Midterm Review Flashcards
Ideal Man of Middle Ages
Man is well-versed in one subject and it is how to get to heaven
Ideal Man of Renaissance
Virtu (Renaissance Man should be well-rounded)(From Castiglione)
Literature of Middle Ages
Based almost solely on religion; Written in Latin; Church was greatest patron of arts and literature; Little political criticism; Hand-written
Literature of Renaissance
Humanism; Secularism; Vernacular; Covered wider variety of subjects; Focused on the individual; Increased use of printing press; Propaganda
Northern Renaissance focuses on….
Writings of early church fathers
Religion in Middle Ages
Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe; Church is supreme to the state; Inquisition; Dissenters dealt with harshly
Religion in Renaissance
The state is supreme to the church; “New Monarchs” assert power over national churches; Rise of skepticism; Popes worldy and corrupt
Sculpture of Middle Ages
More gothic; Extreme detailed; Relief
Sculpture of Renaissance
Greek and Roman classical influences; Free-standing; Use of Bronze
Painting of Middle Ages
Gothic Style; Stiff, 1-D figures; Less emotion; Stylized faces; Lack of perspective; Patronized mostly by Church
Painting of Renaissance
Increased emphasis on secular themes; Classic Greek and Roman ideals; Use of perpective; Chiaroscuro; Use of Oil Paints; Brighter colors; More emotion; Real People and settings depicted; Patronized largely by merchant princes; Renaissance opes patronized Renaissance art
Architecture of Middle Ages
Gothic Style; Pointed arches, barrel vaults, spires; Flying buttresses; Elaborate detail
Architecture of Renaissance
Rounded arches, clear lines, Grecco-Roman columns; Domes; Less detailed; Focus on balance, symmetry, and form
Technology of Renaissance
Printing press, new inventions for exploration
Marriage and Family of Middle Ages
Divorce non-existent; Marriages arranged for economic reasons; Prostitution in urban areas; Ave. age for marriage (women- less than 20 years old) (Men-mid-late twenties); Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage; Manners shaped men to please women; Relative sexual equality
Marriage and Family of Renaissance
Divorce available in certain cases (Protestant countires); More prositution; Increased marriages based on romance (but still more heavily based on economic considerations); Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione); Sexual double standard; Increased infanticide
Genoa, Venice, Milan
Northern Italian Cities; Developed International Trade; Profits from trade led to enormous partronage of the arts
Jacob Burckhardt
a 19th century historian, claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to Middle Ages
Republic of Florence
Medici Family- family power rested on banking and commerce
Cosimo De’ Medici
Allied with other powerful families of Florence and became the unofficial rler of the Republic of Florence; Most powerful of the Medici Rulers
Lorenzo de’ Medici
Know as “the Magnificent;” Major art patron
Duchy of Milan
Sforza Family; Major enemy of Florence throughout much of the Renaissance; Peace of Lodi
Caterina Sforza
Major art patron
Peace of Lodi
Resulted in a balance of power and peace between Milan, Florence, and Naples; Laster until the French invasion of the 1490
Rome
“The Papal States,” Controlled by the Pope
Napes
Controlled by Spain after 1435
Venice
Great Naval and Trading power; Longest lasting of the Italian city-states
Isabella d’Este
Most famous Renaissance female ruler; Rule Mantua
Condottieri
Leaders of private armies hired by cities for military purposes
Girolamo Savonarola
After Medici was removed from power; Established a theocracy in Florence with the help of France; Predicted French Invasions due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-states; Burned at stake in 1498 after the French were removed from Italy
Charles VIII
Led French invasions of Italy that made it a battleground fro international ambitions between France and effectively ended the soverignty of most Italian city-states
Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote “The Prince;” Modeled “The Prince” after Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander), who sought to unite Italy under Roman rule; MOst influential source on gaining and maintaining ower in modern Euro History; Emphasized practical politics
Who said “It is better to be feared than to be loved” and “the end justifies the means?”
Machiavelli
Symbolized the end of Renaissance in Italy
Armies of Charles V, and the sack of Rome in 1527
Humanism
Revival of antiquity (Greece and Rome) in literature
Characteristics of Humanism
Revival of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, and art; Strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings; Focused initially on studying ancient languages; Rejected Aristotelian views and medieval scholasticism; Believed in liberal arts educational program; Civic Humanism; More secular and lay dominated
Liberal arts education
grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy
Civic Humanism
education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs
Petrarch
Saw the Medieval period as the “Dark Ages;” “Father of Humanism” and first modern writer; Literature was no longer subordinate to religion
Bruni
Wrote “History of Florence;” division of historical periods; Civic humanist; First to use term “humanism”
Lorenzo Valla
Expert in the study of Latin; Translated Roman manuscrips; “Donation of Constantine” exposed false claims of the Catholic Church
Ficino
Founded Platonic Academy with the help of Cosimo de’ Medici; Translated many Plato’s works into Latin
Pico della Mirandola
“Oration on the Diginity of Man;” Emphasized that humans are capable of achieving great things and are made in God’s image; Major figure in the Platonic Academy in Florence
Medieval view of humans
Humans are insignificant and inherently sinful
Castiglione
“The Book of the Courtier;” Most important book on courtly manners writtend during Renaissance; Emphasized that a Renaissance man should be well-read in the classics, a gentleman, warrior, poet, musician, etc.; Women were essentially to be ornaments for their husbands
Printing Press
Created by Johann Gutenberg; Spread of humanistic literature to rest of Europe
Florence was the leader….
in Renaissance art during 1400’s
Giorgio Vasari
Contemporary Renaissance art historian who detailed the lives of many Renaissance artists; Major merchant families (like Medicis) provided massive patronage; Patronage also from local churches
Rome became the center of….
Renaissance art in the 1500’s
Pope Alexander Vi
Commissioned a fortune in Renaissance art
perspective
3-D effects; Developed by Brunelleschi
chiaroscuro
use of dark and light colors to create the illusion of depth
sfumato
blurring or softening sharp lines in painting; Developed by Leonardo
Masaccio
painted rule, nude human figures
Sandro Botticelli
painter; “Birth of Venus;”
Raphael
“School of Athens;” Numerous Madonna and Child paintings
Titian
greates painter of the Venetian school
Leonardo
Mona Lisa; The Last Supper
Sculpture technique of Renaissance
Use of Marble + Bronze; Free-standing sculptures; Glorification of human body and emphasis on individualism
Contrapposto
Stance
Ghiberti
Bronze doors for Florentine baptistery
Donatello
Sculptor; “David”
Michelangeol
“David;” “Pieta”
Renaissance Architecture
Utilized Greek temple architecture; Simplicity, symmetry, and balance; Brought back domes and Roman arches of ancient Greco-Roman tradition
Filippo Brunelleschi
architect of cathedrals (Il Duomo in Florence)
Leon Battista Alberti
Architect of cathedral
Michelangelo Architecture
dome atop St. Peter’s basilica in the Vatica
Christian Humanism
Emphasis on early Church writings( New Testament) for answers to improve society; Studied Hebrew + Greek text of the Bible and writings of Church Fathers; Emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional change and moral improvement; Writings led to criticism of the Catholic Church and paved way for Reformation; Northern Renaissance
Erasmus
“In Praise of Folly;” Criticized the immorality of Church leaders and clergy; Made “purer” translations of the Greek and Latin versions of New Testament; Most Famous intellectual of his time
Thomas More
“Utopia;” Created and ideal society on an island; To achieve harmony and order people must sacrifice indiviudal rights; Saw accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; Gap between rich and poor
Jacques Lefevre d’Etables
Leading French Humanist; produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritiative Bible
Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros
Reformed Spanish Clergy and church; Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition
Francois Rableis
“Gargantua” and “Pantagruel” -> satirized French society, emhasized education, attachked clerical education and monastic orders; Secular works portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes
Michel de Montaigne
Developed the “essay” form -> became a vehicle for testing new ideas; Skepticism
William Shakespeare
Works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism, and humanism
Miguel de Cervantes
“Don Quixote;” Masterpieve of Spanish literature, critical of excessive religious idealism and chivalric romance
Flemish Style of Northern Renaissance
Heavily influenced by Italian Renaissance; More detail throughout paintings (especially the background); Use of Oil paints; More emotional than Italian Style; Works often preoccupied with death
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish Painter; Most famous and innovative Flemish painter; perfected oil painting; Wood panel paintings used much religious symbolism; Detailed works; “Anrolfini and his wife”
Bosch
Netherlands; Master of Symbolism and fantasy; Art looked surreal and focused often on death and torments of Hell
Peter Brueghel the Elder
Not influence by Italian Renaissance; Focused on lives of Ordinary People
Albrecht Durer
Master of woodcut; First northern artist to master Italian Renaissance technique
Hans Holbein the Younger
Premier portrait artist of his era; Painted Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII
Fugger Family
A significant patron of art of Northern Renaissance
Mannerism of N. Renaissance Art
Against High REnaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity, and realistic use of color; Often used unnatural colors
El Greco
Mannerist; “Burial of Count Orgaz;” Spent most of creative life in Spain
Upper-Class women of Renaissance
Enjoyed increased access to education; Lost some status compared to women in middle ages; Now seen as “ornaments” to middle-class or upper-class husband; Sexual-double standard
Christine de Pisan
“The City of Ladies;” “The Book of Three Virtues;” Chronicled accomplishments of great women in history; Renaissance woman’s survival manual’ Perhaps Europe’s first feminist
Isabella D’Este
“First Lady” of Renaissance; Set example for women to break away from traditional role; Ruled Mantua after husband died; Founded School for young women
Artemesia Gentileschi
First female artist to gain recognition; First woman to paint historical and religious scences
Peasant woman of Renaissance
Status did not change compared to Middle Ages
The Catholic Church claimed that “powers” came from either…
God or the Devil
The Catholic Church used witch hunts to…
gain control over village life in rural areas
Scientific Revolution and end of Witch hunts
Discredited Superstition; Advances in Medicine and the creation of insurance companies enabled people to better take care of selves when problems struck; Using witch trials for political gain became risky because accusers could become the accused; Protestant Reformation emphasized God as only spiritual force in universe
Joan Kelly; “Did Women have a Renaissance/”
Middle-Class Women suffered a decline in status during Italian Renaissance; Upper-class women exclusivly relegated to private sphere
New Monarchs
Consolidated power and created early foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-states; Utilized ancient Roman Law
Characteristics of New Monarchies
Reduced power of nobles through taxation, confiscation of lands, and hiring of mercenary armies; Reduced power of clergy; Created more efficient bureaucracies; Increased political influence of French Bourgeoisie; Increased public debt
Louis XI
“Spider King;” Large royal army; Suppressed nobles; high taxes; power over clergy; Actively encouraged economic growth
Concordat of Bologna
King now appointed bishops to Gallican Church; Major reason why Reformation did not take hold in France
Francis I
Concordat of Bologna; Taille (head tax on all land and property; large royal army
War of Roses
House of York Defeated House of Lancaster; Gave rise to Tudor Dynasty
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon + Isabella of Catile…
began process of centralizing power; Unified Spain
Reconquista
Removed last of Moors; Explusion of Jews
Spanish Inquisition
Oversaw by Tomas de Torquemada (Dominican Monk): Targeted Conversos, Jews who had converted to Christianity but suspected of backsliding; Began wave of anti-Semitism in Europe
Habsburg Empire
HRE; Consisted of 300 semi-autonomous German states; Not a “new monarch;” Center of power was in Austria
Charles V
Most powerful ruler in Europe; First Holy Roman Emperor; Ruled Spanish and Austrian Hapsburg Branches; Sacked Rome; Wanted to prevent spread of Protestant Reformation in Germany
Commerical Revolution
Brought about age of discovery and exploration
Causes of Comerical Revolution
Population growth; Price Revolution; States and emerging powers sought to increase their economic power; Rise in Capitalism
Price Revolution
Long, slow upward trend; Increased food prices; Increased volume of money; Influx of gold + silver
New Industries of Commerical Revolution
Cloth, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons, muskets; Sugar, tea, rice
Mercantilism
Nations (France, England, and Netherlands) sought self-sufficient economy and favorable balance of trade; “Bullionism:
Protestant Reformation Causes
Crises (ie: Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Conciliar Moevement) Hurt presitge of Catholic Church and clergy; Corruption of Catholic Church; Critics of CHurch emphaseized a personal relationship with God; Commercial Revoltion resulted in capitalist investments in overseas exploration; Religious desire to convert pagan peoples in New World
Waldseemuller
World Map
Portugese caravel
lighter, faster ships; could sail into the wind
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese; Financed exploration along coast of West Africa
Bartholomew Diaz
Rounded Southern tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama
Rounded south of Africa and found all-water route to India; Caused major blow to Italian city-states’ monoploy on trade with Asia
Pedro Cabral
discovered Brazil
Amerigo Vespucci
First European to realize a new continent had been found; “America” named after him
Christopher Columbus
First European to reach New World since Vikings; Spanish
Bartholomew de las Casas
Writings about Columbus and his sccessors’ cruel treatment of Indians; helped spead “Black legend” in Protestant countries regarding Spanish Empire
Treaty of Tordesillas
New World divided by Spain and Portugal; Pope Leo Vi
Ferdinand Magellan
His ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe
Hernando Cotes
conquered Aztecs in MesoAmerica
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered Incas in South America
“New” Imperialism
Instead of conquering, set up trading posts and ports
“New Imperialism” in Africa and Asia
Establishing posts and forst on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conqer entire regions or subjugate their populations
Alphonso d’Albuquerque
Laid foundation for Portugese imperialism; Established empire in Indonesia
Francis Xavier
Led Jesuit missionaries to Asia; by 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity
Dutch East India Company
Became major force behind Dutch imperialism; Expelled Portugese from Celon and Spice Islands
Samuel de Champlain
founded modern-day Canada
England Exploration
Came into exploration late; Established first colony in Viginia; Far more English came to New World than other countries
Portugal first introduced slavery…
In Brazil to farm sugar plantations
From Europe to New World
Diseases (small pox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, tyhus); Plants (wheat, sugar, rice, coffee); Animals (Horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens)
Anglo-Dutch Wars
England sought to weaken Dutch dominance in Atlantic; Kicked Dutch out of New York and Delaware
War of the League of Augsburg
England and France fought over certain territories in North America; Dutch decline continud as they fought expensive and destructive war
War of Spanish Succession
Britain and France fought over northeastern North America
Treaty of Ultrecht
France lost Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay territoy to Britain; Spanish lost the asiento to Britain, allowed one British ship to sell to Spanish empire each year
Simony
sale of church offices
nepotism
Favoring family members
clerical ignorance
many priests were illiterate
John Wyclif
English; State that the Bible was the sole authority; Stressed personal relationship with God; Followers know as Lollards
John Hus
Bohemia; Ideas similar to Wyclif; Burned at stake for Criticism of CHurch
Erasmus
“In Praise of Folly;” Criticized corruption of church and hypocrisy of clergy
Impact of Renaissance humanism
Eventually led to reforms in the Catholic Chuch during Catholic Reformation; State Regulated monopolies created
Tsar ruled by…
decree ( an example of absolute power) but exlained his decrees to gain more popular suport
Table of Ranks
educational training for new civil service (mostly nobles); Peter the Great sought to replace old nobiliy with new service based nobility loyal to tsar
Russian secret police
ruthlessly crushed opponents
St. Petersburg
Largest city in Northern Europe by Peter’s death; Sought to create a city like Amsterdam; “Winter Palace” sought to emulate Versailles; Became capital of Russia; Peter ordered noble families, merchants, artisians, and peasants to move to city
Nicolaus Copernicus
heliocentric view
Vesalius
“The Structure of Human Body;” Renewed and modernized study of anatomy
William Harvey
“On the Movement of the HEart and Blood”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
developed powerfl microscopes; first to see and write about bacteria, yeast plants, living oragansims in a drop of water
Descartes
deductive method; “I think therefor I am.”
Significance of scientific revolution, leads to…
Enlgihtenment; Clash with religion; Agricultural Revolution; Improvement in Exploration; Decline in Witch hunts
