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British Experience of Warfare > WW1 Censorship and Propaganda > Flashcards

WW1 Censorship and Propaganda Flashcards

1
Q

what was immediately cut at the start of the war?

A

the transatlantic telegraoh cables between the USA and Germany

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2
Q

what was the difference between propaganda use by Germany and Britain at the start of the war?

A

there was very little investment in propaganda by the British
Germany had a massive, well-funded propaganda system

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3
Q

what was DORA?

A

Defence of the Realm Act

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4
Q

when was DORA passed?

A

August 1914

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5
Q

what did DORA lead to?

A

gave the govt a range of emergency powers to be used to establish a wartime society in Britain

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6
Q

what did DORA take charge of?

A
  • allowed govt to seize any land or buildings for the war effort
  • govt could take control of industries vital for the war effort
  • introduced censorship in Britain
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7
Q

to what extent did the British govt have control over the press?

A

almost total control
coverage of the deaths at the Western Front were never broadcasted
instead good news was heavily shown in newspapers

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8
Q

were reporters allowed to travek to France or Belgium to report on the war?

A

NO

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9
Q

what were examples of propaganda used by Britain in WW1?

A

adverts
films
newspaper reports
paintings
pamphlets
posters

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10
Q

when was the War Propaganda Bureau set up?

A

1914

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11
Q

who set up the War Propaganda Bureau?

A

Charles Masterman

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12
Q

when was the Official Press Bureau set up?

A

June 1915

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13
Q

what was the Official Press Bureau responsible for?

A

circulating the news to the press both at home and abroad
as well as censoring cables of war correspondents

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14
Q

when and what was the War Propaganda Bureau replaced by?

A

the Department of Information
in 1917

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15
Q

who ran the Department of Information?

A

John Buchan

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16
Q

what was the National War Aims Committee?

A

worked with the Department of Information to produce propaganda by:
- holding rallies and parades
- producing pamphlets
- making films

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17
Q

what did the Department of Information merge to form into?

A

Ministry of Information

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18
Q

who was made the Minister of Information?

A

Lord Beaverbrook

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19
Q

why was Lord Beaverbrook so influential?

A

he was the owner of The Daily Express, The Sunday Times and the London Evening Standard

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20
Q

which authors were employed by the War Propganda Bureau at the start of the war?

A

Arthur Conan-Doyle
Rudyard Kipling
H.G. Wells

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21
Q

how many writers were employed by the War Propaganda Bureau in 1914?

A

25

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22
Q

what propaganda book did Arthur Conan Doyle write?

A

His Last Bow

Sherlock Holmes in a wartime adventure —> turned from detective to a spy

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23
Q

what did all writers employed by the War Propganda Bureau promise to do?

A

to conceal the fact that this was being pushed by the govt

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24
Q

what book did John Buchan write?

A

The Thirty-Nine Steps

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25
what magazine did Buchan work on alongside the Army?
Nelson's History of War
26
most famous war poet?
Wilfred Own
27
what was Owen's most famous poem?
Dulce et Decorum est mocked the war and the idea of patriotism
28
how were war poets censored?
their work was only published after the war Dulce was published in 1920
29
who did the govt propagandists work mainly with?
patriotic volunteer groups SUCH AS the British Empire Union
30
how many artists did the givt employ during WW1?
90
31
who was Muirhead Bone?
an artists sent to France to take sketches his work was so popular, Masterman decided to expand the use of art for propaganda
32
what were the 2 types of art produced by propagandists?
reproduction exhibition
33
what was reproduction art?
art intended to be reproduced in newspapers and journals
34
what was exhibition art?
art intended to be shown in galleries
35
how was art censored by the British government?
the govt had strict guidelines regarding what the art could show and portray
36
how realistic was war art?
far more realistic than illustrations in popularised magazines
37
which voluntary organisation was primarily responsible for producing war films?
the British Tropical Committee for War Films
38
how many feature length films were produced between 1915 and 1918?
240
39
what were examples of patriotic films produced?
Being Prepared For the Empire
40
what film produced was extremely controversial?
The Battle of the Somme in 1916
41
why was the film ‘The Battle of the Somme’ so controversial?
it depicted very horrifying scenes of battle, which really showed the reality of war HOWEVER most people appreciated the realistic depiction if warfare on the front
42
what was the estimated audience for ‘The Battle of the Somme’?
20 million
43
what were newspapers banned from publishing?
material which may help the enemy (so troop movements) any material which might damage morale both at home and abroad
44
what did the ‘Neutral Press Committee’ do to censor the press?
it appointed 5 war correspondents to report officially with the British Army these correspondents themselves were incredibly patriotic and would never release morale damaging information also these correspondents had to have their reports checked over by a censor
45
how did the Official Press Bureau control the press?
- monitored press reports more closely - introduced harsher rules on the censorship
46
how many reports on articles did the Official Press Bureau write?
38,000
47
what was the general view of the press regarding the war?
the majority were in full support of the war effort
48
what was the common occurence in newspapers on a daily basis?
reports of British heroism and reports of German atrocities
49
which major newspaper was suspended due to censorship?
The Globe
50
what had The Globe done to get itself censored?
published articles about the need for conscription had not been cleared by censors
51
what were the aims of censorship and propaganda?
to boost morale to explain the need to fight to creat hatred of the enemy to maintain support for the war effort to damage enemy morale
52
what was the postal censorship service?
organisation which wrote reports on letters, telegrams and parcels
53
how many private telegrams were reported upon by the postal censorship service in 1916?
300,000
54
could soldiers take cameras into war?
NO if they did and were caught, they would face the firing squad
55
why did the BA not want soldiers taking cameras to war?
many photos were taken at the Christmas truce in 1914, and depicted the British and German troops sharing drinks was completely against the stereotype forged in Britain of the dirt Hun
56
who was the first official war photographer?
Ernest Brooks
57
what was the problem with war photography?
it was often faked many depicted artillery firing in France but they were often taken in Salisbury during training exercises
58
how was the Somme portrayed in the press?
it was played down and instead the little German defeats were exemplified
59
why were the govt keen to show the reasons for war against Germany?
they hoped to gain moral support did the war
60
how did British propganda portray the Kaiser?
it depicted him as an international villain who was trying to take Britain’s hold on the world away from her
61
how did the British protray Germany in propaganda?
as the isolated nation and the nation in the wrong showe the population that Britain was taking the moral high ground
62
which books were published to show the reasons for Britain’s involvement in the war?
Why We Are At War The War That Will End The War
63
what were examples of propganda used to creat anti-German feeling?
- death of British civillians - Report on the Alleged German Outrages - sinking of RMS Lusitania
64
how many British civillians were killed in WW1?
1500
65
how many were killed in a bombing of Scarborough?
119
66
how was the bombing of Scarborough portrayed in the news?
was the main news story and showed how Germans were killing civilians = bad people = hate them
67
what was the ‘Report on the Alleged German Outrages’?
an example of BLACK PROPAGANDA shared ‘eye-witness accounts’ of supposed German atrocities at the Front
68
example of story from the ‘Report on the Alleged German Outrages’
the Germans would often rape nuns however, like most stories in the report, there was very little who could support these accusations
69
when was the RMS Lusitania sunk?
1915
70
why was the sinking of the RMS Lusitania used extensively by British propaganda?
showed how Germany’s use of USW was leading to the loss of civilian lives = german hatred tried to entice the USA to join the war
71
how did Germans living in Britain suffer?
they were attacked men between 17-45 who were German were imprisoned
72
what were examples of name changes due to anti-German sentiment?
German Shepard to Alsatians Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor
73
how was propaganda used to boost the war effort?
encouraged men to join the army and navy encouraged men and women to work in factories and farms encouraged the British public to buy war bonds
74
example of famous propaganda posters
Your Country Needs You - Kitchener
75
did propaganda really improve recruitment?
it did prevent numbers from falling too low BUT conscription was introduced regardless in 1916
76
was propaganda successful in getting America to join the war?
YES propaganda had shown the war in Europe as almost won, thus the Americans felt it was alright to take part in it this was far from the case…only until November 1918 was the war any close to being in the favour of the allies it also show the Germans to be the villain in Europe and thus showed them as the enemy of the world many Americans bought into this story and anti-German sentiment also grew in the USA
77
how was propaganda used to damage enemy morale?
- leaflets and pamphlets were dropped from the sky on German land - using addresses from captured German postal records, British propaganda was posted to people in Austria and Germany

British Experience of Warfare (27 decks)

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