Wars of Religion Flashcards
Religious Pluralism challenged…
the concept of a unified Europe
From 1560 to 1648: wars would be fought mostly over…
religious issues
Spain’s Goal
To end Protestantism in Western Europe and the spread of Islam in the Mediterranean
French Catholics’ Goal
To Squash Hugenots
HRE Goal
Re-impose Catholicism to Germany
Calvinist Netherlands’ Goal
Break away from Spanish Rule
Conflicts among religious groups overlapped with…
political and economic competition
Habsburg rulers failed…
to restore Catholic unity across Europe
Philip II
Habsburg ruler; Sought to re-impose Catholicism in Europe; Under him, Spain became dominant country in Europe; Ruled during “Golden Age” of Spain
Escorial
During Philip II rule; new royal palace (and monastary) built in Madrid to commemorate the martydrom of St. Lawrence
What did Escorial symbolize?
The power of Philip II and his commitment to his Catholic Crusade
Why did Spainish wage war against Turks in Mediterranean?
To Secure Region for Christian Merchants
Battle of Lepanto
Spain Defeated the Turkish navy off of coast of Greece; Spainish religious fervor in battle similar to earlier christian crusades; Spainish victory ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean
Dutch Revolt
William of Orange led United Provinces of Netherlands against the Spanish Inquisition of Philip II; Received aid from England (under Elizabeth I); Major blow to Philip’s goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire; Spanish Netherlands stayed under Spanish Control
The Dutch closing of Scheldt River resulted in the…
demise of Antwerp as Europe’s commerical center and the rise of Amsterdam
Queen Mary Tudor
Sought to re-impose Catholicism in England; Married Philip II
Elizabeth I
reversed Mary’s catholic course through Elizabethan Settlement; Refused Philip ii’s request of marriage; Elizabeth helped Protestant Netherlands in revolt for independence from Spain
Spanish Armada
Due to Philip’s want for revenge against England’s support of the Dutch; Philip wanted to make England Catholic Again; Spain’s attempt to invade England ended in DISASTER; Spain’s navy ruined due to raging storm in English Channel + effectiveness of England’s better armed navy
Spanish Armada signaled…
The decline of Spain and the rise of England as a World naval power
French Wars of Religion
9 wars from 1563 to 1589; After death of Henry II, a power struggle between Three noble families for the crown ensued; Valois remained in fragile Catholic control at start
Catherine de Medicis
regent of her Valois sons; fought hard to maintain Catholic Control of France; Dominated her son’s decisions
40-50% of french nobles became…
Huguenots (Calvinist); many were Bourbons
Competition for the French Throne
The Catholic Valois (in power); The Calvinist Bourbons (next in line if no Valois heir); Ultra Catholic Guise Family (anti-Bourbons)
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Occurred when the leader of Catholic aristocracy, Henry Guise, had a leader of the Bourbon/Huguenot party murdered the night before the marriage of Margaret of Valois and Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) that was suppose to reconcile Catholics and Hugenots; Catherine of Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinist in response
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre initiated the…
War of the Three Henry’s; wars between the Valois, Guise, and Bourbons
A few state like France allowed…
religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace
Henry IV
first Bourbon King; His rise to power ended the French civil wars and placed France on a gradual course towards absolutism; was a Politique; Converted to Catholicism to gain the loyalty of Paris
Politique
Ruler who sought practical political solutions rather than ideological ones
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV granted a degree of religious toleration to Huguenots; ushered in an era of religious pluralism; It permitted Huguenots the right to worship PRIVATELY; Public worship was not allowed for Calvanist; Huguenots not allowed to worship AT ALL in Paris and other staunchly Catholic Cities
Perks of Edict of Nantes
Gave Huguenots access to univerities, public offices, and right to maintianed fortified town for self-protection; Gave Huguenots more religious protection than any other religious minority in Europe
Edict of Nantes more like a….
truce in religious wars rather than a recognition of religious toleration
States exploited religious conflicts to…
promote political and economic interests
Thirty Years’ War
Most important War of the 17th Century; Began due to Failure of the Peace of Augsburg
Failure of the Peace of Augsburg
Was an agreement that gave German Princes right to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as offical religion in their states within HRE; THe truce lasted until factionalism in the HRE Started the Thirty Years War
Bohemian Phase
A local and religious conflict; in Czech Republic where there was a Protestant majority but a Catholic King; Defenestration of Prague; Resulted in Battle of White Mountain where King Ferinand confronted Protestants and won
Defenestration of Prague
Triggered the war in Bohemia; Two HRE officals were thrown out a window because the HRE placed severe restriction on Protestants in Empire; Emperor wanted to kill the calvinist noblity in Bohemia
Danish Phase
Represented the height of Catholic power during the war; Albrecht von Wallenstein invaded N. Germany and won battles against Protestant armies
Albrecht von Wallenstein
a mercenary general paid by HRE to fight for Catholic side; Invaded N. Germany and won important battles against Protestant armies; pushed Danish Republic out of HRE back to Denmark
Edict of Restitution
the HRE declared all church territoires secularized and to be restored to the Catholic Church
Swedish Phase
Protestants liberated territory lost during Danish Phase; King of Sweden led army that pushed Catholic forces all way back to Bohemia; Ended Hapsburg hopes of reuniting HRE; But Swedish Army later defeated by HRE; France then feared resurgence of Catholicism in HRE
Gustavus Adolphus
king of Sweden; led army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia; later killed in Battle
In response to Swedish Phase, the HRE…
reluctantly annuled the Edict of Restitution
F of MV
Father of Mobile Utility was Gustavus Adolphus
SSFF
Swedish Swords French Funds; During Swedish Phase
French Phase
largest, bloodies, and most continental battle; Cardinal Richelieu allied with Protestants to defeat HRE; Allied with Holland, Sweden, Finland, and German mercenaries
Cardinal Richelieu’s policies
reflected Catholic France’s diplomatic concerns as political, not religious; Politique
Treaty of Westphalia
Renewed the Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism as a politically accepted faith; ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany; Guranteed that Germany would remain divided; Dissolution of HRE now conformed; Netherlands + Switzerland gained independence from Spanish rule; Pope denied the right to intervene in HRE affairs
Through Treaty of Westphalia…
France, Sweden and Prussia received various territoires and gained international stature; Hapsbur branches weakend (Spanish and Austrian); 300+ German states became soverign
Results of the Thirty Years’ War…
Germany was physically devestated (about 1/3 of population died); Germany was further divided by the decline of HRE; Ended the Wars of religion; Marked the begining of the rise of France as a dominating European power; England continued to rise, as well as Netherlands and Purssia; Balance of power diplomacy emerged in Europe
EF-CHIP of Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Wars of Religion; France emerges as Europe’s most powerful country; Calvinism added to the Peace of Augsburg; Holy Roman Empire effectively destroyed; Independence for the Netherlands and Switzerland; Prussia emerges as a great power
Biggest reason for English Civil War….
Religious persectution of Puritans by Charles I
James I
Struggle grew between King and Parliament regarding taxation and civil liberties; Belived in “divine right” of kings and absolutism; Strongly defended the Anglican Church
Parliament was composed of …..
many Puritans and Presbyterians
Charles I
dissolved Parliament 2x; ruled as an absolute monarch ; raised money using Medieval forms of forced taxation; Ship money; Religious persecution of Puritans; beheaded
Ship Money
all counties were now required to pay to outfit ships where before only coastal communities had paid; Charles I
English Civil War
broke out in 1642; Cavaliers vs Roudheads
Cavaliers
supported the King
Roundheads
puritans; opposed the King; led by Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
A Puritan independent and military leader of the Roundheads; led his New Model Army to victory over Cavaliers
Pride’s Purge
Elements of New Model Army removed all non-Puritains from Parliament leaveing a “Rump Parliament” with only 1/5 of its members remaining
Charles I was the first King…
in European History to be executed by his own subjects
Sects that emerged from English Civil War
levellers; Diggers; and Quakers
Levellers
radical religious revolutionaries who sought social and political reforms to create a more egalitarian society
Diggers
denied Parliament’s political authority and rejected private ownership of land
Quakers
influenced by Anabaptist; believed each person had an “inner light” within him/her; Rejected official church authority; Pacifists who opposed war; Women were allowed to Preach
The Interregnum
Rule without a king
The Commonwealth
a republic was created after the war that abolished the monarchy and House of Lords; failed to govern effectivyl
The Protectorate
Cromwell became Lord Protector and insituted a Puritan dictatorship; Denied religious freedom to Anglicans and Catholics; Allowed Jews to return to England
Cromwell invaded…
Ireland to put down an Irish uprising that favored a royalist forces in England
Act of Settlement
The land from 2/3 of Catholic property owners was given to Protestant English colonist
Cromwell’s control of Ireland
Ruled through the New Model Army; Very Brutal; About 20% of Irish population died under Cromwell’s policies
Cromwell conquered Scotland
Scots continued strong support of the Presbyterians in England that had been removed by Cromwell; England’s rule over Scotland was more peacful than in Ireland
Puritian dictatiorship in England
Sought to regulate the moral life of England; Commanded that people follow strict moral codes that were enforced by the army; Caused serious allienated people from Cromwell’s rule
Illegal in Puritian Dictatorship
dancing, gamblin, drinking, and prostitution
Van Wallesteine killed…
for treason by HRE
Treaty of Westphalia created….
a balance of power; diplomacy
Treaty of Westphalia ended
Catholic Counter Reformation; pope losses power
Cause of English Civil War
James I + Charles I’s relationship with parliament
Rump Parliament
Presbyterians removed; charles executed; only Puritan
Vision of Puritan moral society enforced by…
new model army
