Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Euro > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Ideal Man of Middle Ages

A

Man is well-versed in one subject and it is how to get to heaven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ideal Man of Renaissance

A

Virtu (Renaissance Man should be well-rounded)(From Castiglione)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Literature of Middle Ages

A

Based almost solely on religion; Written in Latin; Church was greatest patron of arts and literature; Little political criticism; Hand-written

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Literature of Renaissance

A

Humanism; Secularism; Vernacular; Covered wider variety of subjects; Focused on the individual; Increased use of printing press; Propaganda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Northern Renaissance focuses on….

A

Writings of early church fathers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Religion in Middle Ages

A

Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe; Church is supreme to the state; Inquisition; Dissenters dealt with harshly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Religion in Renaissance

A

The state is supreme to the church; “New Monarchs” assert power over national churches; Rise of skepticism; Popes worldy and corrupt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sculpture of Middle Ages

A

More gothic; Extreme detailed; Relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sculpture of Renaissance

A

Greek and Roman classical influences; Free-standing; Use of Bronze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Painting of Middle Ages

A

Gothic Style; Stiff, 1-D figures; Less emotion; Stylized faces; Lack of perspective; Patronized mostly by Church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Painting of Renaissance

A

Increased emphasis on secular themes; Classic Greek and Roman ideals; Use of perpective; Chiaroscuro; Use of Oil Paints; Brighter colors; More emotion; Real People and settings depicted; Patronized largely by merchant princes; Renaissance opes patronized Renaissance art

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Architecture of Middle Ages

A

Gothic Style; Pointed arches, barrel vaults, spires; Flying buttresses; Elaborate detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Architecture of Renaissance

A

Rounded arches, clear lines, Grecco-Roman columns; Domes; Less detailed; Focus on balance, symmetry, and form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Technology of Renaissance

A

Printing press, new inventions for exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Marriage and Family of Middle Ages

A

Divorce non-existent; Marriages arranged for economic reasons; Prostitution in urban areas; Ave. age for marriage (women- less than 20 years old) (Men-mid-late twenties); Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage; Manners shaped men to please women; Relative sexual equality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Marriage and Family of Renaissance

A

Divorce available in certain cases (Protestant countires); More prositution; Increased marriages based on romance (but still more heavily based on economic considerations); Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione); Sexual double standard; Increased infanticide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genoa, Venice, Milan

A

Northern Italian Cities; Developed International Trade; Profits from trade led to enormous partronage of the arts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Jacob Burckhardt

A

a 19th century historian, claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to Middle Ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Republic of Florence

A

Medici Family- family power rested on banking and commerce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cosimo De’ Medici

A

Allied with other powerful families of Florence and became the unofficial rler of the Republic of Florence; Most powerful of the Medici Rulers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lorenzo de’ Medici

A

Know as “the Magnificent;” Major art patron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Duchy of Milan

A

Sforza Family; Major enemy of Florence throughout much of the Renaissance; Peace of Lodi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Caterina Sforza

A

Major art patron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Peace of Lodi

A

Resulted in a balance of power and peace between Milan, Florence, and Naples; Laster until the French invasion of the 1490

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Rome

A

“The Papal States,” Controlled by the Pope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Napes

A

Controlled by Spain after 1435

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Venice

A

Great Naval and Trading power; Longest lasting of the Italian city-states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Isabella d’Este

A

Most famous Renaissance female ruler; Rule Mantua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Condottieri

A

Leaders of private armies hired by cities for military purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Girolamo Savonarola

A

After Medici was removed from power; Established a theocracy in Florence with the help of France; Predicted French Invasions due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-states; Burned at stake in 1498 after the French were removed from Italy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Charles VIII

A

Led French invasions of Italy that made it a battleground fro international ambitions between France and effectively ended the soverignty of most Italian city-states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

wrote “The Prince;” Modeled “The Prince” after Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander), who sought to unite Italy under Roman rule; MOst influential source on gaining and maintaining ower in modern Euro History; Emphasized practical politics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Who said “It is better to be feared than to be loved” and “the end justifies the means?”

A

Machiavelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Symbolized the end of Renaissance in Italy

A

Armies of Charles V, and the sack of Rome in 1527

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Humanism

A

Revival of antiquity (Greece and Rome) in literature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Characteristics of Humanism

A

Revival of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, and art; Strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings; Focused initially on studying ancient languages; Rejected Aristotelian views and medieval scholasticism; Believed in liberal arts educational program; Civic Humanism; More secular and lay dominated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Liberal arts education

A

grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Civic Humanism

A

education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Petrarch

A

Saw the Medieval period as the “Dark Ages;” “Father of Humanism” and first modern writer; Literature was no longer subordinate to religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Bruni

A

Wrote “History of Florence;” division of historical periods; Civic humanist; First to use term “humanism”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Lorenzo Valla

A

Expert in the study of Latin; Translated Roman manuscrips; “Donation of Constantine” exposed false claims of the Catholic Church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ficino

A

Founded Platonic Academy with the help of Cosimo de’ Medici; Translated many Plato’s works into Latin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Pico della Mirandola

A

“Oration on the Diginity of Man;” Emphasized that humans are capable of achieving great things and are made in God’s image; Major figure in the Platonic Academy in Florence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Medieval view of humans

A

Humans are insignificant and inherently sinful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Castiglione

A

“The Book of the Courtier;” Most important book on courtly manners writtend during Renaissance; Emphasized that a Renaissance man should be well-read in the classics, a gentleman, warrior, poet, musician, etc.; Women were essentially to be ornaments for their husbands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Printing Press

A

Created by Johann Gutenberg; Spread of humanistic literature to rest of Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Florence was the leader….

A

in Renaissance art during 1400’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Giorgio Vasari

A

Contemporary Renaissance art historian who detailed the lives of many Renaissance artists; Major merchant families (like Medicis) provided massive patronage; Patronage also from local churches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Rome became the center of….

A

Renaissance art in the 1500’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Pope Alexander Vi

A

Commissioned a fortune in Renaissance art

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

perspective

A

3-D effects; Developed by Brunelleschi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

chiaroscuro

A

use of dark and light colors to create the illusion of depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

sfumato

A

blurring or softening sharp lines in painting; Developed by Leonardo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Masaccio

A

painted rule, nude human figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Sandro Botticelli

A

painter; “Birth of Venus;”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Raphael

A

“School of Athens;” Numerous Madonna and Child paintings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Titian

A

greates painter of the Venetian school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Leonardo

A

Mona Lisa; The Last Supper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Sculpture technique of Renaissance

A

Use of Marble + Bronze; Free-standing sculptures; Glorification of human body and emphasis on individualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Contrapposto

A

Stance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Ghiberti

A

Bronze doors for Florentine baptistery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Donatello

A

Sculptor; “David”

63
Q

Michelangeol

A

“David;” “Pieta”

64
Q

Renaissance Architecture

A

Utilized Greek temple architecture; Simplicity, symmetry, and balance; Brought back domes and Roman arches of ancient Greco-Roman tradition

65
Q

Filippo Brunelleschi

A

architect of cathedrals (Il Duomo in Florence)

66
Q

Leon Battista Alberti

A

Architect of cathedral

67
Q

Michelangelo Architecture

A

dome atop St. Peter’s basilica in the Vatica

68
Q

Christian Humanism

A

Emphasis on early Church writings( New Testament) for answers to improve society; Studied Hebrew + Greek text of the Bible and writings of Church Fathers; Emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional change and moral improvement; Writings led to criticism of the Catholic Church and paved way for Reformation; Northern Renaissance

69
Q

Erasmus

A

“In Praise of Folly;” Criticized the immorality of Church leaders and clergy; Made “purer” translations of the Greek and Latin versions of New Testament; Most Famous intellectual of his time

70
Q

Thomas More

A

“Utopia;” Created and ideal society on an island; To achieve harmony and order people must sacrifice indiviudal rights; Saw accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; Gap between rich and poor

71
Q

Jacques Lefevre d’Etables

A

Leading French Humanist; produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritiative Bible

72
Q

Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros

A

Reformed Spanish Clergy and church; Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition

73
Q

Francois Rableis

A

“Gargantua” and “Pantagruel” -> satirized French society, emhasized education, attachked clerical education and monastic orders; Secular works portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes

74
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

Developed the “essay” form -> became a vehicle for testing new ideas; Skepticism

75
Q

William Shakespeare

A

Works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism, and humanism

76
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

A

“Don Quixote;” Masterpieve of Spanish literature, critical of excessive religious idealism and chivalric romance

77
Q

Flemish Style of Northern Renaissance

A

Heavily influenced by Italian Renaissance; More detail throughout paintings (especially the background); Use of Oil paints; More emotional than Italian Style; Works often preoccupied with death

78
Q

Jan Van Eyck

A

Flemish Painter; Most famous and innovative Flemish painter; perfected oil painting; Wood panel paintings used much religious symbolism; Detailed works; “Anrolfini and his wife”

79
Q

Bosch

A

Netherlands; Master of Symbolism and fantasy; Art looked surreal and focused often on death and torments of Hell

80
Q

Peter Brueghel the Elder

A

Not influence by Italian Renaissance; Focused on lives of Ordinary People

81
Q

Albrecht Durer

A

Master of woodcut; First northern artist to master Italian Renaissance technique

82
Q

Hans Holbein the Younger

A

Premier portrait artist of his era; Painted Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII

83
Q

Fugger Family

A

A significant patron of art of Northern Renaissance

84
Q

Mannerism of N. Renaissance Art

A

Against High REnaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity, and realistic use of color; Often used unnatural colors

85
Q

El Greco

A

Mannerist; “Burial of Count Orgaz;” Spent most of creative life in Spain

86
Q

Upper-Class women of Renaissance

A

Enjoyed increased access to education; Lost some status compared to women in middle ages; Now seen as “ornaments” to middle-class or upper-class husband; Sexual-double standard

87
Q

Christine de Pisan

A

“The City of Ladies;” “The Book of Three Virtues;” Chronicled accomplishments of great women in history; Renaissance woman’s survival manual’ Perhaps Europe’s first feminist

88
Q

Isabella D’Este

A

“First Lady” of Renaissance; Set example for women to break away from traditional role; Ruled Mantua after husband died; Founded School for young women

89
Q

Artemesia Gentileschi

A

First female artist to gain recognition; First woman to paint historical and religious scences

90
Q

Peasant woman of Renaissance

A

Status did not change compared to Middle Ages

91
Q

The Catholic Church claimed that “powers” came from either…

A

God or the Devil

92
Q

The Catholic Church used witch hunts to…

A

gain control over village life in rural areas

93
Q

Scientific Revolution and end of Witch hunts

A

Discredited Superstition; Advances in Medicine and the creation of insurance companies enabled people to better take care of selves when problems struck; Using witch trials for political gain became risky because accusers could become the accused; Protestant Reformation emphasized God as only spiritual force in universe

94
Q

Joan Kelly; “Did Women have a Renaissance/”

A

Middle-Class Women suffered a decline in status during Italian Renaissance; Upper-class women exclusivly relegated to private sphere

95
Q

New Monarchs

A

Consolidated power and created early foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-states; Utilized ancient Roman Law

96
Q

Characteristics of New Monarchies

A

Reduced power of nobles through taxation, confiscation of lands, and hiring of mercenary armies; Reduced power of clergy; Created more efficient bureaucracies; Increased political influence of French Bourgeoisie; Increased public debt

97
Q

Louis XI

A

“Spider King;” Large royal army; Suppressed nobles; high taxes; power over clergy; Actively encouraged economic growth

98
Q

Concordat of Bologna

A

King now appointed bishops to Gallican Church; Major reason why Reformation did not take hold in France

99
Q

Francis I

A

Concordat of Bologna; Taille (head tax on all land and property; large royal army

100
Q

War of Roses

A

House of York Defeated House of Lancaster; Gave rise to Tudor Dynasty

101
Q

Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon + Isabella of Catile…

A

began process of centralizing power; Unified Spain

102
Q

Reconquista

A

Removed last of Moors; Explusion of Jews

103
Q

Spanish Inquisition

A

Oversaw by Tomas de Torquemada (Dominican Monk): Targeted Conversos, Jews who had converted to Christianity but suspected of backsliding; Began wave of anti-Semitism in Europe

104
Q

Habsburg Empire

A

HRE; Consisted of 300 semi-autonomous German states; Not a “new monarch;” Center of power was in Austria

105
Q

Charles V

A

Most powerful ruler in Europe; First Holy Roman Emperor; Ruled Spanish and Austrian Hapsburg Branches; Sacked Rome; Wanted to prevent spread of Protestant Reformation in Germany

106
Q

Commerical Revolution

A

Brought about age of discovery and exploration

107
Q

Causes of Comerical Revolution

A

Population growth; Price Revolution; States and emerging powers sought to increase their economic power; Rise in Capitalism

108
Q

Price Revolution

A

Long, slow upward trend; Increased food prices; Increased volume of money; Influx of gold + silver

109
Q

New Industries of Commerical Revolution

A

Cloth, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons, muskets; Sugar, tea, rice

110
Q

Mercantilism

A

Nations (France, England, and Netherlands) sought self-sufficient economy and favorable balance of trade; “Bullionism:

111
Q

Protestant Reformation Causes

A

Crises (ie: Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Conciliar Moevement) Hurt presitge of Catholic Church and clergy; Corruption of Catholic Church; Critics of CHurch emphaseized a personal relationship with God; Commercial Revoltion resulted in capitalist investments in overseas exploration; Religious desire to convert pagan peoples in New World

112
Q

Waldseemuller

A

World Map

113
Q

Portugese caravel

A

lighter, faster ships; could sail into the wind

114
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A

Portuguese; Financed exploration along coast of West Africa

115
Q

Bartholomew Diaz

A

Rounded Southern tip of Africa

116
Q

Vasco da Gama

A

Rounded south of Africa and found all-water route to India; Caused major blow to Italian city-states’ monoploy on trade with Asia

117
Q

Pedro Cabral

A

discovered Brazil

118
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A

First European to realize a new continent had been found; “America” named after him

119
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

First European to reach New World since Vikings; Spanish

120
Q

Bartholomew de las Casas

A

Writings about Columbus and his sccessors’ cruel treatment of Indians; helped spead “Black legend” in Protestant countries regarding Spanish Empire

121
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

New World divided by Spain and Portugal; Pope Leo Vi

122
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

His ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe

123
Q

Hernando Cotes

A

conquered Aztecs in MesoAmerica

124
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

Conquered Incas in South America

125
Q

“New” Imperialism

A

Instead of conquering, set up trading posts and ports

126
Q

“New Imperialism” in Africa and Asia

A

Establishing posts and forst on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conqer entire regions or subjugate their populations

127
Q

Alphonso d’Albuquerque

A

Laid foundation for Portugese imperialism; Established empire in Indonesia

128
Q

Francis Xavier

A

Led Jesuit missionaries to Asia; by 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity

129
Q

Dutch East India Company

A

Became major force behind Dutch imperialism; Expelled Portugese from Celon and Spice Islands

130
Q

Samuel de Champlain

A

founded modern-day Canada

131
Q

England Exploration

A

Came into exploration late; Established first colony in Viginia; Far more English came to New World than other countries

132
Q

Portugal first introduced slavery…

A

In Brazil to farm sugar plantations

133
Q

From Europe to New World

A

Diseases (small pox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, tyhus); Plants (wheat, sugar, rice, coffee); Animals (Horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens)

134
Q

Anglo-Dutch Wars

A

England sought to weaken Dutch dominance in Atlantic; Kicked Dutch out of New York and Delaware

135
Q

War of the League of Augsburg

A

England and France fought over certain territories in North America; Dutch decline continud as they fought expensive and destructive war

136
Q

War of Spanish Succession

A

Britain and France fought over northeastern North America

137
Q

Treaty of Ultrecht

A

France lost Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay territoy to Britain; Spanish lost the asiento to Britain, allowed one British ship to sell to Spanish empire each year

138
Q

Simony

A

sale of church offices

139
Q

nepotism

A

Favoring family members

140
Q

clerical ignorance

A

many priests were illiterate

141
Q

John Wyclif

A

English; State that the Bible was the sole authority; Stressed personal relationship with God; Followers know as Lollards

142
Q

John Hus

A

Bohemia; Ideas similar to Wyclif; Burned at stake for Criticism of CHurch

143
Q

Erasmus

A

“In Praise of Folly;” Criticized corruption of church and hypocrisy of clergy

144
Q

Impact of Renaissance humanism

A

Eventually led to reforms in the Catholic Chuch during Catholic Reformation; State Regulated monopolies created

145
Q

Tsar ruled by…

A

decree ( an example of absolute power) but exlained his decrees to gain more popular suport

146
Q

Table of Ranks

A

educational training for new civil service (mostly nobles); Peter the Great sought to replace old nobiliy with new service based nobility loyal to tsar

147
Q

Russian secret police

A

ruthlessly crushed opponents

148
Q

St. Petersburg

A

Largest city in Northern Europe by Peter’s death; Sought to create a city like Amsterdam; “Winter Palace” sought to emulate Versailles; Became capital of Russia; Peter ordered noble families, merchants, artisians, and peasants to move to city

149
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

heliocentric view

150
Q

Vesalius

A

“The Structure of Human Body;” Renewed and modernized study of anatomy

151
Q

William Harvey

A

“On the Movement of the HEart and Blood”

152
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

developed powerfl microscopes; first to see and write about bacteria, yeast plants, living oragansims in a drop of water

153
Q

Descartes

A

deductive method; “I think therefor I am.”

154
Q

Significance of scientific revolution, leads to…

A

Enlgihtenment; Clash with religion; Agricultural Revolution; Improvement in Exploration; Decline in Witch hunts

AP Euro (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions