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AP Euro > The Englightenment and Enlightened Despotism > Flashcards

The Englightenment and Enlightened Despotism Flashcards

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1
Q

The Enlightenment

A

Secular world view emerged for first time in human history; Natural Science & Reason could explain all aspects of life; New belief saw autonomy of man’s intellect apart from God; Faith in human reason rather than faith in revelation

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2
Q

Deism

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The religious arm of the Englightenment; God was a “cosmic clockmaker” –created the earth & then stepped back, left it running like a clock; Universe governed by “natural law” not by personal god; Grew out of Newton’s theories on natural law

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3
Q

John Locke

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Greatest of the Enlightenment thinkers; “Two Treatises of Civil Government;” Humans are basically good but lack protection; Purpose of gov’t —to protect natural rights

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4
Q

Two Treatises of Civil Government

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Locke; Philosophical defense for “Glorious Revolution” in England;

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5
Q

Social Contract

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Locke; People agree to obey the gov’t in return for protection of natural rights

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6
Q

Right to rebellion

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Locke; People have right to abolish gov’t that doesn’t protect natural rights

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7
Q

“Essay Concering Human Understanding”

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Locke; One of greatest works of Englightenment; Stressed importance of enviroment on human development; tabula rasa; Education was critical to progress of society; Undermined religious view that humans were sinful

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8
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tabula rasa

A

The human mind was born a blank slate

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9
Q

Pierre Bayle

A

“Critical & Historical Dictionary;” Advocated complete toleration of ideas; A skeptic;

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10
Q

The philosophes

A

Notable 18th century French philosophers committed to reform in society; Extremely successful in popularizing the Enlightenment; Not professional philosophers; Believed in progress through discovering natural laws governing human existance and nature

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11
Q

Voltaire

A

Most influential of all Enlightenment philophers; Wrote criticisms w/ sarcasm; Challenged traditional Catholic theology; Deist; His social critisicm set stage for French Revolution ; Enlightenend despotism

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12
Q

Ecracsez l’infame

A

Voltaire; “Crush the infamous thing”

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13
Q

Voltaires influence

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His views influenced several “Enlightened Despots” including Frederick the Great of Prussia , Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria and Napoleon of France

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14
Q

Voltaire + Equality

A

Believed in equality before the law but not in the equality of classes

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15
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

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A french noble who hated the absolutism of Louis XIV; Wrote “Spirit of the Laws;” Checks and Balances

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16
Q

Spirit of the Laws

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Montesquieu; Called for the seperation of powers in the gov’t into three branches; Primary goal to prevent tyranny + promote liberty; Checks and Balances; Favored the British System of monarchy

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17
Q

Montesquieu’s impact

A

On the creation of the US consitution and French Revolution

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18
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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“Social Contract;” Believed that too much emphasis on property and not enough consideration of people was root cause of social injustice; “General Will”

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19
Q

General Will

A

Rousseau; A consenus of the majority should control a nation; Strongly implied democracy; Downside: minority viewpoints not recognized; Later manipulated by dictators to rationalize extreme nationalism and tyranny

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20
Q

Rousseau & Noble Savage

A

That a man in a simpler state of nature was good and was corrupted by the materialism of civilization

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21
Q

Emile

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Rousseau; Supported porgressive education; learning by doing; self-expression was encouraged; Argued against equality for women in society

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22
Q

The Encyclopedia

A

Diderot; The greatest and most representative work of the philosophes; A Compendium of political and social critique from various Enlightenment philosophers and authors; Popularized the views of the philosophes; Emphasized science and reason while criticizing religion; Was banned in France

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23
Q

Marquis di Beccaria

A

Wrote “On Crimes and Punishment;” Sought to humanize criminal law based on Enlightenment concepts of reason and equality before the law; Punishment for crime should be based on damage done to society; Opposed death penalty; Views influenced the Enlgihtenment Despots

24
Q

Mercantilist theory were challenged by..

A

New economic ideas espousing free trade and a free market

25
Q

Francois Quesnay

A

Led the physiocrats in France who opposed mercantilist policies

26
Q

Physiocrats

A

France; Opposed mercantilist policies; Sought to reform the existing agrarian system by insituting laissez faire in agriculture; Believed the French gov’t and nobility had too much control over land

27
Q

Adam Smith

A

wrote “Wealth of Nations;” Believed the economy is governed by the natural laws of supply and deman; The invisible hand of the marketplace

28
Q

Wealth of Nations

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Considered the Bible of capitalism; Refined and expanded the laissez-faire philosophy of the physiocrats

29
Q

“The invisible hand of the marketplace”

A

Smith; The laws of supply and demand will dictate the price at which society benefits the most

30
Q

Salon Movement

A

Many of brightest minds of Enlightenement assembled in salons to discuss major issues of the day; Represented how new venues in civic society disseminated info to society, broke away from traditional venues; Largely male-dominated

31
Q

Madame de Geoffrin

A

Played major role in patronizing Diderot’s Encyclopedia

32
Q

Madame de Stael

A

Brought German romantic ides into France

33
Q

Rousseau’s argument about women

A

Argued that because men and women had different temperamnets and character, women should not be educated in same manner as man; Believed that men and women had very different desitines due to their biology; Saw men as more valuable

34
Q

Marquis de Condorcet

A

Only writer to support female suffrage; “Persian Letters” supported increased rights for women bud didn’t believe their family role should change

35
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Promoted political + educational equality for women; Women should receive education because they educate their children + can be companions to their husbands not ornaments; “Vindications of the Rights of Women”

36
Q

“Vindication of the Rights of Women”

A

Wollstonecraft; Attack on Rousseau’s views regarding education

37
Q

Olympe de Gouges

A

“Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen;” Demanded that French women be give same rights as French men during early French Revolution; Was beheaded for criticism of French Revolutionary gov’t

38
Q

Baron Paul d’Holbach

A

“System of Nature;” Argued humans were essentially like machines

39
Q

David Hume

A

Argued against faith in both natural law and religion; A skepti

40
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment; Separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge;

41
Q

Religion became viewed as…

A

A private rather than public concern

42
Q

By 1800, gov’t extended toleration to..

A

Christian minorities, and in some states, civil equality to Jews

43
Q

Classical Liberalism

A

Constituted the political outgrowth of the Enlightenment; Belief in laissez faire capitalism; Belief in progress, human dignity and human happiness; Relgious toleration, freedom of speech and press

44
Q

Impact of Enlightenment on Society

A

Emergence of a secular world view of the universe; Enlightened despotism in Prussia, Russia, Austria, and France; American + French Revolutions; Educational reform; Growth of laissez faire capitalism; New public venues and print media emerged

45
Q

Philosophes on Enlightened Despots

A

They believed absolute rulers should promote the good of people, but that people were not capable of ruling themselves

46
Q

Reforms of the enlightened despots…

A

Religious toleration; Streamlined legal codes; Increased access to education; Reduction/ elimination of torture and death penalty

47
Q

Frederick the Great of Prussia

A

Greatest ruler in German history; Patronized Voltaire; His reforms mostly intended to increase power of the state; Peasantry didn’t benefit from his reforms; Allowed religious freedom; Promoted education in schools and universities; Streamlined laws–judicial system became more efficent in deciding cases; Freed the serfs on CROWN LANDS—remained full force on noble estates; Reduced censorship; Improved state of Bureaucracy by requiring examinations of civil servants; Abolished capital punishment

48
Q

Social structure in Prussia remained…

A

Heavily stratified; Serfdom on noble lands was maintained; Junkers were backbone of Prussia’s military and state

49
Q

Junkers

A

Prussian nobility

50
Q

Catherine the Greate

A

One of greatest ruler in Euro history; Least Enlightened of the enlightened despots; Diderot lived in her court for a time; Gave nobility absolute control of their serfs in return for support from nobility; Imported Western Culture into Russia; Supported first private printing press; A school for noble girls was founded; Practice of torture was restricted; Limited degree of Religious toleration allowed; Jews granted civil equality; Territorial Growth was sifnificant

51
Q

Shortcomings of Catherine’s reforms

A

Only State and nobility benefited; Nobles were freed from taxes; Serfdom became more sever;

52
Q

Territorial Growth of Catherine the Great

A

Annexed Polish territory; Gained Ottoman land; Began conquest of Caucasus region; Provided Catherine with new lands to give to nobility to earn their loyalty

53
Q

Maria Theresa

A

Austria; Sought to improve condition of her people through absolute rule; Conservative and cautious; Centralized control of Habsburg Empire; Limited power of nobles; Reduced power of lords over their serfs; Nobles were taxed; Helped the condition of serfs; Brought the Catholic Church in Austria under state control; Promoted economic development; NOT considered an enlightened despot

54
Q

Joseph II

A

Ruled with his mother, Maria Theresa as co-regent until her death; Greatest of the Enlightened despots– in terms of reforms–was least effective

55
Q

Major Reforms of Joseph II

A

Abolished serfdom and feudal dues; Freedom of religion and civic rights to Protestants and Jews; Allowed freedom of the press; Reformed judicial system; Abolished torture; Expanded state schools; Established hospitals

56
Q

Why the Empire declined under Joseph’s reign

A

Austria was defeated several times in war; Austrian Netherlands were in revolt; Russia was threatening Austria’s interests

57
Q

Why was Marie Theresa not considered an enlightened despot

A

Was not a fan of the Enlightenment; She did not allow religious toleration–though did provide some toleration for Protestants

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