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AP Euro > French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era > Flashcards

French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era Flashcards

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1
Q

First Estate

A

Less than 1% of population; Clergy + Church exempt from taxes; Catholic Church in France owned 20% of land

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2
Q

Second Estate

A

Nobility; 2-4% of population; Exempt from taxation; Experience great resurgence since death of Louis XIV; Allowed to tax peasants for own profit

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3
Q

Third Estate

A

Consisted of a few rich merchants, middle class, urban artisans, unskilled workers, and mass of peasants; Bore the vast majority of tax burden

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4
Q

Taille

A

Land tax

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5
Q

Tithe

A

Church tax

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6
Q

Peasants had to honor feudal obiligations like…

A

taxes and fees

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7
Q

Nobles enjoyed..

A

Hunting rights or the privilege of keeping game preserves and hunting on peasant’s land

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8
Q

Bourgeoisie demanded…

A

That political and social power be congruent with their emerging economic power; Resented the first and second estates who held all political and social power

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9
Q

Lettre de Cachet

A

Gov’t could imprison anyone without charges or trial; Hated by Bourgeoisie

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10
Q

Long term causes of French Revolution

A

Influenced by American Revolution; Increased Criticism of French gov’t was spurred by rising expectations of Englightenment

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11
Q

The Three Estates did not reflect the realities of…

A

wealth and ability of French society

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12
Q

Immediate Cause of French Revolution

A

Financial Mismanagement; During Reign of Louis XVI france was nearly bankrupt; France didn’t have central bank, paper currency, or means of creating credit

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13
Q

Major issue of Financial Mismanagement

A

Gov’t couldn’t declare bankruptcy as it had done in the past b/c Aristocratic and bourgeois creditors did not allow their loans to be repudiated by monarchy

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14
Q

Gov’t during this time was dependent on…

A

The poorest classes in society for revenue despite its having been taxed to its limit

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15
Q

Estates General

A

Feudal assembly that represented the three estates; Had only met twice

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16
Q

Common agreement among the three estates:

A

France should have constitutional monarchy; Individual liberties must be guaranteed by law; Position of parish clergy had to be improved; Abolition of internal trade barrier

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17
Q

main issue dividing three estates…

A

How Estates General should vote

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18
Q

Abbe Sieyes

A

Wrote “What is the Third Estate?;” Claimed Third Estate should have more power in France; Stated nobility should be abolished; Believed Third Estate represented vast majority of French society

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19
Q

National Assembly

A

Third Estate declared itself the true National Assembly of France after they refused to vote separately

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20
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A

Third Estae swore to remain together until it had given France a consituition; Third Estate thus assumed soverign power on Behalf of nation

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21
Q

Response to Tennis Court…

A

Louis XVI brought an army to Versailled

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22
Q

When did Louis recognize National Assembly?

A

When defections from 1st and 2nd estates forced him to recognize the assembly after he dissolved Estates General

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23
Q

Who dominated National Assembly?

A

Bourgeoisise

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24
Q

Storming of Bastille

A

Parisian revolution in response to food shortages, soaring bread prices, high unemployment, and fear of military repression; Stormed Bastille in search of gunpowerder and weapons

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25
Q

The storming of the Bastille inadvertently saved the…

A

National Assembly b/c King had been prepared to use force to put down new gov’t

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26
Q

Greate Fear

A

Peasants attacked manor houses in effort to destroy legal records of their feudal obligations; Middle class owerners also attacked

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27
Q

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

A

Became the constitutional blueprint for France; Influenced by American constitutional ideas; Sovereignty of the people

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28
Q

Classical liberalism

A

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights; Natural rights

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29
Q

Unity of National Assembly began to unravel when…

A

Dealing with issue of the monarch’s power

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30
Q

Rights of Women

A

Women gained increased rights to divorce, to inherit property, and to get child support

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31
Q

Drawback of Declaration of Rights

A

Women did not share equal rights; They could not vote or hold office

32
Q

Olympe de Gouges

A

The Rights of Woman; Applied offical Declaration to women explicitly in each case

33
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Vindication of the Rights of Woman

34
Q

Women’s March to Versailled

A

Women pushed revolution forward when shortages of bread persisted; Incited by Jean-Paul Marat; Forced King and Queen to move back to Paris and live at Tuleries

35
Q

Civil Consitution of the Clergy

A

Secularized Religion; Created a national church with 83 bishops; Biggest mistake made by National Assembly; Clergy forced to take loyalty oath to new gov’t

36
Q

Result of Civil Consitution

A

Deeply Divided France over issue of Religion; Half of French priest refused to accept it

37
Q

Eligibility to vote

A

Male, over 25 years old

38
Q

Middle class controlled gov’t through…

A

indirect method of voting and property qualification

39
Q

Edmund Burke

A

Wrote “Reflections on the Revolution in France;” Defended European conservatism

40
Q

Legislative Assembly

A

Replaced National Assembly in new gov’t; Members were younger and less cautious than members of National Assembly

41
Q

Jacobins

A

Dominated Legislative Assembly

42
Q

Girondins

A

Group of Jacodins that became left group of Revolution and led country into war; became party of international revolution

43
Q

Emigres

A

French nobles who fled France, who influenced Prussia and Austria to declare restoration of French Monarchy as goal

44
Q

War of First Coalition

A

French revolutionary forces were defeated by Austrian military

45
Q

National Convention

A

Monarchy was abolished; Majority of members were Jacobins

46
Q

Factions emerged among Jacobins

A

The Mountain and Girondin

47
Q

The Mountain

A

radical republics; urban class; Leaders were Danton and Robespierre

48
Q

Girondins

A

More moderate than MOuntain and predominantly rural

49
Q

sans culottes

A

Predominantly from working-class; Extremely radical; Became very influential on National Convention; Responsible for storming Bastille, marching to Versailles

50
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A

Became an emergency gov’t to deal with internal and external challenges to revolution; Led by Robespierre; ; Collaborated with sans-culottes

51
Q

Reign of Terror

A

Most notorious event of French Revoltuion

52
Q

Law of Supects

A

alleged enemies of revolution were brought before Revolutionary Tirbunals that were created to hear cases of treason

53
Q

The reign of terror became a…

A

Political weapon not directed at any class in particular; Mostly peasants were killed

54
Q

Danton and his followers were…

A

executed during Reign of Terror

55
Q

The DIrectory

A

New Conistution written which set up a republican form of gov’t; Ended influence of sans culottes

56
Q

Middle class controlled the…

A

Government; This became Directory’s biggest weakness as it’s support came from narrow band of French society

57
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

Born of Italian descent to prominent Corsican Family on french island of Corsica; Military genious; Avid “Child of Enlightenment” and Revolution; Associated with Jacobins

58
Q

Consulate Period

A

Consitution gave supreme power to Napoleon

59
Q

First Consul

A

Napoleon, behaved more as an absolute ruler than revolutionary staesman; Wealth determined status

60
Q

Noleon thought of as the last and…

A

Most eminent of the enlightened desots

61
Q

Napoleon Refomrs

A

Many achievements of revolution were made permanent; Equality before the law; Freedom of religion; Property rights; abolition of serfdom; Denied women equal status with men except inheritance rights

62
Q

Careers open to talent

A

Citizens theoretically were able to rise in gov’t service purely according to abilities; Creation of new nobility to reward most talented generals

63
Q

Wealth determined…

A

Status; Gov’t rewarded wealthy people who effectively served state with pensions, property, or titles

64
Q

Napoleon granted amnesty to…

A

emigres in return for a loyalty oath; They soon occupied high posts in expanding state

65
Q

Under Napoleon, the working class movemnt was…

A

no longer politically significant; workers were denised right to form trade unions

66
Q

Concordat of 1801

A

With Roman Catholic Church; Napoleon wanted peace with church that would hel weaken link to monarchist who sought to restore bourbon throne; Religion could help people accept economic inequalities in French society

67
Q

Provisions of Concordat of 1801

A

Papacy renounced claims to Church property; French gov’t allowed to nominate bishops; Priests who had resisted Civil Consitutions of CLergy would replace those who had sworn oath to state; Extended religons toleration ; Replaced revolutionary calander with christian calander

68
Q

Bank of France

A

Served interests of state and financial oligarchy; balanced national budget; Established sound currency

69
Q

Napoleon Code

A

Legal unity provided first clear and complete codification of French law; Longest lasting legacy of Napoleon’s rule; Included civil code, code of criminal procedure, commercial code, and penal code; Resulted in stronge central gov’t

70
Q

Continental System

A

Napoleon decided to wage economic warface against Britain after his loss at Battle of Trafalgar; Sought to starve Britain out by closing ports on continent to British Commerce

71
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Representatives of major powers of Europe including France, met to redraw territorial line and to try and restore the social/ political order of ancien regime

72
Q

Battle of Waterloo

A

Last battle of Napoleonic wars; Napoleon defeated in Waterloo Belgium by England’s army; Napoleon sent to St. Helena

73
Q

Positive Achievements of Napoleon’s rule

A

Revoltionary insitutes were consoluted; French gov’t was centralized; Made lasting settlement with Church; Spread positive ahcievements of French Revolution spread to rest of Europe

74
Q

Impact on other Countries of Napoleon’s rule

A

Serfdom was abolished in most of Germany; Germany reorganized into 32 states; Prussia and Austria reformed military and provided some reforms

75
Q

Libilites of Napoleon’s rule

A

Repressed individual liberty; Subverted republicanism; Oppressed conquered people throughout Europe; Caused terrific suffereing as result of war

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