World War I Flashcards
Italy, Austria Hungary, and Germany
Triple Alliance
promised neutrality in war in 1887; Wilhelm II refused to renew treaty after Bismarck left
Russian-German Resistance Treaty
Britain; only country not in alliance; 1891 to about 1900
‘Splendid Isolation’
Britan breaks splendid isolation; Britain wants Japan as watch dog on Russia; benevolent neutrality
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Britain and France together formal alliance
Entente Cordial
militarism and arms race: second reason for WWI; militarism leads to belief in inevitability of European ;British policy, fleet larger than combined fleet of two closet rivals; Britain wants to stop with arms race, Germany refuses
Anglo-German Arms Race
invite Russia into informal alliance; no promise they have to go to war with each other
Triple Entente
wrote ‘Lay Down Your Arms’; first woman to win noble price prize
Bertha Von Suttner
newest, greatest, latest super battle ship
Dreadnoughts
congratulated Boers on not needing German assistance, angered Britain
Kruger Telegram
1st Moroccan crisis ; Wilhelm II sends ppl to morocco to try to get them to rebel against Britain ; triple entente tells them to knock it off
Algeciras Conference
1911; Germany sent gun boat to fez, French claimed lands, and threatened France; Britain supports France
Second Morrocan Crisis
Ottoman Empire
Sick Man of Europe
nationalistic movement for Slavs to be under Russia
Pan-Slavism
led by Ataturk; seemed weak to Europeans
Young Turks
Bosnia Crisis; 1911 to 1912 italy took Turkish province of Libya; 1908 Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina ; war averted
First Balkan Crisis
1912;Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria allied successfully drive Turks out of Balkans; Serbia sought port access to Adriatic sea, but was rebuffed when Austria created Albania
First Balkan War
1913; Bulgaria was angered Serbia and Greece had acquired territory in Macedonia and attacked them both; Serbia defeated Bulgaria and temporarily gained Albania; Austria with German support prevented Serbia from holding Albania; Serbia had no way to Adriatic Sea and Albania was independent ; humiliated it could not help Serbia acquire Albania
Second Balkan War
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‘Third Balkan War’
last heir to Austro Hungarian throne; children are not heirs; member of the Black Hand assassinated archduke and wife
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
part of the Black Hand; killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand; attempted to commit suicide, went wrong; too young to receive death penalty
Princip
pledged Austria a blank check to punish Serbia
Kaiser Wilhelm II
clean slate; granted by Kaiser Wilhelm II to Austria
‘Blank Check’
Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
Central Powers
Britain, France, Russia (later Japan,Italy, US)
Allies
describes the contested armed frontier between lands controlled by Germany to the east and the Allies to the west
Western Front
invade France through Belgium, attack Paris in a hammer swing ; plan designed to take France in 6 weeks; ensure multi front war
Schlieffen Plan
1914; after Germans came in sight of Paris, French and British pushed them back; end of Schlieffen plan
Battle of the Marne
resulted in stalemate and lasted four years; trenches from North Sea to French border; few gains were made; 1916 massive casualties couldn’t break
Trench Welfare
1916; was one of the major battles during the First World War on the Western Front; fought between the German and French armies; ended with a French tactical victory
Battle of Verdun
1916; Somme Offensive; in France; the British Expeditionary Force and the French Army mount a joint offensive against the German Army; one of the largest battles of the war; 1 million casualties, making it one of the bloodiest military operations ever recorded
Battle of Somme
wrote ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’
Emarque
poison gas, tank, flamethrower
New Weapons
a theatre of war during World War I in Central and, primarily, Eastern Europe
Eastern Front
made their reputations at Tannenberg and elsewhere on the Eastern Front against Russia
Generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff
brought about the end of the war between Russia and Germany in 1918
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
took place on the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire; joint British and French operation was mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople and secure a sea route to Russia; attempt failed, with heavy casualties on both sides; campaign was considered one of the greatest victories of the Turks and was reflected on as a major failure by the Allies
Gallipoli Campaign
was a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish; ability to describe events vividly in writing earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia
T.E. Lawrence
prolonged naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers during and after World War I; considered one of the key elements in the eventual allied victory in the war; 763,000 German civilians died from starvation and disease caused by the blockade up until the end of December 1918
British naval blockade
German term referring to any submarine
U-Boats
British passenger liner sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives
Lustitania
type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning
Unrestricted submarine warfare
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Archangel expedition
in each country during the First World War, a government of national unity which began to plan and control economic and social life in order to make the greatest possible military effort
Total War
French statesman who led the nation to victory in the First World War; leader of the Radical Party; played a central role in politics after 1870; served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909; was one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919
George’s Clemenceau
-movement that aimed at the unification of Italian speaking peoples and territories deemed to be Italian lands
Italia Irredenta
proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States; intercepted and decoded by British intelligence; outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April
Zimmerman Telegram
1917 British mandate that declared British support of a National Home for the Jewish People in Palestine
Balfour Note
28th President of the United States, in office from 1913 to 1921
Woodrow Wilson
a statement by United States President Woodrow Wilson that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe; people in Europe generally welcomed Wilson’s intervention; his main Allied colleagues were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism
Fourteen Points
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‘Self determination’
also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front
Meuse-Argonne offensive
the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918; took place in Paris during 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities; they met, discussed various options, and developed a series of treaties
Paris Peace Conference
refers to the top Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference; was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France
Big Four
treaty by which Germanys army was limited to 100,000 men and Germany was declared responsible for the war and had therefore to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the war
Versailles Treaty
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Article 231
a permanent international organization established during the peace conference in Paris in January 1919, designed to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars
League of Nations
‘The Economics of the Peace’
Maynard
Irish attempt to declare independence in WWI in 1916
Easter Rebellion
