Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

British Experience of Warfare > work of Fenton and Russell > Flashcards

work of Fenton and Russell Flashcards

1
Q

before the 18th century how did news about wars reach Britain?

A

very slowly
lack of a communication system

word would arrive weeks after the battle had finished and rumours and gossip often changed the story

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what were reasons why the literacy rate in Britain increased?

A

church Sunday schools
charity schools for the poor
laws enforced factories to offer workers basic education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

by 1850 how much of the British population were literate?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what had an increased literacy rate led to?

A

greater demand for things to read

hence the rise in newspapers and novels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what act was passed in 1850?

A

the Public Libraries Act of 1850

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what did the Public Libraries Act of 1850 achieve?

A

gave access to reading material to all Britons free of charge

led to the setting up of the first local libraries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what were the issues with wartime photography?

A

no action shots so did not show reality
subjects had to hold a pose for several seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what impact did wartime photograph on the British perception of war?

A

gave Britons an insight into what warfare was like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what improved the distribution of news?

A

railways
the telegraph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

railways

A

Britains newly booming railway system allowed for newspapers to be rapidly distributed around the country and the Empire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

telegraph

A

telegraph line between Crimea and Varna allowed for information/news to be passed quickly back to Britain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how long did it take for the Battle of Salamanca to be reported in Britain?

A

26 days

during the French wars, news was carried on horse wagons to the nearest port and then by ship to Britain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how long did it take for the Battle of Alma to be reported in Britain?

A

a week

the telegraph had massively improved communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who encouraged Roger Fenton to go to Crimea?

A

Prince Albert, Vicky’s husband

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why did Albert send Fenton to be a photographer in Crimea?

A

he hoped his pictures would change the negative perception about the war being created by the British press

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why did Fenton choose to photograph officers?

A

they were the richest of the men in Crimea so were the only ones who had families who could order the photographs —> he wanted to make money

he also needed the support of the officers to pull his carriage around

therefore did not show the experiences of the regular infantry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why did Fenton have to use posed, motionless pictures of people?

A

any kind of action shot would have resulted in a blur

major limitation of photography at the time as it did not show the realities of war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why did Fenton not take pictures of the injured and dead?

A

no one would have bought these images

Fenton was trying to make money off of the families of officers —> they would not buy images of the dead

19
Q

what was significant about the timing of Fenton’s arrival in Crimea?

A

he arrived in March 1855 and left in June 1855

so had missed:
- Alma
- Balaclava
- Inkerman
- the winter of 1854-55
and after he left
- Sevastopol

so he had no exposure to the brutal fighting, failures of the BA and the horrendous conditions during the winter

20
Q

how did Fenton’s photographs deceive Britons at home?

A

a photo he took shows officers well provided with winter clothing

BUT this image was taken in April 1855 when the winter had passed

showed the poor supply system in place in Crimea

but the civilians would not have inferred this and were led to believe that supplies were there

21
Q

for how long were Fenton’s photgraphs exhibited in Britain?

A

8 months

22
Q

how had the exhibitions changed the perception of war?

A

pre-Crimea, most views of war were formed through idealistic and glorious paintings which romanticised warfare

Fenton’s work was a stark contrast which showed the reality and dullness of war

it also showed Britons what the land in Crimea was like
——> BARREN

23
Q

what was Fenton’s most famous photograph?

A

The Valley of the Shadow of Death

24
Q

what impact did ‘The Valley of the Shadow of Death’ have on the public?

A

led to a wave of empathy for the British troops in Crimea

showed the conditions of war

probably only realistic aspect of his photography

25
Q

which newspaper saw major potential in wartime reporting?

A

The Times

26
Q

which war correspondents did The Times send to Crimea?

A

Thomas Chenery
William H Russell

27
Q

where was Chenery stationed?

A

in Constantinople
he reported heavily on the work of Nightingale

28
Q

where was William H Russell stationed?

A

in Crimea
he would follow the British troops at every key battle and reported henceforth

would become the first major war correspondent in history

29
Q

what did Russells reports often contain?

A

the horrors he had witnessed at the front:
the treatment of the injured
brutality of battlefield surgery
evacuation of casualties

30
Q

how did Russell compare the British and French medical services?

A

he outlined how the French were far more equipped than the British

31
Q

which commander did Russell heavily criticise and why?

A

Raglan
he criticised him for not pursuing the retreating Russians after the Battle of Alma

32
Q

which of Russell’s report was the most famous?

A

his report on the Charge of the Light Brigade

it gave a vivid description of the failures of the officers as well as the bravery of the men of the Light Brigade charging to their deaths

33
Q

which poet was heavily inspired by the work of Russell?

A

Alfred Lord Tennyson

wrote the poem ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ after reading Russell’s report

34
Q

when did Russell leave Crimea?

A

December 1855

35
Q

what freedoms did war correspondents have in Crimea?

A

they were given full freedom in allied controlled zones

meant they could talk to anybody and everybody about whatever they pleased

also meant that many aspects of warfare could no longer be hidden which allowed for criticism to be conveyed where necessary

36
Q

how was Russell’s work different to Fenton’s?

A

Russell had a much greater scope compared to Fenton

Fenton’s work conveyed only a small aspect of the Crimean War and did not represent the realities of warfare, with Fenton mainly providing photographs for officers instead of focussing on the dead and injured

however photographs were powerful in creating an impression of war

BUT
Russel’s work was much more realistic and evident of the realities of the Crimean War - it shared the horrifying nature of warfare and played an important role in changing public opinion

Russell, unlike Fenton, was present at all major actions of the war

was also influential in changing public opinion on commanders which led to greater public scrutiny of the BA as a whole

37
Q

how did Russell have a strong relationship with the common soldier?

A

his reports always took the side of the common soldier

he wrote about the appalling conditions in Crimea as well as the poorly supplied nature of the BA

his relationship with the regular soldier meant that soldiers would often share details and stories to Russell

38
Q

why did Russell have a weak relationship with the army command?

A

he was heavily critical of the army leadership- particularly Raglan

Raglan had even ordered his troops not to speak to Russell
yet they did anyway

39
Q

how was the press important in raising funds?

A

The Times were influential in raising money for Crimea:
- the Nightingale Fund raised £30,000 for medical supplies
- the Sick and Wounded Fund raised thousands for injured men in Crimea

by raising public consciousness to the war, the press were able to raise a lot of money to be used in Crimea

40
Q

which two campaigns were the press involved in after the Crimean War?

A

raising money for Mary Seacole
the Victoria Cross

41
Q

raising money for Mary Seacole

A

after hearing of Seacole’s financial difficulties, The Times worked with Punch magazine to raise money for Seacole in November 1956

42
Q

the Victoria Cross

A

Russell worked with the Queen to establish a new form of recognition for gallantry acts in warfare for men who fought in the BA

thus the Victoria Cross was formed in January 1856

43
Q

how many men who served in Crimea received the Victoria Cross?

A

111

44
Q

how had the press had a major impact on British politics?

A

the criticism expressed by Russell about the conduct of the BA in Crimea raised questions in Parliament

led to the voting in of an enquiry into the conduct of the war in January 1855

led to Abderdeen’s resignation as PM

politicians, specifically Palmerston (Aberdeen’s replacement) took greater consideration of the power of the press and looked to control information

British Experience of Warfare (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions