Russian Revolution Flashcards
1801-1825: initially favored liberal ideals, increasingly reactionary after 1815, proposed Holy Alliance
Czar Alexander I
is 1st major attempt to stop growth of liberalism, no one takes it seriously; proposed by Czar Alexander I
“Holy Alliance”
1825, czar dies, leads to Constantine vs. Nicholas -Decembrists want Constantine on throne, Nicholas puts down rebellion, executes Decembrist leaders
Decembrist Uprising
most reactionary monarcy; ‘autocracy, orthodoxy, & nationality’; Russia turns into a police state with a secret police (the third section) and state sponsored terrorism, limited education
Nicholas I
think culture of mere is superior to anything in the west, want dominance of Orthodox Church, support Nicholas
Slavophiles
all about industrializing, setting up constitutional government, and free serfs, pro revolution
Westernizers
greatest reform minded czar since Peter the Great but Russia remained autocratic, believed serfdom had retarded modernization and caused over 1500 uprising, emancipation act officially abolished serfdom in 1861
Alexander II
1861; ending serfdom was key modernization; abolished serfdom; most Russians not imparted
Emancipation Act
most Russians lived in highly regulated communes; collective ownership and responsibility made it hard to move
mirs
district assemblies, regulate village life, nobles control when peasants are supposed to
zemstovs
spun off mainstream socialist movement; sought to destroy the centralized state
anarchy
most influential of anarchists
Bakunin
most reactionary czar of 19th century, ‘autocracy, orthodoxy, and russiafication’
Alexander III
Alexander III’s program while on power; czar is supreme, church is supreme, becoming Russian in culture fully
“Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Russification”
violent persecutions of Jewish in Russian area
pogroms
created idea of Zionism which advocated a Jewish homeland on the Holy Land as a remedy to continue persecution of Jews in eastern and Central Europe
Herzl
aggressively courting western capital, wants to build factories, small middle class begins, starts trans Siberian railroad
Count S.Y. Witte
dissolves Duma twice in 1906
Nicholas II
Russia and Japan both wanted Manchuria and Korea; Japan destroyed Russian fleet of coat of Korea and won major battles on land; Europeans horrified Japan had defeated a major western power; ended with Treaty of Portsmouth
Russo-Japanese War
1905, Russia acknowledges Japan owns Korea and Russia gets some of Manchuria
Treaty of Portsmouth
workers and peasants marched peacefully to winter palace asking for reform; czar wasn’t there but army was and killed many in cold blood
“Bloody Sunday”
Bloody Sunday; peasant revolt and troop mutinies paralyzed Russia by October and czar had to make changes
Revolution of 1905
created Duma, the first national parliament; religious toleration on Poland; people allowed to speak native language; temporarily reduce limits on Jews
October Manifesto
Advisory body for czar; first met in 1906, dissolved twice, third perfect for czar because they are conservative and pro czar
Duma
prime minister and created kulaks, assassinated 1911
Stolypin
founded and leaded social democratic workers party, heir to Marx, three basic central ideas (anti revisionist, peasants are poor and may start a revolution, the revolution will be done by elite intellectuals); ends up exiled in Switzerland
Lenin
revolutionist, but minority; gradual change to government
Mensheviks
[the majority] followed Lenin’s idea, the ones in exile planned revolution because of Bloody Sunday
Bolsheviks
wrote War and Peace; reorganizes and leads red army; Lenin’s collaborator
Trotsky
Big reason was poor showing in WWI; was centered in St. Petersburg, started with massive strike in January and February due to food shortages, women rioted for bread and were supported by men and soldiers, demanded overthrow of czar, Nicholas abdicates throne and was put under house arrest with family, Duma declared provisional government
February Revolution
mystic who dominates czars court in last days of empire; caused people to doubt the czar; advised Alexandra; mystical mad munk
Rasputin
is a dual government creates after the czar advocates, consisting of constitutional democrats and liberals who wanted to continue the war
Provisional Goverment
is leader of provisional government and is a Petrograd Soviet, gave provisional government more legitimacy, rejected outright social revolution
Kerensky
consisted of workers and soldiers who had overthrown czar, led by Mensheviks, the soviet accepted control of provisional government, soon soviets brought together representatives from other soviets and emerged as a national body
Petrograd Soviet
issued by Petrograd Soviet, try to replace military officers loyal to czar and place soviet in firm control of army
Army Order No. One
was where Lenin rejected all cooperation with the bourgeoisie provincial government; called for socialist revolution and establishment of soviet republic; nationalization of banks and landed estates; “all power to soviets”; “all land to the peasants”; “end the war now”
April Thesis
was where conservatives plotted an overthrow of Kerensky’s government; plot failed without bloodshed; Kerensky lost all credibility with army; Kerensky’s refusal to end war prevent anarchy and lead to fall of the provisional government
Kornilov Affair
Results in communist dictatorship of the Bolsheviks; ends and replaces provisional government
October Revolution
formed to organize Bolsheviks revolution; included Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev -October revolution Trotsky, leader if Petrograd soviet, led soviet overthrow and arrest of provisional government which fell with limited bloodshed
Politburo
is communist army, Lenin’s supporters
Red Army
is the secret police created in December to eliminate opponents of Bolsheviks
Cheka
new name for Bolsheviks after the election for constitutional assembly
Communist Party
1918; took Russia out of WWI
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Reds vs. Whites; peasants feared whites but supported red, both brutal in size; over two fled; allies sent troops o help whites hoping to get Russia back in war
Russian Civil War
relating or belonging to the former Soviet Union; led by Trotsky
Reds
a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces who fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War
Whites
Earlier form of socialism in Russia; applies total war to the civil war
“war communism”
Formed by Lenin after Russian Civil War; 12 Russian Republics made it up
Union of a Soviet Socialist Republics
