Eastern Absolutism + Western Restoration Flashcards
English bill of rights
William and Mary accepted the bill; England became a consitutional monarchy; Established parliamentary sovereignty; Became the hallmark for constitusionalism in Europe
Parts of English Consitution
Petition of Right; Habeas Corpus Act; and Bill of Rights
Provisions of English Bill of Rights
Monarch could not be Roman Catholic; Laws could be made only with the consent of Parliament; Parliament had right of free speech; Standing army in peace time was not legal without Parliamentary approval; Taxation was illegal w/out Parliamentary approval; Excessive bail, cruel + unusual punishments were prohibited; Right to trial + resonable bail was guranteed; Right to bear arms (Protestants but not catholics); Free elections to parliament; Parliament could be dissolved ONLY by its own consent; Right of petition
Who had right to bear arms?
Protestants but not Catholics
Glorious Revolution
NOT a democratic Revolution; Power remained largely in the hands of the nobility + gentry; Parliament essentially represented the upper classes; Majority of English People didn’t have say in political affairs
A challenge to absolutism resulted in…
alternative political systems
The outcome of the English Civil War + Glorious Revolution….
Protected the rights of gentry and arsitocracy from absolutism through assertions of the rights of Parliament
The Restoration
Cavalier Parliament restored Charles II; While in exile he agreed to abide by Parliament’s decisions; Granted religious toleration
Due to the Restoration, Parliament was…
stronger in relation to the King than ever before in England
Charles II known as…
The “Merry Monarch” for his affable personality
Whigs
Composed of wealthy middle-class and Puritans who favored Parliament and religous toleration; More liberal; Initially were anti-catholic and opposed to James II
Tories
Initially supported James II as King; Composed of nobles, gentry, and Anglicans who supported the monarchy over Parliament; Conservative
Clarendon Code
Instituted by monarchists and Anglicans who sought to drive all Puritans out of both political and religious life
Test Act of 1673
Excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling meetings
Habeas Corpus Act
Whig Parliament sought to limit Charles Power; Enabled judges to demand that prisoners be in court during their trials; Required just cause for continued imprisonment; Provided for speedy trials
Charles took control of…
Scotland, even though Scotland gained its independedce when Charles II assumed the throne; Charles declard himself head of the Church of Scotland
Scotland and Charles II
Thousands were killed in Scotland for resisting Charles’ dictatorship; See as the “killing time;” Charles sought to impose episcopal form of church hierarchy in Scotland; Declared himself head of the Church of Scotland
James II
Inherited the throne from his brother Charles II; Sought to return England to Catholicism; Appointed many Catholics to high positions in gov’t and in colleges
Glorious Revolution
Final act in the political for political soverignty in England; Parliament was not willing to sacrifice consitutional gains of the English Civil War and return to absolute monarchy
Issues the drove Parliament to Glorious Revolution
James reissue of the Declaration of Indulegene and his demand that the declaration be read in the Anglican CHurch on two successive Sundays; Birht of a catholic heir to the English throne
Declaration of Indulgence
Granted freedom of worship to Catholics
James II forced…
To abdicate his throne; His daughter Mary (Protestant) and her husband, William of Orange, invited by Parliament to assume the throne
James fled to…
France after his offers for conessions to Parliament were refused
Second Treatise of Civil Governemtn
John Locke; Most notable defense of the Glorious Revolution; Stated that people created a gov’t to protect their natural rights
Toleration Act
Granted right to worship for Protestant non-conformists ( Quakers + Puritans); Though they could still not hold office; Did not extend relgious liberties to Catholics, Jews, or Unitarians (though they were left alone)
Act of Settlement
Provided guidlines for succession once the Protestant Stuarts had passed on; The Stuarts were no longer in the line of succession
Act of Union
United England + Scotland into Great Britain
Why would Scotland agree to give up their independence?
The Scots desperatly desired access to England’s trade empire and believed that it would continue to fall behind if it didn’t enter into a union; Scottish Presbyerians feared the Stuarts might attempt to return to the throne in Scotland
The Stuarts were…
Catholic
English Cabinet System
Leading ministers of the House of Commons governed the country; The Prime Minister was the leader of the gov’t
Prime Minister
Leader of the majority + leader of the gov’t
Sir Robert Walpole
Seen as the 1st prime minister in British hisotry; Led the cabinet from 1721-1742; Established the precedent that the cabinet was reponsive to the House of Common
George I
Hanoverian King who regularly attended cabinet meetings
George H
Hanoverian King who dicontinued the practice of meeting with the cabinet
Neither George H or George I
spoke English fluently and seemed more concerned with their territory in Hanover
The Dutch Republic developed…
An oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditonal rights
The Dutch Republic
Netherlands; First half of 17th century was golden age; Developed an oligarchy; goverment dominated by Bourgoisie; Gov’t run by representative institutions
Dutch Government
Gov’t consisted of an organized confederation of 7 provinces; Holland and Zeeland were most influential; Each province made own decisions; Each province elects a stadholder and a military leader
During times of crisis….all 7 provinces
Would elect the same stadholder; Usually from House of Orange
Relgious Toleration in Dutch Republic
Calvinsim was dominant religon; Enabled a cosmopolitan society that promoted trade
Arminianism
Calvisnism whithout predesination
Netherlands and Banking
Became the greatest mercantile nation of 17th century; Innovations in banking and finance promoted growth of urban financial centers and a money economy
Amsterdam
Became the banking and commerical center of Europe; Replace Antwerp that had dominated before; Was the Richest city in Euroe with a large population
Bank of Amsterdam
First central bank in Euro history; Offered far lower interest rates than ENlgihs banks -> major reason for its banking dominance
The Netherlands had to rely on…
Commerce since it has few natural resources
The Dutch had the largest…
Fleet in the world dedicated to trade; They had several outsanding ports that became a hub of Euro trade
The Dutch republic lacked
Gov’t controls and monopolies that interfered with free enterprise
Fishing
Major Cornerstone of Dutch economy/ culture
The Dutch East India Company
Organized as cooperative venture fo private enterprise and the state; Challenged the Portugese in Indonesia, India, etc, for East and Spice Islands
Dutch West India Company
Traded extensively with Latin America and Africa
By 1700, the Dutch dominated…
The spice trade
Foreign Policy of Dutch REpublic
Dutch’s participation against the Habsburgs in theiry years was led to its recongintion as an Independent country
What reduced Dutch’s power?
England’s Navigation Laws and the removal of the Dutch from New York reduced Dutch economic influence in North American; Wars with England and France damaged the Dutch Republic
After the Austian defeat of the Turks…
The Ottomans ceased their westward expansion
Three aging Empires
HRE; Ottoman; and Polish Kingdom
HRE
Declined due to religious division due to the Reformation and religious wars; Split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist rinces
Ottoman Empire
It couldn’t maintain Possessions in eastern Europe in the Face of the Austrian and Russian expanism; The decline in its western expansion reuslted in gradual disintegration of the empire
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most powerful rule in the world during the 16th century; Nearly conquered Austria, captured Siberiam nearly 1/2 of Eastern Europe
Highly talented Christian Children
From Conquered privinces were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire’s bureacracy or as professionals
Janissary Corps
Those christian slaves who were not selected for the Ottoman bureacracy served loyally instead in the Turkish arm
Ottoman Empire was fairly tolerant regarding
Religoin in its conquered provinces
Ottoman Empire began to decline…
After it failed to conquer Vienna
Liberum Veto
Voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; Very little coud be done to strengthen the kingdom
Polish Kingdom decline
The inablity of the Polish monarchy to consolidate its power over the nobility led to Poland’s parition; Russian + Prussia encouraged certain Polish nobles to invoke the liberum veto to weaken Poland
Poland was carved up by…
Russia, Austria, and Prussia
Eastern Absolutism
Based on powerful nobility, weak middle class, and widespread serfdom
France absolutism
Nobility’s power had been limited, middle-class strong, and peasants free from serfdom
Threat of war with EUroe and Asian invaders…
Motivated eastern European monarch to consolidate power
Three methods in gaining power
Kings imposed and collected permanetn taxes without the consent of their subjects; Permentant standing armies; and States conducted relations with other states as they pleased
When did eastern europe reached its height?
During the reign of Russian Tsar Peter the Great
Serfdom
Lords revived Serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges; Drop in Population created large labor shotages and hard time for nobles
Lords demanded that their kings…
issue laws resiticing or eliminating peasant’s rights of moving freely; Laws were passed that froze peasants in their social class; Lords confiscated peasant lands and imposed hevier labor obligations
Robot
Certain regions, pesants were required to work 3-4 days without pay per week for their local lord
Serfdrom rought growth of…
Estate agriculture
Effects of serfdom
Food prices increased due to influx of gold and silver fro mAmericas; Surpluses in wheat and timber were sole to big foreign mechants who explorted them to fee the wealthier west
Rise of Habsburg Empire (Austria)
Ruler was traditionally selected as HRE; Ineffective Habsburg rule forced monarchs to turn inward to consoldate their diverse holidng into a unified state
Largest part of Austrian empire
Hungary
Dominant cultural group in Austrian Empire
Magards
Austrian goverment organization
No single consitutional system or administration existed; Each region had a different legal relationship with the Emperor
Ferdinand II
Habsburg ruler; gained Bohemia duirng the 30 years war
Ferdinand III
Habsburg ruler; Centralized the gov’t in the old hereditary provinces of AUstria
Leolold I
Severly restirced Protestantism
Siege of Vienna
Successfully repelled Turks from gates of Vienna; Last attempt by the Turks to take central Europe
Emperor Charles Vi
Austria was saved from Louis XIV during War of SPanish Succession with its alliance with Britian
Pragmatic Sanction
Habsburg lands were never to be divided and were to be passed intact to a single heir
Hohenzollern
Ruler of Brandenburg Purssian; Became one of 7 elector in HRE; Marriages increasingly gave the Families control of German principalities
Federick William
“The Greate Elector;” Strict Calvinist but granted toleration to Catholic and Jews; Admired Swedish system of gov’t and Dutch economic power
Frederick William establish…
Prussia as a Great Power and laid the foundation for the future unification of Germany; Created most efficent army in Europe; Employed military power and taxation to unify Prussia
Prussian military
Increasing military spending was achieve throughheavy taxes; Prussian nobility was not exempt from military
Junkers
Formed the backbone of Purssian military officer; Nobles + Landowners who dominated the Estates of Brandenburg
Frederick William encouraged…
Industry and trade; Skilled craftsmen and Dutch farmers were imported
Prussian efforts at overseas trade largely…
Failed due to Purssia’s lack of ports and naval experiance
Frederick I
“The Ostentatious;” First “KIng” of Prussia; Most popular of Hohenzollern Kings; SOught ot imitate the court of Louis XIV; Encouraged higher education
Treaty of Ultretch
Prussia was recognized internationally as the “king of Prussia” in reutrn for aid to the Habsburgs
Frederick William I
“The Solider King;” Most important Hohenzollern King; Calvinist; Obsessed with finding tall soldiers for his arm; Infused militarism with all of Purssian society
Sparta of the North
Prussia
Prussian Society
Militarism infused into all of Society; Unquestioning obediance was highest viture
Prussian had best… in Europe
Army; had fourth largest army in Europe
Prussian army was designed to avoid…
War through detterence
Promotion in Prussian gov’t based on..
Merit
Romanov Dynasty
Lasted until 1917
Michael Romanov
Came to power in Muscovy after the Time of Troubles
Romanov famliiy
Favored boyars in return for thier support; They reduced military obligations significanly
Boyars
Russian nobles
Bloody Cossack revolts
resulted in further resticition on serfs
Peter the Great
Was nearly 7 ft tall; Westernized Russia
Revolt of the Strelski
Moscow guards that had overthrown revious leaders; Defeated by Peter; Secured dPeter’s reign
Treaty of Nystad
Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and gained its “WIndow to the West in the Baltic Sea
Table of Ranks
Set educational standards for civil servants; Peter Sought to replace old Boyar nobility with new sevice based nobility loyal to the tsar
Taxation in Russia
heavy on trade sales and rent; Head tax on every male;
