Chapter 1.2 Flashcards
New Monarchs
Rulers that gave power to themselves by reducing power of nobility and clergy; creaded more effective bureacracies; did not achieve absolutism until 17th century
Military Revoltution
invention of firearms; movement away from knights towards common men with weapons; higher cost = nobility could not keep up and turned to king for safety.
Valois Line of French Monarchs
royal house of France that rules from 1328 to 1589; came to throne by Philppe VI after death of Charles; ended with Charles VII
Louis XI
“Spider King” due to willy and devious ways; created a base for later development of a strong french monarchy; First of Valois Kings; delt ruthlessly with nobility (increased taxes. large army. close eye on clergy); actively promoted economic growth (encouraged industries and immigration)
Francis I
Brought power of appointing French Church Bishops to the King; created direct tax on all property
Concordat of Bologna (1516)
A decree-> king of France given power to appoint bishops to the Galleon Church; major blow to papal influence; One reason France remained Catholic; (King Francis I)
Taille
Head tax directly placed on all property and land; insituted by Francis I; allowed France to expand budget
Tudor Dynasty
Established place on thrown after Henry Tudor defeated last Yorkist King in war of Roses
Henry VII
First Turdor King; worked to reduce internal disension and established strong monarchal government; ended private wars
Star Chamber
Court; created to control irresponisble activity of nobbles; did not use juries + allowed torture to extract confessions; created by Henry VII to decrease influence of nobles
Henry VIII
successful from extracting income from traditional financial resources of English Monarch (judicial fees, custom duties, crown lands); used diplomacy to avoid wars; his policies enabled him to leave England with stable and propersous government
Ferdinand and Isabella
dynastic union of two rulers where both kingdoms remained seperate; stripped the Royal Council of nobles, replaced by middle class lawyers; reorganized military in Spain (creating strong infantry); Controlled Catholic Church in Spain
Reconquista
(1492) massive of christinization of Spain; goal was to remove last of Moors and Jews; Resulted in significant decline in Middle-Class
Conversos
Central target of Spanish Inquisition; Jews who had converted to Chrisitanity but were suspected of sliding back into Judaism or practicing in secret
Hapsburgs
Royal German Family; Wared against alot; Gained Power through Marriage
Holy Roman Empire
Failed to develop a strong Monarchy Authority; Also known as Hapsurg Empire; Consisted of 300 semi-autonomos german states
Charles V
most powerful ruler in Europe during 1500’s; ruled Spain at it’s height; sacked Rome in 1527 and fought Hapsburg -Valois Wars; Sought to prevent spread of Protestantism
Commercial Revolution
expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during 16th and 17th centuries; due to increased population, inflation, rise in capitalism
Capitalism
economic system based on fredom in which individuals may pursue their self interest; regulated only by competion of other and las of supply + demand; Commercial Revolution
Bourgeoisie
helped lead way to commercial revolution; France’s middle class had no privlages just defined by their wealth
Antwerp
during Charles V reign; The city that was the banking and commercial center of Europe in 16th century; located in Flanders
Amsterdam
became financial center in 17th century, after successful Dutch Revolt against Spain
Hanseatic League
A commercial and defensive confederation of Free Cities in North Germany and surrounding Areas; eventually controlled trade in Northern Europe; A mercantile association
Chartered Companies
State provided monopolies in certain areas; Ex: East Indian Company and Dutch East Indian Company; Companies became “State within a State” because they had their own large fleet of ships and military power
Joint-stock companies
Firm resutling when a group of people pooled their money to create a business/company; forerunner of modern corportation; early example of capitalism
Bourse
Stock-Exchange in Antwerp; “Stock Markets”; investors finaced a company by purchasing shares in stock
New Monarchs Laws where
Secular systems of laws opposed to religious
New Monarchs reduced power of nobility through…
taxation, confiscation of lands, and hiring of mercenary armies or creation of standing armies
Identity tened to be…
based on local area or region they lived in, not the “Nation”
Nobles, in return for their support of King….
gained titiles and offices, and seved in royal court
New Monarchies increased…
Public Debt!
Oppositon to monarchial power —
Nobles resented decline of their influence; clergy saw pope as leader, not monarch; Independednt town resisted more centralized monarchical control
Defeat of the duchy of Burgandy
removed the threat of a new state in Eastern France;
War of Roses
War between House of York and House of Lancaster; fought to civil war to gain crown; Yorkist were victoirous and gave rise to Tudors
Tudors did not have power….
over Taxation due to English Parliament’s standard procedures of law and taxation developed
Henry VIII
Broke away from catholic Church b/c would not grant divorce; established Church of England; oversaw expansion of Royal bureacracy; beacme most powerful king in English histroy up to time.
Many Jews fled to…
Turkey, North Africa, and Northern Europe
Hermandades
alliances of cities that were created to oppose nobles; helped bring cities in line with royal authority
Who oversaw the Spanish Inquisition?
Conceived by Isabella but oversaw by Tomas De Torquemada (a dominican monk)
Cardinal Ximenes
suceesed in getting rid of oppostion to reform Catholic Church; Helped keep Spain Catholic
Center of Hapsburg power…
Austria
Hapsburg Empire was not a NEW EMPIRE because…
Emperor didn’t have centralized control; could not levy taxes; could not rasise army outside of own hereditary lands
Maximilian I
Hapsburg; gained territory in Eastern France through marrigage to Mary of Burgendy; sparked dynastic struggle between Valois of France and Hapsburgs
Significance of Boulism/ Mercantism
development of towns; Many serfs improved social position; Migration to towns and cities led to incerase in crime, poverty, unemployment, and sanitation problems; Town elites (Ex:bankers) struggled to effectly govern
Motives of Exploration….
God, glory and gold
Rise in nationalism (new monarchs) resulted in….
competition for empire and trade
Spain and Portugal sought to break…
The Italian monopoly on trade with Asia
Impact of Renaissaince….
search for knowledge, revival of platonic studies (especially math), awarness of living. and invention of printed book (spread more accurate texts and maps)
Martain Behaim
first European to make a globe
Portolani
navigational maps based on compass directions and estimated distances for ports and coastal areas; Portugal and Spain saw them as state secrets
Technological advances:
advances in astronomy; magnetic compass invented; Geometric quadrant; Mariner’s Astroglobe; Cross Staff
Portuguese Caravel
Lateen sail and rope riggings; Axial rudder; guns, gunpowder, cannons and horses
Portugueses establishes a commercial network along the…
African coast, south and East Asia, and Sout America
Prince Henry the Navigator
Financed numerous expditions along West African coast; financed school for sailing; Ushered in new area of European expoloration
Brazil
Portugal’s major colony in New World; Administraive stucture similar to Spain; Significant racial mixture resulted from importation of slaves for produciton of coffee, cotton, and SUGAR
Why did Europeans expand African slave trade?
In response to establishment of plantation economy in Americas and shortage of indigenous peoples
Slave Trade
Portugal first introduced slavery in Brazil to farm sugar plantations; Dutch West Indies Co. transported slaves to new world, as did England’s Royal African Co. when they entered the slave trade in late 17th century.
Middle Passage
Horrific journey for slaves across the Atlantic from West Africa to New World
An “American form” of slavery existed…
in Mediterranean sugar plantations
Triangular Trade
Britain shipped textile, rum, and guns to Africa; Africa traded with humans; Slaves transported to West Indies and North America; Natural goods sent back to Britain
Europe’s Colonial expanision led to…
global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices, and diseases
Result of Europe’s expansion….
destruction of indigenous civilizations, shift toward European dominance, and expansion of slave trade
Exchange of goods shifted economic power in Europe….
From mediterranean to the Atlantic states (ie: from Italy to Spain, Portugal, etc.)
Brought Atlantic States of Europe into an…
expanding world economy
For Europeans, the Columbian Exchange resulted in….
improved diet, increased wealth, and rise of global empires
Michel de Montaigne
contrasted greed & violence of Europeans to the natives; against New World treatment
The Potatoe
From South America; became most important new stape crop in Europe after Columbus’ discovery
Old World contributions to New World…
wheat, sugar, rice, and coffee, and tobacco; cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, and chickens (became important protein source for Indians)
Why was Spain a dominate state in Europe?
Because it established colonies across the Americas, the Caribbean, and the Pacific
Bartholomew de la Casas
Priest and former conquistador; Father had accomanied Columbus on 2nd voyage; publicaly criticized the way Columbus and successors treaded American Indians in “A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies”; Writings helped spread “black legend”
Black Legend
used in Protestant Countries where Spain was accused of using Chrisianity (apparantly) for killing natives; though Protestant countries also guilty of discrimating American Indians
Treaty of Tordesilles
The New World was divided b/w SPain and Portugal; North-South line drawn down middle of Atlantic; Spain’s territory was west of line, while Portugal’s was East;
In Tready of Tordesilles, Portugal was granted….
exclusive rights to African slave trade (Thus retained Brazil & claims in Africa while Spain revceived rest of Americas)
“Golden Age of Spain”
The Spanish empire in New World, that resembled the “New Imperialism”; The empire was divided into four vice-royalities, each led by a viceroy
Potosi Mine
The World’s richest Silver mine in Peru controlled by Spain
Encomienda System
Created to reduce the savage explotation of Indians in Spansih Empire; Poorly enforced; System-> Indians worked for an owner for certain amount of time but retained land to work for themselves; Forced labor of Indians was major reason why Spain imported few slaves from Africa
Mestizos
Spaniards married native women creating children of mixed and white descent
Creoles
Spaniards who were born in New World to Spanish parents; became elite class who dominated politics
Old Imperialism
Characterized by the establishment of ports and forts on coastal regions but not going inland to conquer entire regions or subegate populations (Portugal in Africa and Asia) (Contrast to Spanish New imperialsm)
Portugal established forts an dposts along….
The Guinea Coast and penetrated inand to Timbuktu in West Africa
Francis Xavier
led Jesuit missionaries to Asia, and converted some natives to Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan
France
had old-world style of imperalism; Quebec was France;s first settlement in New World (not founded until 1608
England
came into exploration relatively late; 1st permenant settlement was not founded until 1607 w/ Jamestown; More English came to New world than any other country
Bartholomeu Dias
Portugal; Rounded the Southern tip of Africa; Was the first big explortation
Afonso de Albuquerue
Portugal; established Portugese empire in Spice Islands; Laid foundation for Portugese Imperialism
Vasco da Gama
Portugal; Completed an all water expedition to India; Set up trading posts; Created huge demand for Indian goods; Helped decline of Italian City States
Hernando Cortes
Spain; Explored/ Conquered Mesoamerica for gold; helped create Spain’s new world empire
Francisco Pizarro
Spain; Conquered the Inca; Gold
Amerigo Vespucci
Spain; Explored Brazil; Possibly first European to realized he discored a new conintent in New World; America named after him because of false claim that he was first to see new continent
Ferdinand Magellan
Spain; Chartered Pacific; Fame +Fortune; Ship first to circumnavigate the globe and cross the Pacific Ocean
Christopher Columbus
Spain; explored most major islands of Caribean as well as Honduras (Central America); Wanted to Compete with Portugese Expansion; Ushered in era of European Exploration and domination of New World
Samuel de Champlain
France; exploring Canada and USA area (New England); For King and due to Uncle; established Quebec and settlements of New France; Mapped Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes
Sir John Cabot
England; Explored East Coast of North America, thinking it was Asia; wanted to find a faster route to Asia than Columbus; claimed land in Canada helping set England’s rise to power in North America
Who established the settlement at Cape of Good Hope?
Dias for Portugal
Who did Portugal lose right to spice trade to?
Dutch East India Company
