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AP Euro > Eastern Absolutism + Western Restoration > Flashcards

Eastern Absolutism + Western Restoration Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

English bill of rights

A

William and Mary accepted the bill; England became a consitutional monarchy; Established parliamentary sovereignty; Became the hallmark for constitusionalism in Europe

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2
Q

Parts of English Consitution

A

Petition of Right; Habeas Corpus Act; and Bill of Rights

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3
Q

Provisions of English Bill of Rights

A

Monarch could not be Roman Catholic; Laws could be made only with the consent of Parliament; Parliament had right of free speech; Standing army in peace time was not legal without Parliamentary approval; Taxation was illegal w/out Parliamentary approval; Excessive bail, cruel + unusual punishments were prohibited; Right to trial + resonable bail was guranteed; Right to bear arms (Protestants but not catholics); Free elections to parliament; Parliament could be dissolved ONLY by its own consent; Right of petition

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4
Q

Who had right to bear arms?

A

Protestants but not Catholics

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5
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

NOT a democratic Revolution; Power remained largely in the hands of the nobility + gentry; Parliament essentially represented the upper classes; Majority of English People didn’t have say in political affairs

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6
Q

A challenge to absolutism resulted in…

A

alternative political systems

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7
Q

The outcome of the English Civil War + Glorious Revolution….

A

Protected the rights of gentry and arsitocracy from absolutism through assertions of the rights of Parliament

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8
Q

The Restoration

A

Cavalier Parliament restored Charles II; While in exile he agreed to abide by Parliament’s decisions; Granted religious toleration

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9
Q

Due to the Restoration, Parliament was…

A

stronger in relation to the King than ever before in England

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10
Q

Charles II known as…

A

The “Merry Monarch” for his affable personality

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11
Q

Whigs

A

Composed of wealthy middle-class and Puritans who favored Parliament and religous toleration; More liberal; Initially were anti-catholic and opposed to James II

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12
Q

Tories

A

Initially supported James II as King; Composed of nobles, gentry, and Anglicans who supported the monarchy over Parliament; Conservative

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13
Q

Clarendon Code

A

Instituted by monarchists and Anglicans who sought to drive all Puritans out of both political and religious life

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14
Q

Test Act of 1673

A

Excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling meetings

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15
Q

Habeas Corpus Act

A

Whig Parliament sought to limit Charles Power; Enabled judges to demand that prisoners be in court during their trials; Required just cause for continued imprisonment; Provided for speedy trials

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16
Q

Charles took control of…

A

Scotland, even though Scotland gained its independedce when Charles II assumed the throne; Charles declard himself head of the Church of Scotland

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17
Q

Scotland and Charles II

A

Thousands were killed in Scotland for resisting Charles’ dictatorship; See as the “killing time;” Charles sought to impose episcopal form of church hierarchy in Scotland; Declared himself head of the Church of Scotland

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18
Q

James II

A

Inherited the throne from his brother Charles II; Sought to return England to Catholicism; Appointed many Catholics to high positions in gov’t and in colleges

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19
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

Final act in the political for political soverignty in England; Parliament was not willing to sacrifice consitutional gains of the English Civil War and return to absolute monarchy

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20
Q

Issues the drove Parliament to Glorious Revolution

A

James reissue of the Declaration of Indulegene and his demand that the declaration be read in the Anglican CHurch on two successive Sundays; Birht of a catholic heir to the English throne

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21
Q

Declaration of Indulgence

A

Granted freedom of worship to Catholics

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22
Q

James II forced…

A

To abdicate his throne; His daughter Mary (Protestant) and her husband, William of Orange, invited by Parliament to assume the throne

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23
Q

James fled to…

A

France after his offers for conessions to Parliament were refused

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24
Q

Second Treatise of Civil Governemtn

A

John Locke; Most notable defense of the Glorious Revolution; Stated that people created a gov’t to protect their natural rights

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25
Q

Toleration Act

A

Granted right to worship for Protestant non-conformists ( Quakers + Puritans); Though they could still not hold office; Did not extend relgious liberties to Catholics, Jews, or Unitarians (though they were left alone)

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26
Q

Act of Settlement

A

Provided guidlines for succession once the Protestant Stuarts had passed on; The Stuarts were no longer in the line of succession

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27
Q

Act of Union

A

United England + Scotland into Great Britain

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28
Q

Why would Scotland agree to give up their independence?

A

The Scots desperatly desired access to England’s trade empire and believed that it would continue to fall behind if it didn’t enter into a union; Scottish Presbyerians feared the Stuarts might attempt to return to the throne in Scotland

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29
Q

The Stuarts were…

A

Catholic

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30
Q

English Cabinet System

A

Leading ministers of the House of Commons governed the country; The Prime Minister was the leader of the gov’t

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31
Q

Prime Minister

A

Leader of the majority + leader of the gov’t

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32
Q

Sir Robert Walpole

A

Seen as the 1st prime minister in British hisotry; Led the cabinet from 1721-1742; Established the precedent that the cabinet was reponsive to the House of Common

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33
Q

George I

A

Hanoverian King who regularly attended cabinet meetings

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34
Q

George H

A

Hanoverian King who dicontinued the practice of meeting with the cabinet

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35
Q

Neither George H or George I

A

spoke English fluently and seemed more concerned with their territory in Hanover

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36
Q

The Dutch Republic developed…

A

An oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditonal rights

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37
Q

The Dutch Republic

A

Netherlands; First half of 17th century was golden age; Developed an oligarchy; goverment dominated by Bourgoisie; Gov’t run by representative institutions

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38
Q

Dutch Government

A

Gov’t consisted of an organized confederation of 7 provinces; Holland and Zeeland were most influential; Each province made own decisions; Each province elects a stadholder and a military leader

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39
Q

During times of crisis….all 7 provinces

A

Would elect the same stadholder; Usually from House of Orange

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40
Q

Relgious Toleration in Dutch Republic

A

Calvinsim was dominant religon; Enabled a cosmopolitan society that promoted trade

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41
Q

Arminianism

A

Calvisnism whithout predesination

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42
Q

Netherlands and Banking

A

Became the greatest mercantile nation of 17th century; Innovations in banking and finance promoted growth of urban financial centers and a money economy

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43
Q

Amsterdam

A

Became the banking and commerical center of Europe; Replace Antwerp that had dominated before; Was the Richest city in Euroe with a large population

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44
Q

Bank of Amsterdam

A

First central bank in Euro history; Offered far lower interest rates than ENlgihs banks -> major reason for its banking dominance

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45
Q

The Netherlands had to rely on…

A

Commerce since it has few natural resources

46
Q

The Dutch had the largest…

A

Fleet in the world dedicated to trade; They had several outsanding ports that became a hub of Euro trade

47
Q

The Dutch republic lacked

A

Gov’t controls and monopolies that interfered with free enterprise

48
Q

Fishing

A

Major Cornerstone of Dutch economy/ culture

49
Q

The Dutch East India Company

A

Organized as cooperative venture fo private enterprise and the state; Challenged the Portugese in Indonesia, India, etc, for East and Spice Islands

50
Q

Dutch West India Company

A

Traded extensively with Latin America and Africa

51
Q

By 1700, the Dutch dominated…

A

The spice trade

52
Q

Foreign Policy of Dutch REpublic

A

Dutch’s participation against the Habsburgs in theiry years was led to its recongintion as an Independent country

53
Q

What reduced Dutch’s power?

A

England’s Navigation Laws and the removal of the Dutch from New York reduced Dutch economic influence in North American; Wars with England and France damaged the Dutch Republic

54
Q

After the Austian defeat of the Turks…

A

The Ottomans ceased their westward expansion

55
Q

Three aging Empires

A

HRE; Ottoman; and Polish Kingdom

56
Q

HRE

A

Declined due to religious division due to the Reformation and religious wars; Split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist rinces

57
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

It couldn’t maintain Possessions in eastern Europe in the Face of the Austrian and Russian expanism; The decline in its western expansion reuslted in gradual disintegration of the empire

58
Q

Suleiman the Magnificent

A

The most powerful rule in the world during the 16th century; Nearly conquered Austria, captured Siberiam nearly 1/2 of Eastern Europe

59
Q

Highly talented Christian Children

A

From Conquered privinces were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire’s bureacracy or as professionals

60
Q

Janissary Corps

A

Those christian slaves who were not selected for the Ottoman bureacracy served loyally instead in the Turkish arm

61
Q

Ottoman Empire was fairly tolerant regarding

A

Religoin in its conquered provinces

62
Q

Ottoman Empire began to decline…

A

After it failed to conquer Vienna

63
Q

Liberum Veto

A

Voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; Very little coud be done to strengthen the kingdom

64
Q

Polish Kingdom decline

A

The inablity of the Polish monarchy to consolidate its power over the nobility led to Poland’s parition; Russian + Prussia encouraged certain Polish nobles to invoke the liberum veto to weaken Poland

65
Q

Poland was carved up by…

A

Russia, Austria, and Prussia

66
Q

Eastern Absolutism

A

Based on powerful nobility, weak middle class, and widespread serfdom

67
Q

France absolutism

A

Nobility’s power had been limited, middle-class strong, and peasants free from serfdom

68
Q

Threat of war with EUroe and Asian invaders…

A

Motivated eastern European monarch to consolidate power

69
Q

Three methods in gaining power

A

Kings imposed and collected permanetn taxes without the consent of their subjects; Permentant standing armies; and States conducted relations with other states as they pleased

70
Q

When did eastern europe reached its height?

A

During the reign of Russian Tsar Peter the Great

71
Q

Serfdom

A

Lords revived Serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges; Drop in Population created large labor shotages and hard time for nobles

72
Q

Lords demanded that their kings…

A

issue laws resiticing or eliminating peasant’s rights of moving freely; Laws were passed that froze peasants in their social class; Lords confiscated peasant lands and imposed hevier labor obligations

73
Q

Robot

A

Certain regions, pesants were required to work 3-4 days without pay per week for their local lord

74
Q

Serfdrom rought growth of…

A

Estate agriculture

75
Q

Effects of serfdom

A

Food prices increased due to influx of gold and silver fro mAmericas; Surpluses in wheat and timber were sole to big foreign mechants who explorted them to fee the wealthier west

76
Q

Rise of Habsburg Empire (Austria)

A

Ruler was traditionally selected as HRE; Ineffective Habsburg rule forced monarchs to turn inward to consoldate their diverse holidng into a unified state

77
Q

Largest part of Austrian empire

A

Hungary

78
Q

Dominant cultural group in Austrian Empire

A

Magards

79
Q

Austrian goverment organization

A

No single consitutional system or administration existed; Each region had a different legal relationship with the Emperor

80
Q

Ferdinand II

A

Habsburg ruler; gained Bohemia duirng the 30 years war

81
Q

Ferdinand III

A

Habsburg ruler; Centralized the gov’t in the old hereditary provinces of AUstria

82
Q

Leolold I

A

Severly restirced Protestantism

83
Q

Siege of Vienna

A

Successfully repelled Turks from gates of Vienna; Last attempt by the Turks to take central Europe

84
Q

Emperor Charles Vi

A

Austria was saved from Louis XIV during War of SPanish Succession with its alliance with Britian

85
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A

Habsburg lands were never to be divided and were to be passed intact to a single heir

86
Q

Hohenzollern

A

Ruler of Brandenburg Purssian; Became one of 7 elector in HRE; Marriages increasingly gave the Families control of German principalities

87
Q

Federick William

A

“The Greate Elector;” Strict Calvinist but granted toleration to Catholic and Jews; Admired Swedish system of gov’t and Dutch economic power

88
Q

Frederick William establish…

A

Prussia as a Great Power and laid the foundation for the future unification of Germany; Created most efficent army in Europe; Employed military power and taxation to unify Prussia

89
Q

Prussian military

A

Increasing military spending was achieve throughheavy taxes; Prussian nobility was not exempt from military

90
Q

Junkers

A

Formed the backbone of Purssian military officer; Nobles + Landowners who dominated the Estates of Brandenburg

91
Q

Frederick William encouraged…

A

Industry and trade; Skilled craftsmen and Dutch farmers were imported

92
Q

Prussian efforts at overseas trade largely…

A

Failed due to Purssia’s lack of ports and naval experiance

93
Q

Frederick I

A

“The Ostentatious;” First “KIng” of Prussia; Most popular of Hohenzollern Kings; SOught ot imitate the court of Louis XIV; Encouraged higher education

94
Q

Treaty of Ultretch

A

Prussia was recognized internationally as the “king of Prussia” in reutrn for aid to the Habsburgs

95
Q

Frederick William I

A

“The Solider King;” Most important Hohenzollern King; Calvinist; Obsessed with finding tall soldiers for his arm; Infused militarism with all of Purssian society

96
Q

Sparta of the North

A

Prussia

97
Q

Prussian Society

A

Militarism infused into all of Society; Unquestioning obediance was highest viture

98
Q

Prussian had best… in Europe

A

Army; had fourth largest army in Europe

99
Q

Prussian army was designed to avoid…

A

War through detterence

100
Q

Promotion in Prussian gov’t based on..

A

Merit

101
Q

Romanov Dynasty

A

Lasted until 1917

102
Q

Michael Romanov

A

Came to power in Muscovy after the Time of Troubles

103
Q

Romanov famliiy

A

Favored boyars in return for thier support; They reduced military obligations significanly

104
Q

Boyars

A

Russian nobles

105
Q

Bloody Cossack revolts

A

resulted in further resticition on serfs

106
Q

Peter the Great

A

Was nearly 7 ft tall; Westernized Russia

107
Q

Revolt of the Strelski

A

Moscow guards that had overthrown revious leaders; Defeated by Peter; Secured dPeter’s reign

108
Q

Treaty of Nystad

A

Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and gained its “WIndow to the West in the Baltic Sea

109
Q

Table of Ranks

A

Set educational standards for civil servants; Peter Sought to replace old Boyar nobility with new sevice based nobility loyal to the tsar

110
Q

Taxation in Russia

A

heavy on trade sales and rent; Head tax on every male;

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