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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Roots of Industrial Revolution

A

Commercial Revolution, Inflation, Rise of Capitalism, and Scientific Revolution

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2
Q

Cottage Revolution

A

Rural industry was fundamental to Europe’s growing economy; “Putting-Out” system; Essentially a family enterprise; Results — poor rural families able to supplement incomes & diversification of goods

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3
Q

Problems with cottage industry

A

Disputes b/w cottagers and merchants; Rural labor was unorganized

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4
Q

Spinning jenny

A

mechanized the spinning wheel

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5
Q

First country to industrialize?

A

England b/c isolation, good supply of coal, waterways, cheap labor, Bank of England created

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6
Q

Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution

A

Vital to bring supply of cheap, abundent labor as encloser movement emerged

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7
Q

Importance of Textiles

A

Led to creation of World’s first large factories; Inventions increased production

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8
Q

Steam engines

A

Hallmark of industrial revolution

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9
Q

James Watt

A

Invented first steam engine

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10
Q

Transportation Revolution made possible by..

A

Steam engine; Steamboats (Ie: The Clements)

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11
Q

Britain’s industrial supremacy

A

Produced most of world’s coal; Produced 1/2 of world’s iron; Produced 1/2 of world’s cotton

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12
Q

Crystal Palace

A

Built to signify Britain’s industrial, economic, and military power

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13
Q

What hindered industrial growth on continental europe?

A

Napoleonic Wars

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14
Q

Social effects of industrialization

A

Urbanization (birth of factory towns); family and gender roles changed

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15
Q

Rise of Liberalism

A

due to French Revolution; The bourbons were overthrown and replaced by Louis Phillipe “The Bougoeise King

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16
Q

Nationalism

A

Became large force in revolutions

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17
Q

Romanticism

A

Challenged rationalism of Englihtenment; Emphasized indivudialism and emotion and nature

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18
Q

Socialism

A

challenged bougeoise for its poor treatment of workers; Equality

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19
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Major euro powers redrew territorial lines; Wanted to restore order of the “old Regime”; “Balance of Power” to prevent a large war

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20
Q

July Revolutions

A

Revolt in France forced bourbon king to abdicat throne; Replaced by Bougeoise King

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21
Q

Only Russia and GB avoided large revolutions. Why?

A

Britain had liberal reforms while due to the conservative oppression in Russia

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22
Q

Second French Republic

A

Louis Blanc and his nationalist workships; Abolished slavery in empire; 10 hour workday in paris; Abolished death penalty

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23
Q

June Days Revolution

A

B/c gov’t closed the national workshops; Election of 1848 where Louis Napolean won and then consolidated power and became emperor

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24
Q

Bohemia

A

Proague Conference enforced Austroslavism

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25
Q

Revolutions evaluated

A

Small gains by liberalism, nationalism, socialism, and democracy, but kept in check by Conservatism

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26
Q

Old Imperialism

A

Euro powers didn’t acquire territy just set up trade stations; Though New World was exception

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27
Q

New Imperialism

A

Began with large emigration; By 1914 – European countries controlled 84% of World;

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28
Q

Model of New Imperialism

A

Britiain’s control of Egypt

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29
Q

Causes of New Imperialism

A

Search for new markets and raw materials; Missionary work; Want for new military bases; Social Darwinism

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30
Q

Berlin Conference

A

Layed out lines for imperalism; Controlled by Bismarch which guaranteed Germany a spot in Africa

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31
Q

Indian National Congress

A

Britian trained Indians to run India along British Lines

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32
Q

Anglo-German arms race

A

Germany began military expalnsion to protect growing national trade; However, GB wanted to have largest/strongest fleet

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33
Q

Encirlement

A

Germany felt that it was being encircled – to block Germany’s emergence as a World Power; Triple Entente createed in repsone

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34
Q

Nationalism and the Balkans

A

Nationalism created a “powder keg” in the Balkans

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35
Q

Causes of WWI

A

Assasination of Archduke; Germany pleding unwavering spport to Austria to punish Serbia

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36
Q

Blank check

A

Austria’s harsh demands to Serbia; Serbia agreed to all but to joint-judicial proceedings; Austria declared war on Serbia – Russia mobolized army against Austria + Germany – France mobolized on Germany’s W. Front — Germany declared war on France

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37
Q

Allies

A

Britian, France, and Russia; Later Italy, Japan, and USA

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38
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

Germany’s 42 day military plan to invade France; Failed

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39
Q

Battle of Somme

A

bloodiest battle of WWI; “All quiet on the Western Front” by Erich REmarque

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40
Q

Eastern Front

A

More mobile

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41
Q

Total War

A

involved mass civilian population in war effort

42
Q

14 point plan

A

Woodrow Wilson; “Self-determination” — independece of minority groups; Creation of League of Nations; Central Powers wanted peace based off 14 point plan

43
Q

Paris Peace Conferece

A

Big four (Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceou, and Orlando); Central powers excluded from negotations; Italy left conference angry b/c wouldn’t get some Balkan and Austrian terriotry

44
Q

Versailles Treaty

A

Mandates created for former colonies and terriotires; Ariticle 231 – placed full blame for war on Germany – forced to pay huge reparations – lost all its colonies; LEague of Nations Created

45
Q

WWI ended…

A

Long standing royal dynasties

46
Q

Post WWI

A

Treaty of Versailles didn’t create long standing peace; League of Nations – w/out Russia or USA – didn’t have much power to maintain/ support peace; Paper agreements — had few enforcement mechanism

47
Q

Kellog-Briand Pact

A

Declared war was illegal

48
Q

Locarno Pact

A

Gave Euro countries false sense of peace

49
Q

Great Depression

A

Resulted in rise of fascism in Japan and Germany

50
Q

Failure of London Economic Conference

A

Usa undermined treaty; Showed Hitler lack of organiation from Allied powers

51
Q

Spanish civil war

A

Francesco Franco overthrew republican gov’t in spain; Watned to restore power of catholic church; Mussolini and Hitler sided with Franco — helped by bombing Spanish towns (ex: Guernica); Franco won the war – imposed dicatatorship – Britain and france offically recongized Franco as leader

52
Q

Germany Reoccupied the Rhineland

A

Direclty violated Treaty of Versailles — Rhineland had been demilitariezed by treaty; Turning point of balance of power — France didn’t want to enforce treaty w/out British help

53
Q

Germany’s conquest

A

Began massive re-arment – pushing aside Versialles Treaty — major reason that got Germany out of Depression; Threatened Austria w/ military action (Chancellor resigned – Austria was annexed); International community did nothing in response

54
Q

Munich Conference

A

Issue of Sudentenland; Issue of Appeasement; Solution: Czechoslovakia forced to give up sudenland to Germany in return for guranteed independence; Few months later — Hitler invaded rest of Czechoslovakia

55
Q

Germany’s invasion of Poland

A

Began WWII — Britain siad that if Hitler attacked Poland there would be war

56
Q

Nazi-Soviet non aggression Pact

A

Hitler sought assurance that Russia would not attack Germany; Wanted to prevent a 2-front war; Private agreement – Russia and Germany would co-attack Poland and split country in half

57
Q

blitgrieg

A

used against Poland; Sought to avoid trench warfare

58
Q

Russia began invading other countries b/c

A

they feared Hitler would invade Russia

59
Q

Fall of France

A

took less than six weeks; Riche France — puppet gov’t created in Southern France (Marshal Henri Petan was put in charge)

60
Q

Battle of Britain

A

Most critical battles of war; Hitler offered peace to Britain – if it accepted Germany’s control of W. Europe – Churchhill refused; Hitler lanned massive attack on GB – wanted to destroy Air force– bombed London (“The Blitz)

61
Q

German Invasion of USSR

A

Hitler had planned attacking Russia all along– to fulfill dream of Lebenstraum (living spcae); Soviets destroyed anything of value – dpriving German army of resourced (Scorched Earch); In USSR WWII became known as Great Patriotic war of Fatherland

62
Q

Atlantic Charter

A

Churchhill and FDR secretly met after Russian invasion; Called for UN and no change in territorial lines after axis power; Stalin agreed/ endorsed

63
Q

Neutrality Acts

A

Prevented USA from getting involved sooner

64
Q

Lend-Lease Act

A

gave large amounts of supplies and money to help Britain and Soviets; Ended USA’s neutrality

65
Q

Hitler’s biggest mistake

A

Declaring War on USA; Grand Alliance formed : USA, USSR, Britain, and three dozen other countries

66
Q

Nazi Empire in Europe

A

By end of 1941– controlled all of W. Europe except for Sweden and Switzerland; Spain allowed Germany the use of its ports

67
Q

The Nazi “New Racial Order”

A

Nodic people were favored; Hitler heavily taxed French b/c seen as inferior Latin people; Slavs in E.Europe seen as subhuman – took men/women for slave labor in German factories

68
Q

Hitler’s Plan

A

Poles, ukrainians, and Russians wold be enslaved — die out— and then Germanic peasants would resettle resulting abondoned lands

69
Q

Final Solution

A

To the “Jewish Problem;” Formal plan beagn at Wannsee Conference; Aushwitz most notorious; 6 million Jews killed; 5 to 6 million others murdered( including pol. prisoners, Jehova’s witnesses, gypsies, and LGBT community)

70
Q

Underground movement

A

French’s was most famous; supplied allies with important info and aid

71
Q

El Alamein

A

British forces drove Germany out of Egypt

72
Q

Hitlers downfall

A

Hitler decided to invade Russia — instead of defeating Britain in mediterannean — disaterous decision

73
Q

Staingrad

A

Critical battle of E. Front; First German land defeat in Europe; Germany was surrounded by Soviet forces but Hitler refused to surrened; Bulk of German army was destroyed in Staingrad

74
Q

Success of D-Day

A

shoed how important Battle of Britain was

75
Q

Once W. Front was established

A

End of Nazi domination of Europe b/c Hitler now fighting three fronts

76
Q

Battle of Bulge

A

Hitler’s Last grasp offensive; Hitler failed —Allies quickly penetrated deep into Germany

77
Q

Tehran Conference

A

First meeting of Big 3 (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin); Agreed on invasion of W. Europe; Stalin wanted Soviet control of E. Europe— Churchill wanted free gov’t in E. Europe and strong Germany after war

78
Q

Yalta Conference

A

Big three met again; Stalin agreed on Free Elecions; UN created; USSR allowed to keep pre was territory; Germany divided

79
Q

Potsdame Conference

A

Stalin, Trumen, and Clement Alce; Gave Ultimatum to Japan – however— during conference USA dropped atomic bom on Japan — made Stalin reverse positon on E. Europe to no free elections

80
Q

Results of WWII

A

human loss, most of europe in ruins, millions left homeless; Women played larger role in war economy then in WWI

81
Q

Why did Germany lose?

A

Having a three front war; major blunders (Battle of Britian, Failur of Invasion of Russia, Hitlers Declaration of War against USA); Industiral compacicisty not equal to USA; Italy became a liability; Grand allaince was overpowering (w/ over 40 countries apart of it)

82
Q

Containment

A

USA pledged to prevent further spread of communism

83
Q

Trumen Doctrine

A

Created US policy of Containment

84
Q

Marshall Plan

A

Usa gave finanical aid to war torn Europe; Purpose— prevent communism from spreading in war-torn areas, and created trade relations b/w Europe and USA

85
Q

USSR refused

A

to allow USA to give aid to E. Europe

86
Q

Berlin Crisis

A

USSR tried to remove Allies from Berlin

87
Q

NATO

A

founded in respone to Berlin Crisis; Created to prevent USSR from Expaning; Still around today

88
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

USSR’s response to NATO

89
Q

Communist China

A

Led by Mao Zedung; Terrible blow to USA’s containment

90
Q

Korean War

A

After WWII–Korea divided by North and South; North was supported by Soviets and invaded the South; Result— cease fire reached and border was restored at 38th parallel

91
Q

Massive realiation

A

Eisenhower shifted policy to helping E. Europe countires remove communism

92
Q

Russia under Stalin

A

reinsated oppressive Rule

93
Q

Eastern Europe dominated by USSR

A

Only Yugoslavia not dominated by soviets b/c during WWII it freed itself from Nazi domination w/out help of USSR

94
Q

Czechoslavia

A

economic exception to E. Europe; Well industrialized, stonr middle/industral class; In response of Marshall Plan — Stalin replaced gov’t w/ one-party community rule to prevent courting from the West

95
Q

USSR under Khruchev

A

De-Stalinization — resources shifted from heavy industry and military towards consumer goods and agrigulture; Allowed for different forms of socialism to occur through out E. Europe as long as Communist party remained in control

96
Q

Cold war during Khrushev’s rule

A

Relations b/w USA and USSR improved; Khrushchev sought “peaceful coexistence” w/ West and focused on improving Soviet economy

97
Q

Geneva Summit

A

USSR met with USA, GB, and France to talk on Euro security and disarmarment — no agreement was made

98
Q

Sputnick

A

Showed USSR was ahead of USA in space technology — began space race

99
Q

U-2 Summit

A

An USA Spy plane was shot down over USSR; Khreschev wanted an apology but Eisenhower refused – Paris Summit cancelled as result

100
Q

Cuban Missle Crisis

A

Cuba became communist and ally with USSR; USA demanded USSR remove newly installed nuclear missles from Cuba; Closest USSR and US came to nuclear war during cold war; Crisis weakend Khrochev

101
Q

Nuclear Test Ban

A

USA, USSR, and Britain signed treaty — banning atmospheric testing; France refused to sign

AP Euro (12 decks)

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