improved; Khrushchev sought “peaceful coexistence” w/ West and focused on improving Soviet economy
Geneva Summit
USSR met with USA, GB, and France to talk on Euro security and disarmarment — no agreement was made
Sputnick
Showed USSR was ahead of USA in space technology — began space race
U-2 Summit
An USA Spy plane was shot down over USSR; Khreschev wanted an apology but Eisenhower refused – Paris Summit cancelled as result
Cuban Missle Crisis
Cuba became communist and ally with USSR; USA demanded USSR remove newly installed nuclear missles from Cuba; Closest USSR and US came to nuclear war during cold war; Crisis weakend Khrochev
Nuclear Test Ban
USA, USSR, and Britain signed treaty — banning atmospheric testing; France refused to sign
