Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Euro > The Reformation > Flashcards

The Reformation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Religious Pluralism (more than one excepted idea)…

A

Challenged the concept of a unified Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Catholic + Protestant Reformations changed…

A

theology, religious insitutions, and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Protestantism adopted by…

A

States in Northern Europe (especially in Germany and England)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reformation saw…

A

Religious enthusium rekindled; destroyed religious unity of W. Europe; Caused more Religious Wars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes of Protestant Reformation

A

Babylonian Captivity; Great Schism; Conciliar Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Simony

A

Sale of Church offices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pluralism

A

an official holding more than one office at a time, thus receiving more than one pay check

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Absentesism

A

an official not participating in job by receiving pay check and privileges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sale of indulgences

A

people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins of their loved ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nepotism

A

favoring family members in the Appointment of Chruch offices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of Nepotism…

A

2 popes were sones of Flrentine Medici rulers; Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Moral decline of Papacy

A

Pope Alexander had numerous affairs and children out of wedlock; many priests in the diocese of Trent (N. Italy) kept concubines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

“Critics of the Church”

A

By John Wyclif; emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

John Wyclif

A

English guy that stated that the Bible was sole authority; Foreshadowed Luther’s veiws; diminished importance of sacraments; Translated Bible into English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lollards

A

Wyclifs followers; continued his ideas into the 16th centure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

John Hus

A

Czech guy who had similar ideas to Wyclif; Religious leader in Bohemia who led a nationalist movement there; Burned at the state for “Heretical” views

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HUssites

A

followers of Hus who staged large rebellionsin the 14th centurey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Monarchs & Princes initiated….

A

Religious reform from the “Top Down” in an effort to excercise greater control over religious life and morality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

English Reformation

A

the Lollards were part of the Early English Reformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

William Tyndale

A

a humanist; translated bible into English; became basis for “King James” version; Executed after thousands of English Bibles made way to England; Early English Reformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

William Tyndale refused to…

A

recognize Henry VIII’s leadership of Anglican Church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Henry VII

A

2nd of Tudor Monarchs; Earlier had been conservative Catholic who spported the Church & opposed Protestant Reforms; Awarded “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

“Defense of Seven Sacraments”

A

Henry Viii’s writing for pro-Catholic Church; criticized Luther’s views

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Church of England (Anglican Church)

A

Created because Pope was unable to grant a papal dispensation for an annulment due to Charles V had sacked Rome (Catherine’s Nephew); An annulment would make Catherine an adulteress (bad for family name)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thomas Cranmer

A

replaced Wolsey + convinced Henry to Breakaway from Catholic Church to marry Anne Boleyn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The Act of Supremacy

A

Made Henry (the King) the official head of the Church of England; Catholic Lands were confiscated; monasteries were closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Confiscation of Catholic lands….

A

Doubled royal revenues, helping build up military ; nobles purchased large pieces of lands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Act of Succession

A

All the King’s subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the King as head of the Anglican Church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Thomas More…

A

executed by Henry because he refused to take the oath of loyalty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pilgrimage of Grace

A

a huge multi-class rebellion; largest in English history; due to Henry’s reformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Statue of the Six Articles

A

The Anglican Church maintained most of the Catholic doctrines; Kept the 7 sacraments; celibacy for clergy; and transubstantiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Edward VI

A

Age 10 became King; Strong Protestant; England adopted Calvinism during reign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

New Practices under Edward Vi’s Reign….

A

Clergy could marry; Iconic images removed from Churches; Communion by the laity was expanded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

New doctines under Edward VI’s Reign…

A

Salvation by faith alone; Denial of Transubstantiation; Only 2 sacraments (baptism and communion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Edward’s premature death led to…

A

A religious struggle among Protestans and Catholics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Mary Tudor

A

Tried unsuccessfully to reimpose Catholicism; daughter of Catherine of Aragon; Married Philip II (King of Aragon); Resinded Edward’s religious legislation; executed 300 people including church people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Daughter of Anne Boleyn; Catholics saw her as “illegitimate” child & thus rejected her legitimacy to the throne;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Elizabeth I & Protestanism

A

Effectively owersaw the development of Protestansim in England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Politique

A

Elizabeth I was a practical politician who carefully navigated a middle ground b/w Anglicanism and Protestanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Elizabethan Settlement

A

Elizabeth & Parliament required confomity to the Church of England but people were allowed to worship Protestantism & Catholicism privately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The Anglican church resembled…

A

Lutheranism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Catholicism remained among….

A

the gentry, but could not be practiced openly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Anglican Church….

A

Services given in English; Monasteries not reestablished; Clergy allowed to marry; Everyone required to attend Anglican Church Serviced (fined if absent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

39 Articles….

A

defined the system of the Anglican Church; It followed Protestant doctrine but was vague enoguh to accommodate most English (except Puritans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Anabaptist

A

formed in Germany; Voluntary association of believers with no connections/ allegiance to any state; Rejected secular agreements; refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in military; opposed childhood baptism; Rejected the Trinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Munster

A

A radical group of Anabaptist took control of the town; Led by John of Leyden; Where Polygamy was insituted; Women served as leaders of the movement; All books except Bible were burned; Anabaptist began killing some Lutherns & Catholics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Tragedy at Munster

A

Combined armies of Protestant & Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Long-term impact of Anabaptist

A

Mennonites (founded by Dutch Leader Menno Simmons) (Descendeant of Anabaptist); Quakers; Unitarians (rejected the Trinity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Ulrich Zwingli

A

Swiss Reformation; A student of humanism who preached from Erasmus; Adopted Lutheranism & established a theocracy in Zurich; Saw Eucharist as only symbolic & that Luthern’s views were TOO Catholic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Colloquy of Marbug

A

Zwingli officially split with Luther over the issue of the Eucharist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The Augsburg Confession

A

Excluded Non-Lutheran reforms like Zwingli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Calvinism

A

Created by John Calvin; a frenchman who was influenced by humanism (Erasmus) and Luther; exiled to Switzerland due to religious reform ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The Institutes of The Christian Religion

A

Calvin’s fundaional work for Calvinism; Pre-destination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Pre-destination

A

God already knows who is destined for Heaven; thus good works are not sufficient for salvation but a sign that one has been chosen for salvation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

In Calvinism, a conversion experiance is…

A

when God reveals if one has been chosen for salvation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The Elect in the Calvanist Church

A

memebers who have had their converstion experience and should become model Christians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Social dislocation, with the weakening of religious institutions durng the Reformation left…

A

The City governements with the task of regulatng public morals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Geneva

A

Became new center of Reformation in Europe when Calvin established a theocracy here; Became home to Protestant Exiles from North Europe (who later returned to own countries with Calvinist ideas); only those commited to following Calvinism allowed to live in city

59
Q

Calvin

A

Believed that Church and City should combine to enforce christion behavior

60
Q

Calvinism was the most…..of all Protestant sects

A

militant and uncompromising

61
Q

Consistory

A

a judiciary made up of lay elders that had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who disobeyed God’s law; for Calvinism

62
Q

Michiael Servetus

A

A unitarian humanist from Spain; burned for his denial of the Trinity

63
Q

Presbysterianism

A

John Knox; Became dominatn religion in Scotland

64
Q

Huguenots

A

French Calvinist brutally suppressed in France; Strong among nobility due to difficult to punish

65
Q

Dutch Reformed Church

A

developed in Netherlands; The rise of Calvinism in Netherlands as dominant religion set state for revolt againt the Spanish Inquisition of King Philip II

66
Q

Puritans in England

A

Pressured Elizabeth I for more reforms but largely kept at bay; Later established colonies in AMerica; Victorius in ENlgish Civil War (w/ Oliver Cromwell ruling)

67
Q

“The Imitation of Christ”

A

Thomas a Kempis; He encouraged Christians to live simply and make religion a holy experiance

68
Q

“In Praise of Folly”

A

Erasmus; Criticized the corruption in the church + hypocrisy of the clergy

69
Q

Erasmus laid…

A

The egg that Luther hatched

70
Q

Impact of Christian Humanism…

A

N. Renaissance criticized the Church (eg Erasmus) + questioned the validity of the Latin Vulgate (in Catholic Bible); Italian Renaissance marked by de-emphasis on religion

71
Q

Ulrich Zwingli

A

trained as a humanist + as a preacher; used Erasmus’ edition of the Greek New Testament

72
Q

The Printing Press…..

A

Facilitated the spread of humanism

73
Q

Reformers Martin Luther + John Calvin established….

A

New interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice

74
Q

Martin Luther

A

Augustinian Monk who taught at University of Wittenburg

75
Q

Johann Tetzel

A

encouraged by Pope Leo X to sell indulegences ( b/c Pope was looking for additional revenues to ay for Michelangelo’s dome atop St. Peter’s Basilica)

76
Q

Ninety-Five Theses

A

Luther; Criticized the selling of indulgences but went further that other before; questioned the scriptural authority of the Pope to grant indulgencs

77
Q

Pope’s view of 95 Thesis

A

viewd the thesis as an insignificant disagreement b/w Augustinian + Dominican Monks b/c Theological debates among clergy members was not unknown

78
Q

Luther defied the Pope by…

A

refusing to stop his crusade

79
Q

Elector Freerick III of Saxony

A

“The Wise”; Protected Luther

80
Q

Luther debate with Johann Eck

A

Luther denied both the infallibility of the pope + infallibility of a general council; claimed the Church had made a mistake when it burned Hus for Hersey; Point of No RETURN for Luther

81
Q

Three Works of Luther’s Theology of Reform

A
  1. Rejected good works as means to salation but that it followed faith; 2. The Bible was sole authority; Only Two Sacraments (Baptism + Communion); Rejected Transubstantiation; Advocated consumnstantation (the “Real Presence” of God in the bread and wine); 3. People not subjected to Pope’s interpretaion of Bible; 4. Bible contained all that was needed for person to lead Christian life (thus Church Hierarchy was unneccessary)
82
Q

In Luther’s Theology Reform he…

A

criticized the sale of indulgences and Simony

83
Q

Luther was….by Pope Leo X

A

Excommunicated; which he thre the papal bull that excommunicated him into the fire

84
Q

Diet of Worms

A

Group of HRE with power to outlaw + sentence execution; Charles V demanded Luther recant his writings, but he refused

85
Q

Edict of Worms

A

Luther was outlawed as a heretic by HRE;

86
Q

After Edict of Worms, Luther was….

A

Kidnapped by agents of Frederick III + taken to his castle where he was protected & continued to write

87
Q

How did Luther influence the development of modern German language?

A

By translating the Bible into the German vernacular; showed that scripture was now accessable to any literate German; a distinct print culture also developed in Germany

88
Q

Confessions of Augsburg

A

Written by Philip Melanchthon (Friend of Luther); An attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran + Catholic Princes of HRE; Rejected by Catholic Princes; Became TRADITIONAL statement of Luthern Church

89
Q

Luthern Church

A

Salvation through faith alone; Bible is Sole Authority; “Priesthood of all belivers”

90
Q

The efforts of Habsburg rulers failed….

A

to restore Catholic unity across Europe

91
Q

Spread of Lutheranism

A

Many N. German States switched to Lutheranism; Many German princes politicaly motivated b/c could escape authory of Catholic Church + confiscate Church lands for own benefit; Denmark + Sweden became Lutheran aswell

92
Q

Southern Part of Germany…

A

remained largely Catholic

93
Q

Lutheranism did not….

A

spread beyond Northern Germany + Scandinavia; Unlike Calvinism that spread throughout W. Europe and parts of New World

94
Q

Charles V

A

Wanted to stop spread of Protestiantism; wanted to preserve the unification of Catholicism (similar to medieval emperor); Allied w/ the Pope in trying to stop Protestantism

95
Q

What led to Peasants revolting?

A

The attempts of landlords to incease their revenues by restricting or abolishing the traditonal rights of peasants

96
Q

German Peasants Revolt

A

Fuled by The 12 Articles; Peasants demanded the end of serfdom + tithes + other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry; inspired by Lutheranism

97
Q

Luther’s views on peasant movement….

A

Believed that people should obey their political authorities; disgusted with the manner of the peasant movement (destroying property, messing with secular) He asked German princes to violently stamp out revolt;

98
Q

League of Schmalkalden

A

Formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) Princes of Germany to defend themselves against Charles V’s want to re-catholicize Germany; Francis I of France allied w/ the League

99
Q

Why did Francis I of France ally with The League?

A

Despite being Catholic; Wanted to Keep Germany divided

100
Q

Was Charles V victorius over the League?

A

Yes, however, Lutheranism had spread + taken over much of central Europe; Forced to give up on Restoring Catholicism in all German States

101
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

Temp. Peace that ended Struggle in Germany over Lutheranism

102
Q

Provisions of Peace of Augsburg….

A

Princes in Germany could choose if their lands were either Protestant or Catholic; Protestants living in Catholic states allowed to move to Protestant state (and vice versa)

103
Q

El Greco

A

Greek Artist; Did most of work in Spain; Greatest Mannerist; “Burial of Count Orgaz” and “Toledo”

104
Q

Baroque

A

Sought to overwhelm the viewer; emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness, and unity surround a certain theme; Became associated w/ Catholic Reformation

105
Q

Baroque Architecture

A

reflected the image and power of absolute monarch + the Catholic Church

106
Q

Gianlorenzo Bernini

A

Personified Baroque architecture + Sculpture; “Colonmnade” for front of St. Peter’s Baislic (His greatest Architectural achievement)

107
Q

Baroque Art as part of Catholic Reformation

A

Began in Catholic Reformation Countries to teach in concrete + emotional way; demonstate the glory + power of Catholic Church; Was Encourage by Papacy + Jesuits; Became prominent in France, Flanders; Austrai; S. Germany + Poland

108
Q

Baroque spread…

A

later to Protestant countries

109
Q

St. Peter’s Baldachin

A

A canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s Basilica; sculpted by Bernini

110
Q

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

A

Bernini’s altarpiece sculpture; evokes lots of emotionf

111
Q

Baroque Painting Characteristics

A

Stressed broad Areas of light + shadow (rather than linear arrangements of H. Renaissance) Color appealed to senses; NOT concerend w/ clarity of detail as w/ overall dynamic effect; Designed to give SPONTANEOUS personal experience

112
Q

Caravaggio

A

Italian; First important painter of Baroque era; Depicted highly emotional scenes; used Sharp contrasts of light and dark to create drama

113
Q

Caravaggio was criticized for…

A

using ordinary people as models for his depicitons of Biblical scense

114
Q

Tenebrism

A

sharp contrast of light + dark to create drama

115
Q

Peter Paul Rubens

A

Flemish Painter; Worked for Habsburg Court in Brussels (capital of Spanish Netherlands); Empahasized color + sensuality animated figures; melodramatic contrasts; Monumental Size; Most works dealt with Christian Subject; Known for sensual nudes

116
Q

Diego Velazquez

A

The greatest court painter of Era; Painted numerous portraits of Spanish Court and their surroundings

117
Q

Artemesia Gentileschi

A

Perhaps the First Female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era; First woman to paint historical and religious scenes

118
Q

Female artists of the time….

A

largely consigned to portrait painting and imitative poses

119
Q

Results of Reformation

A

Unity of W. Christianity was SHATTERED; N. Europe adopted Protestantism; Religious enthusiasm was rekindled; Abuses in Chatholic church remedied; Religious WARS broke out in Europe for well over a centure

120
Q

Impact of Reformation on Protestant Women

A

Luther believed that a woman’s occupation was in the home taking care of the family; Calvin believed in the Subjugation of women to preserve moral order; Protestant Churches had great control over marriage than did Catholic Church; Suppressed Common Law Marriages; Catholic Government followed the Protestant Example

121
Q

Marriages became more…

A

based on Romantic love; emphasizing the love relationship b/w man and wife

122
Q

Luther’s wife…

A

Katherine Von Bora

123
Q

Luther’s view on marriage

A

Believed that sex was an act enjoyed by husband and wife not just act of procreation

124
Q

Increased emphasis on….

A

teaching people to read the Bible—–resulted in an increase in women’s literacy

125
Q

Schools for girl developed throughout….

A

IN Germany

126
Q

Increased literacy led to….

A

The rise of a print culture

127
Q

Women gradually lost….

A

rights to manage their own property or to make legal transaction in their own name

128
Q

Catholic Women

A

Continued to enjoy opportunities in the Church through religious orders

129
Q

Angela Merici

A

Founded the URSULINE ORDER OF NUNS; wanted to provide education and religious training; Sought to combat hersey through Christian education; The Ursulines spread to France + New World

130
Q

Teresa de Avila

A

Major Spanish leader of reform movement for monasteries + convents; Preached that individuals could have a relationship w/ God through prayer + contemplation

131
Q

The Catholic Reformation revived…

A

The Church but cemented the division w/in Christianity

132
Q

Catholic Reformation

A

response to the gains of Protestantism + response to critics w/in the Church abuses needed to be reformed

133
Q

Pope Paul II

A

Most important pope in reforming the Church and challengin Protestantism; Sought to discipline Church through existing doctrine

134
Q

Council of Trent

A

established Catholic Dogma for the next four centuries; Equal valididty of scriptures, church traditions, + writings of Chruch fathers; Salvation through faith + goodworks; All seven sacraments were valid; Approved The “Index of Forbidden Books”

135
Q

Index of Forbidden Books

A

Books that supported Protestansitsm or overly critical of the Church were banned from Catholic Countries; Ex: Erasumus; Anyone possessing books listed could be punished severly;

136
Q

Church Reforms

A

Abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed; Sale of Church offics curtailed; Bishops given greater control over clergy; Seminaries established to train priests

137
Q

Jesuits

A

Ignatius Loyola; organises in military fashion

138
Q

Three goals of Jesuits:

A
  1. Reform church through education; spread gospel to pagan people; Fight Protestantism
139
Q

Spiritual Exercises

A

Loyola’s guidebook to train jesuis

140
Q

Jesuits oversaw….

A

both Spanish and Roman Inquisitions

141
Q

Spainish Inquisition

A

Persecution of Chrsitan Moors and Christian Jews suspected of backsliding to original faiths

142
Q

Italian inquisition

A

Pope Paul IV issued papal bull accussing Jews of killg Christ; ordered Jews to be placed in Ghettos

143
Q

Catholic Reformation succeeded in…

A

bringing southern Germany + E. Europe back to Catholicm; Index of Forbidden Books —-Strongly enforced; Jesuit schools became among finest in all of euroe

AP Euro (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions