crimea’s effect in britain Flashcards
what impact did the press have on the Crimean War?
they were able to show the British people what was happening in Crimea
what invention allowed news to reach Britain so quickly?
the electric telegraph
why was the cost of a newspaper falling?
new technology
less tax
greater demand
which reporter was sent to Crimea to cover the war for The Times?
William Howard Russell
who was sent to Crimea to photograph the war?
Roger Fenton
what stance did The Times hold with regards to the Crimean War?
they were anti-war
why was war photography not natural in the Crimean War?
subjects would have to pose as technology didn’t allow for natural shots
Fenton also avoided taking pictures of the dead or injured
what did the press make of Raglan?
they attacked his leadership and judgement and blamed him for the British struggle in Crimea
what was Raglan concerned the press may do?
leak British plans and positions to the Russians
how did Raglan deal with the press?
nothing
how did Raglan deal with the press?
nothing
why did the British government do nothing to deal with the press in Crimea?
they were worried it may look like they were hiding what was actually happening in Crimea to the public
when did Lord Aberdeen resign?
30 January 1855
why did Lord Aberdeen resign?
a committee was to be set up to investigate the conduct of the Crimean War
which MP called for a motion to investigate the Crimean War?
Roebuck
who replaced Aberdeen as PM?
Palmerston
what changes did Palmerston’s government make to the war effort?
- set up a Sanitary Commission
- set up a special transport department
- inefficient administrators were sacked
- the bureaucratic system was changed
how was the bureaucratic system changed?
military duties of the colonial secretary were transferred to the War Office
ordnance board was abolished
what led to MPs calling for administrative reform?
increased criticism of military mismanagement
what did the Administrative Reform Association push for?
apply business-like procedures to government and administration
were the Civil Service reforms of 1855 successful?
they made little change and were not in act until after the Crimean War
which report published in 1853 led to changes to the Civil Service?
the Northcote-Trevelyan report
what did the Northocte-Trevelyan report reccomend?
competition in recruitment
promotion by merit
was the Northcote-Trevelyan report successful?
its recommendations were only partially implemented
why was paying for the Crimean War not a problem for Britain?
it was a short war
Britain was at the height of it’s economical power so money was was not hard to find
who was the Chancellor in 1854?
William Gladstone
what was Gladstone forced to do to fund the war?
increase tax rates
and
borrowing
by how much were tax rates increased?
they were doubled
how did Gladstone increase national debt?
by offering government bonds for sale
how much of the Crimean war was paid for by borrowing?
50%
did the Crimean War affect the British economy?
it had a very little effect
when did Nightingale travel to the Black Sea?
21 October 1854
which MP allowed Nightingale to go to Crimea?
Sidney Herbert
what problems did Nightingale first see in Scutari?
- badly treated patients
- overworked medical staff
- lack of medical supplies
- poor hygiene
how did Raglan’s staff try to stop Nightingale?
Dr John Hall tried to send Nightingale home
how much did Nightingale raise to help soldiers?
£30,000
spent on necessities such as fresh bed linen and cleaning wards
how many patients died at Scutari in February 1855?
52%
did Nightingale bring about any changes while in Scutari?
no
she had the same lack of understanding of the need for clean water, ventilation and hygiene as the army doctors
what was set up in 1857 by Nightingale?
Royal Commission on the Health of the Army
what were the results of the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army?
Nightingale realised that deaths at Scutari were due to poor hygiene and sanitation
she focussed on improving the sanitation and diet in the army
what book did Nightingale publish which addressed the problems with hospital design and management?
Notes on Hospitals
1859
when was the Nightingale Training School set up?
1860
at which hospital was the Nightingale Training School?
St Thomas’ Hospital
what impact did Nightingale have on healthcare in India?
she helped improve medical care in India
she pushed for the establishment of a Royal Commission into the health of soldiers in India in 1859
how was Nightingale a role model to women?
showed a strong powerful individual who had pushed for the things she believed in
what did Mary Seacole do in Crimea?
she built the British Hotel as well as a canteen for sick British soldiers
who praised Seacole’s actions?
William Howard Russell of The Times
was Seacole as influential as Nightingale?
no
Nightingale did much more after returning to Crimea
but Seacole was also important
what did the Roebuck report criticise?
arrangements for transport, provisioning and hospital care
when was the McNeill-Tulloch report published?
January 1856
what did the McNeill-Tulloch report find?
it criticised Raglan and the Commissariat for the delays in port of Balaclava
what did the McNeill-Tulloch report lead to?
reform of the Commissariat in 1858
why was reform to the Civil Service and the Army so limited after Crimea?
victories in India and lack of public criticism led to less push for reform
who was Commander-in-Chief from 1856 to 1895?
Duke of Cambridge
why was the Duke of Cambridge worried about reforms to the army?
he was worried that reform would damage the morale of the army corps
why did Britons believe reform was not needed?
they assumed Britain would never enter another continental war
what reform happened to the army after Crimea?
- improvement to soldier health
- barrack construction in 1859
- staff college at Camberley
- better weaponry
what was still wrong with the army after Crimea?
- soldiers remained poorly paid
- lack of recreation time
- harsh military discipline
when was flogging abolished?
1881
who was Secretary for War in 1868?
Edward Cardwell
what reforms did Cardwell bring about?
- reorganised the war office
- introduced short term enlistments
- abolished the purchase system
- localise the army
what was the new minimum service in the army after Cardwell’s reforms?
7 years
what did Cardwell hope short-term enlistments would create?
- reduce pension list
- help form a reserve
- infantry were in their prime
- improve recruitment
when was the purchase system abolished?
by Royal Warrant from 1 November 1871
which act divided the country into 66 districts?
the Localisation Act of 1872
what did the Localisation Act do?
with each district having 2 regular battalions, one could serve abroad while the other trained at home
was reorganising the War Office successful?
no
there was no department formed to reorganise the army structure
was short-term enlistment successful?
no
the army lost more men than it gained
was the abolishment of the purchase system successful?
yes/no
did stop the active purchasing of positions
BUT
the officers in the army remained to be from upper class backgrounds
was the Localisation Act of 1871 successful?
no
soldiers from home battalions ended up going abroad anyway as Britain constantly needed troops for it’s colonial affairs
