work of Nightingale and Seacole Flashcards
which newspaper reported on the poor quality of medical care in Crimea?
The Times
which minister sent a team of volunteer nurses to Crimea?
Sidney Herbert
how many volunteer nurses were sent to Crimea?
38 including Nightingale
when did Nightingale reach Scutari?
October 1854
what did Raglan think about medical care in the BA?
he saw no space for it
he prioritised space on ships for men and horses instead of medical supplies
there were many instances where medical supplies were taken off ships to increase space for troops
what were the problems with the hospital at Scutari?
it was initially a BARRACKS not a hospital
it did not have enough clean water available
there was limited space for the wounded men
how was Nightingale’s arrival perceived by doctors at Scutari?
many saw the volunteer’s arrival as implied criticism of the work being done in Scutari
Nightingale would face heavy resentment
which two figures were the most outspoken towards Nightingale’s involvement in Scutari?
Dr John Hall
Dr Menzies
what was Menzies’ role in Crimea?
he was the senior medical officer in Scutari
what was Hall’s role in Crimea?
he was in charge of the army medical staff
how did Hall try to get Nightingale and her volunteers sent back to Britain?
he sent a favourable report which stated that conditions in Scutari were improving and the volunteers were no longer needed
this did not work
what major improvements did Nightingale bring about in Scutari?
reorganised the kitchen and improved food for patients
cleaned the wards and specifically provided clean bedsheets for patients
set up recreational activities for patients such as a library and a vegetable garden
what environment had Nightingale created in Scutari?
a toxic environment
she would often write critical reports on doctors and nurses who she did not like
led to hospital environment where no one trusted each other
how was Nightingale’s work portrayed in the media?
she became a celebrity in Britain:
- received a waxwork
- newspapers wrote about her heroism
how much did The Times raise in the Nightingale Fund?
£30,000
used to buy medical supplies
what did the Palmerston’s new government immediately order once he came to power in 1855?
The Sanitary Commission
who was sent to investigate conditions in Scutari?
Dr McNeil
Colonel Tulloch
what impact did the Sanitary Commission of 1855 have on Scutari?
a major cleanup was ordered
rubbish was cleared
walls were washed
dead animals removed
the mortality rate in Scutari had dropped
what was a major limitation of medical knowledge which hampered advancements in sanitation in the BA?
GERM THEORY had not been discovered
many people, including Nightingale, believed that Miasma was the reason for spread of disease
instead of focussing on adequate spacing and sanitation, ventilation was prioritised (did have an impact but disease still spread)
how did Nightingale react to the Sanitary Commission of 1855?
she approved it
she continued her work in Scutari, specifically improving medical supplies and basic aids
which basic aid was introduced by Nightingale?
hot water bottles
who did Nightingale bring to Crimea to improve the food in Scutari?
Alexis Soyer
a London chef who improved the nutritional value of the food provided at the hospital
mortality rate in Scutari in 1854
41%
mortality rate in Scutari in 1856
2%
was Nightingale successful in Scutari?
she did improve general conditions in Scutari by majorly improving sanitation
was personally responsible for an improvement in the food at Scutari
did stand up to BA officers who neglected the importance of healthcare in Crimea
how did Nightingale fail in Scutari?
she created a toxic environment which led to many disagreements and arguments between nursing staff and doctors
the death rate did increase after she had arrived
was Nightingale primarily responsible for improving conditions at Scutari?
NO
the Sanitary Commission had a much larger impact than she had on decreasing the mortality rate
what did Nightingale contribute to upon return to Britain in 1857?
the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army
how much had the Nightingale Fund raised by 1859?
£45,000
what did Nightingale set up in 1860?
a nurse training school at St Thomas’ Hospital in London
what did Nightingale publish in 1859?
Notes on Nursing
a manual for nurse training
when did Seacole arrive in London?
1854
why was Seacole turned down as a volunteer nurse?
he mixed race
when did Seacole sail for Crimea?
January 1855
was Seacole allowed to serve with Nightingale at Scutari?
nope
she was turned down
who did Seacole work with in Crimea?
Thomas Day
what did Seacole set up in Spring 1855 in Balaclava?
the British Hotel
what did the British Hotel provide?
hot food and shelter for soldiers in the Crimea
provided tea, coffee, blankets and fresh bread
soldiers could also buy warm clothes and shoes
how popular was the British Hotel amongst the BA troops?
VERY POPULAR
provided better quality food than the army rations:
- hot soup
- chicken
- tinned fish
what would the British Hotel become out of eating hours?
a makeshift hospital where Seacole treated the sick and wounded
why was Seacole different to the army doctors in Crimea?
she used folk-medicine to prescribe remedies for treating fevers and cholera
surgeons in the BA had little knowledge on treating disease
what role did Seacole play on the battlefields?
she served on the frontlines by providing first-aid supplies to troops using mules
she treated the wounded and dying during the siege of Sevastopol in September 1855
who took a strong liking to Seacole?
William Howard Russell who described her as caring and a successful physician
what did Seacole do after the war was over?
she tried to set up a shop in Aldershot but failed
The Times, specifically Russell, praised her for her work in April 1857
there were many fundraisers for Seacole
what book did Seacole publish about her life?
Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands
Nightingale vs Seacole
public perception
Nightingale became more celebrated and recognised than Seacole
this was largely due to the influential connections Nightingale had in politics and the media which allowed her to remain a powerful voice in healthcare
Seacole was almost forgotten after Crimea, not until the 20th Century where her work was discoveredf
Nightingale vs Seacole
work on post-war reform
Nightingale was far more involved in reform than Seacole was again due to the connections she was able to make
working with Tulloch and McNeill she played an important role in the Sanitary Commission as well as the commission into army health
she had also met with Queen Victoria and was allowed to set up her own nurse training school
Seacole did not receive the same opportunities, perhaps due to her mixed race
how did the upbringing of Nightingale and Seacole differ?
Nightingale studied nursing in Germany
Seacole learnt medicine from her mother in Jamaica and gained experience from practical first-hand work
how important were Nightingale and Seacole in changing the role of nursing in Britain?
nursing had become a vocation and profession
it was no longer the poorly thought of job which often had little involvement in hospitals
the work of Seacole and Nightingale proved vital in improving health in the BA and Britain
Nightingale vs Seacole
impact in Crimea
you could say Nightingale had a more administrative impact on healthcare in Crimea, as she had pushed for reform in the BA with regards to sanitation as well as improving conditions in Scutari
she was helped massively by politicians and financial support from home
her actual medical work did not have the same impact compared to the work of Seacole (Scutari death rate remained high)
she also was a difficult and authoritarian figure in Scutari who had created a toxic environment to work in
Seacole was on the front lines in Crimea and was saving the lives of dying troops IN CRIMEA
her British Hotel also was influential in providing care and supplies for British troops and made her a very popular figure
