The Reformation Flashcards
Religious Pluralism (more than one excepted idea)…
Challenged the concept of a unified Europe
The Catholic + Protestant Reformations changed…
theology, religious insitutions, and culture
Protestantism adopted by…
States in Northern Europe (especially in Germany and England)
Reformation saw…
Religious enthusium rekindled; destroyed religious unity of W. Europe; Caused more Religious Wars
Causes of Protestant Reformation
Babylonian Captivity; Great Schism; Conciliar Movement
Simony
Sale of Church offices
Pluralism
an official holding more than one office at a time, thus receiving more than one pay check
Absentesism
an official not participating in job by receiving pay check and privileges
Sale of indulgences
people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins of their loved ones
nepotism
favoring family members in the Appointment of Chruch offices
Examples of Nepotism…
2 popes were sones of Flrentine Medici rulers; Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals
Moral decline of Papacy
Pope Alexander had numerous affairs and children out of wedlock; many priests in the diocese of Trent (N. Italy) kept concubines
“Critics of the Church”
By John Wyclif; emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary
John Wyclif
English guy that stated that the Bible was sole authority; Foreshadowed Luther’s veiws; diminished importance of sacraments; Translated Bible into English
Lollards
Wyclifs followers; continued his ideas into the 16th centure
John Hus
Czech guy who had similar ideas to Wyclif; Religious leader in Bohemia who led a nationalist movement there; Burned at the state for “Heretical” views
HUssites
followers of Hus who staged large rebellionsin the 14th centurey
Monarchs & Princes initiated….
Religious reform from the “Top Down” in an effort to excercise greater control over religious life and morality
English Reformation
the Lollards were part of the Early English Reformation.
William Tyndale
a humanist; translated bible into English; became basis for “King James” version; Executed after thousands of English Bibles made way to England; Early English Reformation
William Tyndale refused to…
recognize Henry VIII’s leadership of Anglican Church
Henry VII
2nd of Tudor Monarchs; Earlier had been conservative Catholic who spported the Church & opposed Protestant Reforms; Awarded “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope
“Defense of Seven Sacraments”
Henry Viii’s writing for pro-Catholic Church; criticized Luther’s views
Church of England (Anglican Church)
Created because Pope was unable to grant a papal dispensation for an annulment due to Charles V had sacked Rome (Catherine’s Nephew); An annulment would make Catherine an adulteress (bad for family name)
Thomas Cranmer
replaced Wolsey + convinced Henry to Breakaway from Catholic Church to marry Anne Boleyn
The Act of Supremacy
Made Henry (the King) the official head of the Church of England; Catholic Lands were confiscated; monasteries were closed
Confiscation of Catholic lands….
Doubled royal revenues, helping build up military ; nobles purchased large pieces of lands
Act of Succession
All the King’s subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the King as head of the Anglican Church
Thomas More…
executed by Henry because he refused to take the oath of loyalty
Pilgrimage of Grace
a huge multi-class rebellion; largest in English history; due to Henry’s reformation
Statue of the Six Articles
The Anglican Church maintained most of the Catholic doctrines; Kept the 7 sacraments; celibacy for clergy; and transubstantiation
Edward VI
Age 10 became King; Strong Protestant; England adopted Calvinism during reign
New Practices under Edward Vi’s Reign….
Clergy could marry; Iconic images removed from Churches; Communion by the laity was expanded
New doctines under Edward VI’s Reign…
Salvation by faith alone; Denial of Transubstantiation; Only 2 sacraments (baptism and communion)
Edward’s premature death led to…
A religious struggle among Protestans and Catholics
Mary Tudor
Tried unsuccessfully to reimpose Catholicism; daughter of Catherine of Aragon; Married Philip II (King of Aragon); Resinded Edward’s religious legislation; executed 300 people including church people
Elizabeth I
Daughter of Anne Boleyn; Catholics saw her as “illegitimate” child & thus rejected her legitimacy to the throne;
Elizabeth I & Protestanism
Effectively owersaw the development of Protestansim in England
Politique
Elizabeth I was a practical politician who carefully navigated a middle ground b/w Anglicanism and Protestanism
Elizabethan Settlement
Elizabeth & Parliament required confomity to the Church of England but people were allowed to worship Protestantism & Catholicism privately
The Anglican church resembled…
Lutheranism
Catholicism remained among….
the gentry, but could not be practiced openly
Anglican Church….
Services given in English; Monasteries not reestablished; Clergy allowed to marry; Everyone required to attend Anglican Church Serviced (fined if absent)
39 Articles….
defined the system of the Anglican Church; It followed Protestant doctrine but was vague enoguh to accommodate most English (except Puritans)
Anabaptist
formed in Germany; Voluntary association of believers with no connections/ allegiance to any state; Rejected secular agreements; refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in military; opposed childhood baptism; Rejected the Trinity
Munster
A radical group of Anabaptist took control of the town; Led by John of Leyden; Where Polygamy was insituted; Women served as leaders of the movement; All books except Bible were burned; Anabaptist began killing some Lutherns & Catholics
Tragedy at Munster
Combined armies of Protestant & Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leaders
Long-term impact of Anabaptist
Mennonites (founded by Dutch Leader Menno Simmons) (Descendeant of Anabaptist); Quakers; Unitarians (rejected the Trinity)
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss Reformation; A student of humanism who preached from Erasmus; Adopted Lutheranism & established a theocracy in Zurich; Saw Eucharist as only symbolic & that Luthern’s views were TOO Catholic
Colloquy of Marbug
Zwingli officially split with Luther over the issue of the Eucharist
The Augsburg Confession
Excluded Non-Lutheran reforms like Zwingli
Calvinism
Created by John Calvin; a frenchman who was influenced by humanism (Erasmus) and Luther; exiled to Switzerland due to religious reform ideas
The Institutes of The Christian Religion
Calvin’s fundaional work for Calvinism; Pre-destination
Pre-destination
God already knows who is destined for Heaven; thus good works are not sufficient for salvation but a sign that one has been chosen for salvation
In Calvinism, a conversion experiance is…
when God reveals if one has been chosen for salvation
The Elect in the Calvanist Church
memebers who have had their converstion experience and should become model Christians
Social dislocation, with the weakening of religious institutions durng the Reformation left…
The City governements with the task of regulatng public morals
Geneva
Became new center of Reformation in Europe when Calvin established a theocracy here; Became home to Protestant Exiles from North Europe (who later returned to own countries with Calvinist ideas); only those commited to following Calvinism allowed to live in city
Calvin
Believed that Church and City should combine to enforce christion behavior
Calvinism was the most…..of all Protestant sects
militant and uncompromising
Consistory
a judiciary made up of lay elders that had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who disobeyed God’s law; for Calvinism
Michiael Servetus
A unitarian humanist from Spain; burned for his denial of the Trinity
Presbysterianism
John Knox; Became dominatn religion in Scotland
Huguenots
French Calvinist brutally suppressed in France; Strong among nobility due to difficult to punish
Dutch Reformed Church
developed in Netherlands; The rise of Calvinism in Netherlands as dominant religion set state for revolt againt the Spanish Inquisition of King Philip II
Puritans in England
Pressured Elizabeth I for more reforms but largely kept at bay; Later established colonies in AMerica; Victorius in ENlgish Civil War (w/ Oliver Cromwell ruling)
“The Imitation of Christ”
Thomas a Kempis; He encouraged Christians to live simply and make religion a holy experiance
“In Praise of Folly”
Erasmus; Criticized the corruption in the church + hypocrisy of the clergy
Erasmus laid…
The egg that Luther hatched
Impact of Christian Humanism…
N. Renaissance criticized the Church (eg Erasmus) + questioned the validity of the Latin Vulgate (in Catholic Bible); Italian Renaissance marked by de-emphasis on religion
Ulrich Zwingli
trained as a humanist + as a preacher; used Erasmus’ edition of the Greek New Testament
The Printing Press…..
Facilitated the spread of humanism
Reformers Martin Luther + John Calvin established….
New interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice
Martin Luther
Augustinian Monk who taught at University of Wittenburg
Johann Tetzel
encouraged by Pope Leo X to sell indulegences ( b/c Pope was looking for additional revenues to ay for Michelangelo’s dome atop St. Peter’s Basilica)
Ninety-Five Theses
Luther; Criticized the selling of indulgences but went further that other before; questioned the scriptural authority of the Pope to grant indulgencs
Pope’s view of 95 Thesis
viewd the thesis as an insignificant disagreement b/w Augustinian + Dominican Monks b/c Theological debates among clergy members was not unknown
Luther defied the Pope by…
refusing to stop his crusade
Elector Freerick III of Saxony
“The Wise”; Protected Luther
Luther debate with Johann Eck
Luther denied both the infallibility of the pope + infallibility of a general council; claimed the Church had made a mistake when it burned Hus for Hersey; Point of No RETURN for Luther
Three Works of Luther’s Theology of Reform
- Rejected good works as means to salation but that it followed faith; 2. The Bible was sole authority; Only Two Sacraments (Baptism + Communion); Rejected Transubstantiation; Advocated consumnstantation (the “Real Presence” of God in the bread and wine); 3. People not subjected to Pope’s interpretaion of Bible; 4. Bible contained all that was needed for person to lead Christian life (thus Church Hierarchy was unneccessary)
In Luther’s Theology Reform he…
criticized the sale of indulgences and Simony
Luther was….by Pope Leo X
Excommunicated; which he thre the papal bull that excommunicated him into the fire
Diet of Worms
Group of HRE with power to outlaw + sentence execution; Charles V demanded Luther recant his writings, but he refused
Edict of Worms
Luther was outlawed as a heretic by HRE;
After Edict of Worms, Luther was….
Kidnapped by agents of Frederick III + taken to his castle where he was protected & continued to write
How did Luther influence the development of modern German language?
By translating the Bible into the German vernacular; showed that scripture was now accessable to any literate German; a distinct print culture also developed in Germany
Confessions of Augsburg
Written by Philip Melanchthon (Friend of Luther); An attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran + Catholic Princes of HRE; Rejected by Catholic Princes; Became TRADITIONAL statement of Luthern Church
Luthern Church
Salvation through faith alone; Bible is Sole Authority; “Priesthood of all belivers”
The efforts of Habsburg rulers failed….
to restore Catholic unity across Europe
Spread of Lutheranism
Many N. German States switched to Lutheranism; Many German princes politicaly motivated b/c could escape authory of Catholic Church + confiscate Church lands for own benefit; Denmark + Sweden became Lutheran aswell
Southern Part of Germany…
remained largely Catholic
Lutheranism did not….
spread beyond Northern Germany + Scandinavia; Unlike Calvinism that spread throughout W. Europe and parts of New World
Charles V
Wanted to stop spread of Protestiantism; wanted to preserve the unification of Catholicism (similar to medieval emperor); Allied w/ the Pope in trying to stop Protestantism
What led to Peasants revolting?
The attempts of landlords to incease their revenues by restricting or abolishing the traditonal rights of peasants
German Peasants Revolt
Fuled by The 12 Articles; Peasants demanded the end of serfdom + tithes + other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry; inspired by Lutheranism
Luther’s views on peasant movement….
Believed that people should obey their political authorities; disgusted with the manner of the peasant movement (destroying property, messing with secular) He asked German princes to violently stamp out revolt;
League of Schmalkalden
Formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) Princes of Germany to defend themselves against Charles V’s want to re-catholicize Germany; Francis I of France allied w/ the League
Why did Francis I of France ally with The League?
Despite being Catholic; Wanted to Keep Germany divided
Was Charles V victorius over the League?
Yes, however, Lutheranism had spread + taken over much of central Europe; Forced to give up on Restoring Catholicism in all German States
Peace of Augsburg
Temp. Peace that ended Struggle in Germany over Lutheranism
Provisions of Peace of Augsburg….
Princes in Germany could choose if their lands were either Protestant or Catholic; Protestants living in Catholic states allowed to move to Protestant state (and vice versa)
El Greco
Greek Artist; Did most of work in Spain; Greatest Mannerist; “Burial of Count Orgaz” and “Toledo”
Baroque
Sought to overwhelm the viewer; emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness, and unity surround a certain theme; Became associated w/ Catholic Reformation
Baroque Architecture
reflected the image and power of absolute monarch + the Catholic Church
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Personified Baroque architecture + Sculpture; “Colonmnade” for front of St. Peter’s Baislic (His greatest Architectural achievement)
Baroque Art as part of Catholic Reformation
Began in Catholic Reformation Countries to teach in concrete + emotional way; demonstate the glory + power of Catholic Church; Was Encourage by Papacy + Jesuits; Became prominent in France, Flanders; Austrai; S. Germany + Poland
Baroque spread…
later to Protestant countries
St. Peter’s Baldachin
A canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s Basilica; sculpted by Bernini
The Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Bernini’s altarpiece sculpture; evokes lots of emotionf
Baroque Painting Characteristics
Stressed broad Areas of light + shadow (rather than linear arrangements of H. Renaissance) Color appealed to senses; NOT concerend w/ clarity of detail as w/ overall dynamic effect; Designed to give SPONTANEOUS personal experience
Caravaggio
Italian; First important painter of Baroque era; Depicted highly emotional scenes; used Sharp contrasts of light and dark to create drama
Caravaggio was criticized for…
using ordinary people as models for his depicitons of Biblical scense
Tenebrism
sharp contrast of light + dark to create drama
Peter Paul Rubens
Flemish Painter; Worked for Habsburg Court in Brussels (capital of Spanish Netherlands); Empahasized color + sensuality animated figures; melodramatic contrasts; Monumental Size; Most works dealt with Christian Subject; Known for sensual nudes
Diego Velazquez
The greatest court painter of Era; Painted numerous portraits of Spanish Court and their surroundings
Artemesia Gentileschi
Perhaps the First Female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era; First woman to paint historical and religious scenes
Female artists of the time….
largely consigned to portrait painting and imitative poses
Results of Reformation
Unity of W. Christianity was SHATTERED; N. Europe adopted Protestantism; Religious enthusiasm was rekindled; Abuses in Chatholic church remedied; Religious WARS broke out in Europe for well over a centure
Impact of Reformation on Protestant Women
Luther believed that a woman’s occupation was in the home taking care of the family; Calvin believed in the Subjugation of women to preserve moral order; Protestant Churches had great control over marriage than did Catholic Church; Suppressed Common Law Marriages; Catholic Government followed the Protestant Example
Marriages became more…
based on Romantic love; emphasizing the love relationship b/w man and wife
Luther’s wife…
Katherine Von Bora
Luther’s view on marriage
Believed that sex was an act enjoyed by husband and wife not just act of procreation
Increased emphasis on….
teaching people to read the Bible—–resulted in an increase in women’s literacy
Schools for girl developed throughout….
IN Germany
Increased literacy led to….
The rise of a print culture
Women gradually lost….
rights to manage their own property or to make legal transaction in their own name
Catholic Women
Continued to enjoy opportunities in the Church through religious orders
Angela Merici
Founded the URSULINE ORDER OF NUNS; wanted to provide education and religious training; Sought to combat hersey through Christian education; The Ursulines spread to France + New World
Teresa de Avila
Major Spanish leader of reform movement for monasteries + convents; Preached that individuals could have a relationship w/ God through prayer + contemplation
The Catholic Reformation revived…
The Church but cemented the division w/in Christianity
Catholic Reformation
response to the gains of Protestantism + response to critics w/in the Church abuses needed to be reformed
Pope Paul II
Most important pope in reforming the Church and challengin Protestantism; Sought to discipline Church through existing doctrine
Council of Trent
established Catholic Dogma for the next four centuries; Equal valididty of scriptures, church traditions, + writings of Chruch fathers; Salvation through faith + goodworks; All seven sacraments were valid; Approved The “Index of Forbidden Books”
Index of Forbidden Books
Books that supported Protestansitsm or overly critical of the Church were banned from Catholic Countries; Ex: Erasumus; Anyone possessing books listed could be punished severly;
Church Reforms
Abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed; Sale of Church offics curtailed; Bishops given greater control over clergy; Seminaries established to train priests
Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola; organises in military fashion
Three goals of Jesuits:
- Reform church through education; spread gospel to pagan people; Fight Protestantism
Spiritual Exercises
Loyola’s guidebook to train jesuis
Jesuits oversaw….
both Spanish and Roman Inquisitions
Spainish Inquisition
Persecution of Chrsitan Moors and Christian Jews suspected of backsliding to original faiths
Italian inquisition
Pope Paul IV issued papal bull accussing Jews of killg Christ; ordered Jews to be placed in Ghettos
Catholic Reformation succeeded in…
bringing southern Germany + E. Europe back to Catholicm; Index of Forbidden Books —-Strongly enforced; Jesuit schools became among finest in all of euroe
