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British Experience of Warfare > WW1 Censorship and Propaganda > Flashcards

WW1 Censorship and Propaganda Flashcards

1
Q

what was immediately cut at the start of the war?

A

the transatlantic telegraoh cables between the USA and Germany

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2
Q

what was the difference between propaganda use by Germany and Britain at the start of the war?

A

there was very little investment in propaganda by the British
Germany had a massive, well-funded propaganda system

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3
Q

what was DORA?

A

Defence of the Realm Act

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4
Q

when was DORA passed?

A

August 1914

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5
Q

what did DORA lead to?

A

gave the govt a range of emergency powers to be used to establish a wartime society in Britain

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6
Q

what did DORA take charge of?

A
  • allowed govt to seize any land or buildings for the war effort
  • govt could take control of industries vital for the war effort
  • introduced censorship in Britain
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7
Q

to what extent did the British govt have control over the press?

A

almost total control
coverage of the deaths at the Western Front were never broadcasted
instead good news was heavily shown in newspapers

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8
Q

were reporters allowed to travek to France or Belgium to report on the war?

A

NO

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9
Q

what were examples of propaganda used by Britain in WW1?

A

adverts
films
newspaper reports
paintings
pamphlets
posters

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10
Q

when was the War Propaganda Bureau set up?

A

1914

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11
Q

who set up the War Propaganda Bureau?

A

Charles Masterman

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12
Q

when was the Official Press Bureau set up?

A

June 1915

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13
Q

what was the Official Press Bureau responsible for?

A

circulating the news to the press both at home and abroad
as well as censoring cables of war correspondents

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14
Q

when and what was the War Propaganda Bureau replaced by?

A

the Department of Information
in 1917

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15
Q

who ran the Department of Information?

A

John Buchan

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16
Q

what was the National War Aims Committee?

A

worked with the Department of Information to produce propaganda by:
- holding rallies and parades
- producing pamphlets
- making films

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17
Q

what did the Department of Information merge to form into?

A

Ministry of Information

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18
Q

who was made the Minister of Information?

A

Lord Beaverbrook

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19
Q

why was Lord Beaverbrook so influential?

A

he was the owner of The Daily Express, The Sunday Times and the London Evening Standard

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20
Q

which authors were employed by the War Propganda Bureau at the start of the war?

A

Arthur Conan-Doyle
Rudyard Kipling
H.G. Wells

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21
Q

how many writers were employed by the War Propaganda Bureau in 1914?

A

25

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22
Q

what propaganda book did Arthur Conan Doyle write?

A

His Last Bow

Sherlock Holmes in a wartime adventure —> turned from detective to a spy

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23
Q

what did all writers employed by the War Propganda Bureau promise to do?

A

to conceal the fact that this was being pushed by the govt

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24
Q

what book did John Buchan write?

A

The Thirty-Nine Steps

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25
Q

what magazine did Buchan work on alongside the Army?

A

Nelson’s History of War

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26
Q

most famous war poet?

A

Wilfred Own

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27
Q

what was Owen’s most famous poem?

A

Dulce et Decorum est

mocked the war and the idea of patriotism

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28
Q

how were war poets censored?

A

their work was only published after the war

Dulce was published in 1920

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29
Q

who did the govt propagandists work mainly with?

A

patriotic volunteer groups
SUCH AS
the British Empire Union

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30
Q

how many artists did the givt employ during WW1?

A

90

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31
Q

who was Muirhead Bone?

A

an artists sent to France to take sketches

his work was so popular, Masterman decided to expand the use of art for propaganda

32
Q

what were the 2 types of art produced by propagandists?

A

reproduction
exhibition

33
Q

what was reproduction art?

A

art intended to be reproduced in newspapers and journals

34
Q

what was exhibition art?

A

art intended to be shown in galleries

35
Q

how was art censored by the British government?

A

the govt had strict guidelines regarding what the art could show and portray

36
Q

how realistic was war art?

A

far more realistic than illustrations in popularised magazines

37
Q

which voluntary organisation was primarily responsible for producing war films?

A

the British Tropical Committee for War Films

38
Q

how many feature length films were produced between 1915 and 1918?

A

240

39
Q

what were examples of patriotic films produced?

A

Being Prepared
For the Empire

40
Q

what film produced was extremely controversial?

A

The Battle of the Somme
in 1916

41
Q

why was the film ‘The Battle of the Somme’ so controversial?

A

it depicted very horrifying scenes of battle, which really showed the reality of war
HOWEVER
most people appreciated the realistic depiction if warfare on the front

42
Q

what was the estimated audience for ‘The Battle of the Somme’?

A

20 million

43
Q

what were newspapers banned from publishing?

A

material which may help the enemy (so troop movements)
any material which might damage morale both at home and abroad

44
Q

what did the ‘Neutral Press Committee’ do to censor the press?

A

it appointed 5 war correspondents to report officially with the British Army
these correspondents themselves were incredibly patriotic and would never release morale damaging information
also these correspondents had to have their reports checked over by a censor

45
Q

how did the Official Press Bureau control the press?

A
  • monitored press reports more closely
  • introduced harsher rules on the censorship
46
Q

how many reports on articles did the Official Press Bureau write?

A

38,000

47
Q

what was the general view of the press regarding the war?

A

the majority were in full support of the war effort

48
Q

what was the common occurence in newspapers on a daily basis?

A

reports of British heroism
and
reports of German atrocities

49
Q

which major newspaper was suspended due to censorship?

A

The Globe

50
Q

what had The Globe done to get itself censored?

A

published articles about the need for conscription
had not been cleared by censors

51
Q

what were the aims of censorship and propaganda?

A

to boost morale
to explain the need to fight
to creat hatred of the enemy
to maintain support for the war effort
to damage enemy morale

52
Q

what was the postal censorship service?

A

organisation which wrote reports on letters, telegrams and parcels

53
Q

how many private telegrams were reported upon by the postal censorship service in 1916?

A

300,000

54
Q

could soldiers take cameras into war?

A

NO
if they did and were caught, they would face the firing squad

55
Q

why did the BA not want soldiers taking cameras to war?

A

many photos were taken at the Christmas truce in 1914, and depicted the British and German troops sharing drinks

was completely against the stereotype forged in Britain of the dirt Hun

56
Q

who was the first official war photographer?

A

Ernest Brooks

57
Q

what was the problem with war photography?

A

it was often faked

many depicted artillery firing in France but they were often taken in Salisbury during training exercises

58
Q

how was the Somme portrayed in the press?

A

it was played down and instead the little German defeats were exemplified

59
Q

why were the govt keen to show the reasons for war against Germany?

A

they hoped to gain moral support did the war

60
Q

how did British propganda portray the Kaiser?

A

it depicted him as an international villain who was trying to take Britain’s hold on the world away from her

61
Q

how did the British protray Germany in propaganda?

A

as the isolated nation and the nation in the wrong

showe the population that Britain was taking the moral high ground

62
Q

which books were published to show the reasons for Britain’s involvement in the war?

A

Why We Are At War
The War That Will End The War

63
Q

what were examples of propganda used to creat anti-German feeling?

A
  • death of British civillians
  • Report on the Alleged German Outrages
  • sinking of RMS Lusitania
64
Q

how many British civillians were killed in WW1?

A

1500

65
Q

how many were killed in a bombing of Scarborough?

A

119

66
Q

how was the bombing of Scarborough portrayed in the news?

A

was the main news story and showed how Germans were killing civilians = bad people = hate them

67
Q

what was the ‘Report on the Alleged German Outrages’?

A

an example of BLACK PROPAGANDA
shared ‘eye-witness accounts’ of supposed German atrocities at the Front

68
Q

example of story from the ‘Report on the Alleged German Outrages’

A

the Germans would often rape nuns

however, like most stories in the report, there was very little who could support these accusations

69
Q

when was the RMS Lusitania sunk?

A

1915

70
Q

why was the sinking of the RMS Lusitania used extensively by British propaganda?

A

showed how Germany’s use of USW was leading to the loss of civilian lives = german hatred
tried to entice the USA to join the war

71
Q

how did Germans living in Britain suffer?

A

they were attacked
men between 17-45 who were German were imprisoned

72
Q

what were examples of name changes due to anti-German sentiment?

A

German Shepard to Alsatians

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor

73
Q

how was propaganda used to boost the war effort?

A

encouraged men to join the army and navy
encouraged men and women to work in factories and farms
encouraged the British public to buy war bonds

74
Q

example of famous propaganda posters

A

Your Country Needs You
- Kitchener

75
Q

did propaganda really improve recruitment?

A

it did prevent numbers from falling too low
BUT
conscription was introduced regardless in 1916

76
Q

was propaganda successful in getting America to join the war?

A

YES
propaganda had shown the war in Europe as almost won, thus the Americans felt it was alright to take part in it
this was far from the case…only until November 1918 was the war any close to being in the favour of the allies

it also show the Germans to be the villain in Europe and thus showed them as the enemy of the world
many Americans bought into this story and anti-German sentiment also grew in the USA

77
Q

how was propaganda used to damage enemy morale?

A
  • leaflets and pamphlets were dropped from the sky on German land
  • using addresses from captured German postal records, British propaganda was posted to people in Austria and Germany

British Experience of Warfare (27 decks)

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