Chapter 1.2 Flashcards
New Monarchs
Rulers that gave power to themselves by reducing power of nobility and clergy; creaded more effective bureacracies; did not achieve absolutism until 17th century
Military Revoltution
invention of firearms; movement away from knights towards common men with weapons; higher cost = nobility could not keep up and turned to king for safety.
Valois Line of French Monarchs
royal house of France that rules from 1328 to 1589; came to throne by Philppe VI after death of Charles; ended with Charles VII
Louis XI
“Spider King” due to willy and devious ways; created a base for later development of a strong french monarchy; First of Valois Kings; delt ruthlessly with nobility (increased taxes. large army. close eye on clergy); actively promoted economic growth (encouraged industries and immigration)
Francis I
Brought power of appointing French Church Bishops to the King; created direct tax on all property
Concordat of Bologna (1516)
A decree-> king of France given power to appoint bishops to the Galleon Church; major blow to papal influence; One reason France remained Catholic; (King Francis I)
Taille
Head tax directly placed on all property and land; insituted by Francis I; allowed France to expand budget
Tudor Dynasty
Established place on thrown after Henry Tudor defeated last Yorkist King in war of Roses
Henry VII
First Turdor King; worked to reduce internal disension and established strong monarchal government; ended private wars
Star Chamber
Court; created to control irresponisble activity of nobbles; did not use juries + allowed torture to extract confessions; created by Henry VII to decrease influence of nobles
Henry VIII
successful from extracting income from traditional financial resources of English Monarch (judicial fees, custom duties, crown lands); used diplomacy to avoid wars; his policies enabled him to leave England with stable and propersous government
Ferdinand and Isabella
dynastic union of two rulers where both kingdoms remained seperate; stripped the Royal Council of nobles, replaced by middle class lawyers; reorganized military in Spain (creating strong infantry); Controlled Catholic Church in Spain
Reconquista
(1492) massive of christinization of Spain; goal was to remove last of Moors and Jews; Resulted in significant decline in Middle-Class
Conversos
Central target of Spanish Inquisition; Jews who had converted to Chrisitanity but were suspected of sliding back into Judaism or practicing in secret
Hapsburgs
Royal German Family; Wared against alot; Gained Power through Marriage
Holy Roman Empire
Failed to develop a strong Monarchy Authority; Also known as Hapsurg Empire; Consisted of 300 semi-autonomos german states
Charles V
most powerful ruler in Europe during 1500’s; ruled Spain at it’s height; sacked Rome in 1527 and fought Hapsburg -Valois Wars; Sought to prevent spread of Protestantism
Commercial Revolution
expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during 16th and 17th centuries; due to increased population, inflation, rise in capitalism
Capitalism
economic system based on fredom in which individuals may pursue their self interest; regulated only by competion of other and las of supply + demand; Commercial Revolution
Bourgeoisie
helped lead way to commercial revolution; France’s middle class had no privlages just defined by their wealth
Antwerp
during Charles V reign; The city that was the banking and commercial center of Europe in 16th century; located in Flanders
Amsterdam
became financial center in 17th century, after successful Dutch Revolt against Spain
Hanseatic League
A commercial and defensive confederation of Free Cities in North Germany and surrounding Areas; eventually controlled trade in Northern Europe; A mercantile association
Chartered Companies
State provided monopolies in certain areas; Ex: East Indian Company and Dutch East Indian Company; Companies became “State within a State” because they had their own large fleet of ships and military power
Joint-stock companies
Firm resutling when a group of people pooled their money to create a business/company; forerunner of modern corportation; early example of capitalism
Bourse
Stock-Exchange in Antwerp; “Stock Markets”; investors finaced a company by purchasing shares in stock
New Monarchs Laws where
Secular systems of laws opposed to religious
New Monarchs reduced power of nobility through…
taxation, confiscation of lands, and hiring of mercenary armies or creation of standing armies
Identity tened to be…
based on local area or region they lived in, not the “Nation”
Nobles, in return for their support of King….
gained titiles and offices, and seved in royal court
New Monarchies increased…
Public Debt!
Oppositon to monarchial power —
Nobles resented decline of their influence; clergy saw pope as leader, not monarch; Independednt town resisted more centralized monarchical control
Defeat of the duchy of Burgandy
removed the threat of a new state in Eastern France;
War of Roses
War between House of York and House of Lancaster; fought to civil war to gain crown; Yorkist were victoirous and gave rise to Tudors
Tudors did not have power….
over Taxation due to English Parliament’s standard procedures of law and taxation developed
Henry VIII
Broke away from catholic Church b/c would not grant divorce; established Church of England; oversaw expansion of Royal bureacracy; beacme most powerful king in English histroy up to time.
Many Jews fled to…
Turkey, North Africa, and Northern Europe
Hermandades
alliances of cities that were created to oppose nobles; helped bring cities in line with royal authority