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AP Euro > Wars of Religion > Flashcards

Wars of Religion Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Religious Pluralism challenged…

A

the concept of a unified Europe

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2
Q

From 1560 to 1648: wars would be fought mostly over…

A

religious issues

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3
Q

Spain’s Goal

A

To end Protestantism in Western Europe and the spread of Islam in the Mediterranean

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4
Q

French Catholics’ Goal

A

To Squash Hugenots

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5
Q

HRE Goal

A

Re-impose Catholicism to Germany

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6
Q

Calvinist Netherlands’ Goal

A

Break away from Spanish Rule

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7
Q

Conflicts among religious groups overlapped with…

A

political and economic competition

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8
Q

Habsburg rulers failed…

A

to restore Catholic unity across Europe

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9
Q

Philip II

A

Habsburg ruler; Sought to re-impose Catholicism in Europe; Under him, Spain became dominant country in Europe; Ruled during “Golden Age” of Spain

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10
Q

Escorial

A

During Philip II rule; new royal palace (and monastary) built in Madrid to commemorate the martydrom of St. Lawrence

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11
Q

What did Escorial symbolize?

A

The power of Philip II and his commitment to his Catholic Crusade

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12
Q

Why did Spainish wage war against Turks in Mediterranean?

A

To Secure Region for Christian Merchants

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13
Q

Battle of Lepanto

A

Spain Defeated the Turkish navy off of coast of Greece; Spainish religious fervor in battle similar to earlier christian crusades; Spainish victory ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean

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14
Q

Dutch Revolt

A

William of Orange led United Provinces of Netherlands against the Spanish Inquisition of Philip II; Received aid from England (under Elizabeth I); Major blow to Philip’s goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire; Spanish Netherlands stayed under Spanish Control

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15
Q

The Dutch closing of Scheldt River resulted in the…

A

demise of Antwerp as Europe’s commerical center and the rise of Amsterdam

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16
Q

Queen Mary Tudor

A

Sought to re-impose Catholicism in England; Married Philip II

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17
Q

Elizabeth I

A

reversed Mary’s catholic course through Elizabethan Settlement; Refused Philip ii’s request of marriage; Elizabeth helped Protestant Netherlands in revolt for independence from Spain

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18
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Due to Philip’s want for revenge against England’s support of the Dutch; Philip wanted to make England Catholic Again; Spain’s attempt to invade England ended in DISASTER; Spain’s navy ruined due to raging storm in English Channel + effectiveness of England’s better armed navy

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19
Q

Spanish Armada signaled…

A

The decline of Spain and the rise of England as a World naval power

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20
Q

French Wars of Religion

A

9 wars from 1563 to 1589; After death of Henry II, a power struggle between Three noble families for the crown ensued; Valois remained in fragile Catholic control at start

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21
Q

Catherine de Medicis

A

regent of her Valois sons; fought hard to maintain Catholic Control of France; Dominated her son’s decisions

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22
Q

40-50% of french nobles became…

A

Huguenots (Calvinist); many were Bourbons

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23
Q

Competition for the French Throne

A

The Catholic Valois (in power); The Calvinist Bourbons (next in line if no Valois heir); Ultra Catholic Guise Family (anti-Bourbons)

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24
Q

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A

Occurred when the leader of Catholic aristocracy, Henry Guise, had a leader of the Bourbon/Huguenot party murdered the night before the marriage of Margaret of Valois and Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) that was suppose to reconcile Catholics and Hugenots; Catherine of Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinist in response

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25
Q

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre initiated the…

A

War of the Three Henry’s; wars between the Valois, Guise, and Bourbons

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26
Q

A few state like France allowed…

A

religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace

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27
Q

Henry IV

A

first Bourbon King; His rise to power ended the French civil wars and placed France on a gradual course towards absolutism; was a Politique; Converted to Catholicism to gain the loyalty of Paris

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28
Q

Politique

A

Ruler who sought practical political solutions rather than ideological ones

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29
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Henry IV granted a degree of religious toleration to Huguenots; ushered in an era of religious pluralism; It permitted Huguenots the right to worship PRIVATELY; Public worship was not allowed for Calvanist; Huguenots not allowed to worship AT ALL in Paris and other staunchly Catholic Cities

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30
Q

Perks of Edict of Nantes

A

Gave Huguenots access to univerities, public offices, and right to maintianed fortified town for self-protection; Gave Huguenots more religious protection than any other religious minority in Europe

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31
Q

Edict of Nantes more like a….

A

truce in religious wars rather than a recognition of religious toleration

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32
Q

States exploited religious conflicts to…

A

promote political and economic interests

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33
Q

Thirty Years’ War

A

Most important War of the 17th Century; Began due to Failure of the Peace of Augsburg

34
Q

Failure of the Peace of Augsburg

A

Was an agreement that gave German Princes right to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as offical religion in their states within HRE; THe truce lasted until factionalism in the HRE Started the Thirty Years War

35
Q

Bohemian Phase

A

A local and religious conflict; in Czech Republic where there was a Protestant majority but a Catholic King; Defenestration of Prague; Resulted in Battle of White Mountain where King Ferinand confronted Protestants and won

36
Q

Defenestration of Prague

A

Triggered the war in Bohemia; Two HRE officals were thrown out a window because the HRE placed severe restriction on Protestants in Empire; Emperor wanted to kill the calvinist noblity in Bohemia

37
Q

Danish Phase

A

Represented the height of Catholic power during the war; Albrecht von Wallenstein invaded N. Germany and won battles against Protestant armies

38
Q

Albrecht von Wallenstein

A

a mercenary general paid by HRE to fight for Catholic side; Invaded N. Germany and won important battles against Protestant armies; pushed Danish Republic out of HRE back to Denmark

39
Q

Edict of Restitution

A

the HRE declared all church territoires secularized and to be restored to the Catholic Church

40
Q

Swedish Phase

A

Protestants liberated territory lost during Danish Phase; King of Sweden led army that pushed Catholic forces all way back to Bohemia; Ended Hapsburg hopes of reuniting HRE; But Swedish Army later defeated by HRE; France then feared resurgence of Catholicism in HRE

41
Q

Gustavus Adolphus

A

king of Sweden; led army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia; later killed in Battle

42
Q

In response to Swedish Phase, the HRE…

A

reluctantly annuled the Edict of Restitution

43
Q

F of MV

A

Father of Mobile Utility was Gustavus Adolphus

44
Q

SSFF

A

Swedish Swords French Funds; During Swedish Phase

45
Q

French Phase

A

largest, bloodies, and most continental battle; Cardinal Richelieu allied with Protestants to defeat HRE; Allied with Holland, Sweden, Finland, and German mercenaries

46
Q

Cardinal Richelieu’s policies

A

reflected Catholic France’s diplomatic concerns as political, not religious; Politique

47
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

Renewed the Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism as a politically accepted faith; ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany; Guranteed that Germany would remain divided; Dissolution of HRE now conformed; Netherlands + Switzerland gained independence from Spanish rule; Pope denied the right to intervene in HRE affairs

48
Q

Through Treaty of Westphalia…

A

France, Sweden and Prussia received various territoires and gained international stature; Hapsbur branches weakend (Spanish and Austrian); 300+ German states became soverign

49
Q

Results of the Thirty Years’ War…

A

Germany was physically devestated (about 1/3 of population died); Germany was further divided by the decline of HRE; Ended the Wars of religion; Marked the begining of the rise of France as a dominating European power; England continued to rise, as well as Netherlands and Purssia; Balance of power diplomacy emerged in Europe

50
Q

EF-CHIP of Treaty of Westphalia

A

Ended Wars of Religion; France emerges as Europe’s most powerful country; Calvinism added to the Peace of Augsburg; Holy Roman Empire effectively destroyed; Independence for the Netherlands and Switzerland; Prussia emerges as a great power

51
Q

Biggest reason for English Civil War….

A

Religious persectution of Puritans by Charles I

52
Q

James I

A

Struggle grew between King and Parliament regarding taxation and civil liberties; Belived in “divine right” of kings and absolutism; Strongly defended the Anglican Church

53
Q

Parliament was composed of …..

A

many Puritans and Presbyterians

54
Q

Charles I

A

dissolved Parliament 2x; ruled as an absolute monarch ; raised money using Medieval forms of forced taxation; Ship money; Religious persecution of Puritans; beheaded

55
Q

Ship Money

A

all counties were now required to pay to outfit ships where before only coastal communities had paid; Charles I

56
Q

English Civil War

A

broke out in 1642; Cavaliers vs Roudheads

57
Q

Cavaliers

A

supported the King

58
Q

Roundheads

A

puritans; opposed the King; led by Oliver Cromwell

59
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

A Puritan independent and military leader of the Roundheads; led his New Model Army to victory over Cavaliers

60
Q

Pride’s Purge

A

Elements of New Model Army removed all non-Puritains from Parliament leaveing a “Rump Parliament” with only 1/5 of its members remaining

61
Q

Charles I was the first King…

A

in European History to be executed by his own subjects

62
Q

Sects that emerged from English Civil War

A

levellers; Diggers; and Quakers

63
Q

Levellers

A

radical religious revolutionaries who sought social and political reforms to create a more egalitarian society

64
Q

Diggers

A

denied Parliament’s political authority and rejected private ownership of land

65
Q

Quakers

A

influenced by Anabaptist; believed each person had an “inner light” within him/her; Rejected official church authority; Pacifists who opposed war; Women were allowed to Preach

66
Q

The Interregnum

A

Rule without a king

67
Q

The Commonwealth

A

a republic was created after the war that abolished the monarchy and House of Lords; failed to govern effectivyl

68
Q

The Protectorate

A

Cromwell became Lord Protector and insituted a Puritan dictatorship; Denied religious freedom to Anglicans and Catholics; Allowed Jews to return to England

69
Q

Cromwell invaded…

A

Ireland to put down an Irish uprising that favored a royalist forces in England

70
Q

Act of Settlement

A

The land from 2/3 of Catholic property owners was given to Protestant English colonist

71
Q

Cromwell’s control of Ireland

A

Ruled through the New Model Army; Very Brutal; About 20% of Irish population died under Cromwell’s policies

72
Q

Cromwell conquered Scotland

A

Scots continued strong support of the Presbyterians in England that had been removed by Cromwell; England’s rule over Scotland was more peacful than in Ireland

73
Q

Puritian dictatiorship in England

A

Sought to regulate the moral life of England; Commanded that people follow strict moral codes that were enforced by the army; Caused serious allienated people from Cromwell’s rule

74
Q

Illegal in Puritian Dictatorship

A

dancing, gamblin, drinking, and prostitution

75
Q

Van Wallesteine killed…

A

for treason by HRE

76
Q

Treaty of Westphalia created….

A

a balance of power; diplomacy

77
Q

Treaty of Westphalia ended

A

Catholic Counter Reformation; pope losses power

78
Q

Cause of English Civil War

A

James I + Charles I’s relationship with parliament

79
Q

Rump Parliament

A

Presbyterians removed; charles executed; only Puritan

80
Q

Vision of Puritan moral society enforced by…

A

new model army

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